Ready Mixed Concrete Production Research Articles

Investigating the factors affecting sustainability of ready mix concrete plants: case study of Pune region

Construction industry plays a significant role in the economic development of the nation. Due to site and other constraints, concreting is preferred by ready mix concrete (RMC) plants. It is very well-known fact that the construction industry immensely contributed for CO2 emission mainly from cement-based materials. One of the way to achieve smart city objective to effectively manage ready mix concrete plants. While opting for RMC over site mixing offers various advantages. In this study, key factors governing the sustainability and energy consumption of RMC plants are identified. This study investigates the efficiency and sustainability of RMC production in Maharashtra, suggesting that its efficiency hinges on various factors. Through a constructivist perspective, the research examines twelve RMC plants in Pune mainly and other parts of Maharashtra, finding that power supply, plant output, and capacity require sustainability. While raw material supply is deemed sustainable, management methods and product control were found lacking. The study identifies challenges affecting demand, such as regulatory issues, management issues and technological limitations. The conclusion emphasizes the need for alternative and sustainable power sources, skilled labor, and improved business processes to enhance RMC production efficiency in Maharashtra, recommending measures like waste reuse and innovative advancements. This study will help the stakeholders in prioritizing the resources and process towards more sustainable way.

Challenges of a Circular Economy: The Example of Raw Recycled Tyre Steel Fibres Added to Concrete.

This research was conducted to analyse the possibility of using raw, untreated recycled tyre fibres as an effective concrete reinforcement according to circular economy principles. The aim of the article was also to develop a method for dispensing tire fibres on a real scale. Additional treatment and homogenisation of recycled steel fibres entail higher energy consumption, emissions of greenhouse gases, and increased costs. However, obtaining durable and safe concrete effectively reinforced with steel fibres is critical. Finding a balance between environmental friendliness and product durability is a circular economic challenge. Reference concrete with commercial steel fibres (15 kg/m3) and two concretes containing various quantities of non-treated, raw tyre recycled fibres (25 kg/m3 and 45 kg/m3) were industrially produced. Tests were carried out on the properties of the concrete mixture and hardened concrete, such as compressive strength, flexural strength, splitting strength, modulus of elasticity, residual flexural tensile strength, and fibre distribution in concrete. Tests revealed that increasing the amount of raw tyre fibres disturbs the structure and causes air entrainment and the formation of fibre clusters. Smaller quantities of raw tyre fibres turn out an effective concrete reinforcement. The use of non-treated tyre fibres as concrete reinforcement is possible but requires more stringent control of the concrete parameters. Implementation tests on an industrial scale are a novelty in this study, presenting an analysis of the possible dispensing of tyre fibres in a ready-mixed concrete production plant and testing the characteristics of manufactured concrete.

Feasibility of utilizing recycled coarse aggregates in commercial concrete production

This study addresses a critical gap in circular construction practices by assessing the use of high-quality Recycled Coarse Aggregates (RCA) from end-of-life concrete on an industrial scale. Unlike previous studies, which predominantly relied on theoretical mix designs or laboratory-level experiments, this research focuses on real-world applicability, employing commercially produced RCA and conventional production methods in industrial settings to identify upscaling challenges. Advanced Dry Recovery technology is utilized to produce high-quality RCA for both ready-mix and prefab concrete production. To ensure practical relevance, the research examines three water-to-cement ratios for ready-mix concrete and three strength classes for prefab concrete, all prepared and cast in a commercial setting using standard industrial practices. The results show that by selecting the appropriate application for RCA, there is potential for concrete companies to produce mixes using 100% RCA that meet standard requirements in terms of fresh, mechanical, and durability properties without the need for extra treatments or specific mixing methods, particularly when the water absorption of RCA is less than 4%. Achieving optimal performance requires adjustments in the mix design, specifically by considering the effective water-to-cement ratio. Additionally, the study underscores the impact of the parent concrete's properties on the RCA quality. This research not only demonstrates the feasibility of employing RCA in industrial-scale concrete production along with its associated challenges but also highlights the potential for enhancing circularity in the construction industry through large-scale adoption of RCA, thereby contributing to sustainable and circular construction practices.

A Study on the Environmental Impact Assessment According to the Material Change of the Debris Barrier using Life Cycle Analysis: Focusing on the Case of Yanggu-gun, Gangwon-do

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to evaluate and analyze the environmental performance of an debris barrier installed in Yanggu-gun, Gangwon-do through life cycle analysis. Throughout the entire process of the debris barrier, the six major environmental categories, including greenhouse gas emissions, will be quantitatively evaluated and based on the derived alternatives, it is intended to help improve environmentality to the extent applicable to future plans for the installation of the debris barrier.Methods : In this study, the major environmental categories (Resource Footprint, Carbon Footprint, Ozone Depletion, Acidification, Eutrophication and Photochemical Smog) for each scenario were calculated and evaluated for changes to major materials of debris barrier according to the methodology of the Environmental Product Declaration Preparation Guidelines. Considering the characteristics of debris barrier, the life cycle evaluation stage considered raw material collection and production stages, and exclude the use stage and disposal stage.Results and Discussion : As a result of analyzing environmental feasibility after setting scenarios for each major material (ready-mixed concrete, natural stone) derived through life cycle evaluation for the debris barrier that is the subject of this study, the maximum difference was resource footprint 4.45E+02 kg Sb-eq., carbon footprint 1.46E+05 kg CO2–eq., ozone Depletion 6.97E-03 kg CFC-11-eq., acidification 2.16E+02 kg SO2–eq., eutrophication 3.94E+01 kg PO43-–eq., photochemical smog was evaluated as 5.28E-01 kg C2H4–eq.Conclusion : It was found that it was possible to reduce the environmental category by up to 64.54% or more when changing construction materials during the construction of an debris barrier. Among these, the carbon footprint was the highest at over 70%, which confirmed that the environmental impact of the ready-mix concrete production process was significant. Based on the results of this study, it is believed that in order to improve the environment when planning the installation of an debris barrier, it is necessary to minimize the use of ready-mixed concrete, introduce eco-friendly materials such as natural stone, and improve eco-friendly technology and construction methods.

Quality Management In Ready-Mix Concrete Production In Zambia

The construction industry, a significant contributor to global economies, is projected to yield substantial economic output by 2030 of around $135 trillion. Central to construction is concrete, a widely used material. Ready-mix concrete (RMC), a specialised form of concrete, is gaining prominence due to its rapid setting and superior quality. In Zambia, the increasing demand for RMC highlights the need for stringent quality management to hedge potential structural risks. This study aimed to determine the quality management in ready-mix concrete production in Zambia. Employing a parallel convergent mixed-methods research design to achieve the objectives, qualitative data was collected through semi-structured interviews and desk study and quantitative data was gathered through a structured questionnaire and an observation checklist. The findings of the study reveal that while guidelines exist, adherence varies. Regulatory bodies for standards, engineering and construction play pivotal roles in overseeing RMC quality. However, their execution faces inconsistencies and challenges due to limited resources and a lack of sense of responsibility. Quality control practices were investigated unveiling variations in forward, immediate, and retrospective control phases. Notable trends in proper storage and equipment calibration showed a commitment to precision. Immediate control practices, encompassing sampling and non-compliance management, demonstrated both positive aspects and areas for improvement. Retrospective control showed commitment to comprehensive strength testing and minimal towards split cylinder testing and on-site slump evaluation. In the realm of quality assurance (QA), RMC facilities show substantial adherence to documented QA standard operating procedures and thorough raw material inspections. However, deficiencies in batching and mixing practices and limited adoption of modern weighing systems require improvement. The study recommends creating an industry association for collaboration, enhancing standardised practices, introducing third-party quality audits, and proposing compulsory RMC standards to boost progress in the Zambian RMC industry. Key Words: Quality Management, Ready Mix Concrete, Observation, Desk Study, Zambia.

Efficient machine learning for strength prediction of ready-mix concrete production (prolonged mixing)

Purpose This paper aims to clarify the efficient process of the machine learning algorithms implemented in the ready-mix concrete (RMC) onsite. It proposes innovative machine learning algorithms in terms of preciseness and computation time for the RMC strength prediction. Design/methodology/approach This paper presents an investigation of five different machine learning algorithms, namely, multilinear regression, support vector regression, k-nearest neighbors, extreme gradient boosting (XGBOOST) and deep neural network (DNN), that can be used to predict the 28- and 56-day compressive strengths of nine mix designs and four mixing conditions. Two algorithms were designated for fitting the actual and predicted 28- and 56-day compressive strength data. Moreover, the 28-day compressive strength data were implemented to predict 56-day compressive strength. Findings The efficacy of the compressive strength data was predicted by DNN and XGBOOST algorithms. The computation time of the XGBOOST algorithm was apparently faster than the DNN, offering it to be the most suitable strength prediction tool for RMC. Research limitations/implications Since none has been practically adopted the machine learning for strength prediction for RMC, the scope of this work focuses on the commercially available algorithms. The adoption of the modified methods to fit with the RMC data should be determined thereafter. Practical implications The selected algorithms offer efficient prediction for promoting sustainability to the RMC industries. The standard adopting such algorithms can be established, excluding the traditional labor testing. The manufacturers can implement research to introduce machine learning in the quality controcl process of their plants. Originality/value Regarding literature review, machine learning has been assessed regarding the laboratory concrete mix design and concrete performance. A study conducted based on the on-site production and prolonged mixing parameters is lacking.

Effects of the recycled coarse aggregate mixing ratio on the characteristics of concrete with different design strengths

In this study, the characteristics of recycled aggregate concrete according to the mixing ratio of recycled coarse aggregate(RCA) were analyzed for different design strengths to explore the use of recycled materials in the production of ready-mixed concrete. The results show that, depending on the ratio of recycled aggregate, the compressive strength is similar to that of normal concrete and does not deteriorate. Therefore, it is possible to achieve a target design strength. Furthermore, if the ratio of recycled coarse aggregate for concrete is up to 25% of the total aggregate amount (50% of the total coarse aggregate), slump does not cause problems. Our findings show that the higher the design standard strength, the greater the amount of powder, and the more stringent the management of slump reduction, unit quantity, and performance necessary. The obtained results show that recycled aggregate can be used to produce ready-mixed concrete after adjusting its mixing ratio and concrete mix proportions.

Diagnosing and Identifying Standards Affecting on the Ready-Mix Concrete Production Plants Performance: An Analytical Study

Due to the rapid growth of the construction industry in Iraq, this study aims to identify and diagnose the reasons behind the poor performance of ready-mixed concrete production plants in Baghdad. This aim was achieved by analyzing the standards affecting the plants’ performance and identifying the cause of the deviation from their required performance using the root cause analysis technique through innovative tools and techniques, such as Pareto charts and the why technique. The study analyzed 35 reasons, divided into seven main groups: work breakdown structure, skills, shared values, systems, Administrative Styles, strategy, and staff. The results showed 23 out of 35 reasons with significant importance on the plants’ performance. The Pareto analysis revealed that nine causes out of 35 reasons were responsible for 80% of the poor plants’ performance. These included the lack of work breakdown structure in enhancing the functional performance of work teams and maximizing the utilization of their skills, as well as the insufficient number of work teams, two root causes of the work breakdown structure group. Another root cause from the skills group was the necessary skills lack among most work teams and the training programs and workshops absence for work teams. The study also found that the plant management's lack of focus on competition, excellence, and innovation was a root cause of the strategy group. In addition, the advanced techniques used for producing high-quality concrete mixes and the absence of a fair and accurate incentive and reward system were the root causes of the systems group. Furthermore, the management's failure to adopt control methods in all field and administrative work stages was a root cause of the management systems group, and the work teams' failure to adopt the knowledge-sharing approach was a root cause of the work teams' group. Using the "why" technique, it was found that the root cause was the absence of an objective, fair, and accurate incentive system in ready-mixed concrete production plants.

Influence of Unit Water Content Control on Concrete Performance in the Ready-Mixed Concrete Production Process.

This study examined the effects of increasing concrete unit water content and artificially controlling water content on concrete performance in the production process of ready-mixed concrete. Results showed that changes in the unit water content of 20 concrete mix proportions without air-entraining significantly reduced concrete compressive strength, increased porosity, and in-creased occurrence of bleeding. A unit water content increase of 25 kg/m3 or more may reduce the compressive strength of concrete below the design standard and significantly affect the occurrence of bleeding water. Moreover, an extra unit water content of at least 25 kg/m3 could significantly affect the diffusion of chloride ions in the concrete. The carbonation depth of concrete was extremely high with the increase in unit water content and water addition. In the production of concrete requiring at least normal strength or durability, the extra water change to total unit water content should be maintained at 15 kg/m3 or less. And a water-cement ratio of 48% or less and a unit water content of 155 kg/m3 or less are considered effective for management of concrete quality. Considering the aggregate type, absorption rate, and moisture state, the management of unit water content error in concrete production processes requires greater.

The Critical Review to Evaluate Performance of Ready-Mix Concrete Production Plant

In Republic of Iraq, ready-mix concrete production plants have been adversely affected by the lack of modern and advanced technology to assess their performance in line with technological advancements. Current evaluation methods rely on traditional approaches and financial measures, yielding unrealistic performance results. To address this problem, there is a need to utilize modern models and methods for performance evaluation. The study's main objective This was achieved by employing a literature survey methodology and utilizing digital databases such as the Iraqi Scientific Journals website, virtual libraries, and scientific platforms like ScienceDirect, Springer, Google Scholar, and Gate Research between 2015 and 2023. The research study provided a comprehensive overview of performance evaluation, including its definitions, importance, and an introduction to modern models and evaluation methods. The study found that no previous studies have been conducted in Iraq to evaluate ready-mix concrete production plants. However, four studies were found in Egypt, Sudan, and India. The previous similar relevant studies discussed various topics and related studies. Firstly, they discussed the classification, advantages, and disadvantages of concrete mixing plants. Additionally, the previous studies analyzed the factors that most influence the performance of concrete production plants, including laboratory manager efficiency, work team efficiency, communication and relationships within work teams, plant operator, material transportation method, and time and courses. Furthermore, the previous research studies present a comprehensive analysis of all variable data simultaneously using the statistical package for Social Science (SPSS) input stage. The evaluation also extends to the evaluation of laboratories, encompassing plant arrangement, internal quality control systems, and final product quality. The overall evaluation results of previous studies. Indicate that 75% of the concrete production plants failed to meet the required criteria, while only 25% demonstrated satisfactory performance. The study proposed improvements to enhance the performance rate of ready-mix concrete production plants by leveraging the most influential variables, which will be considered in the study.

Assessing Quality in Ready-Mix Concrete Production: A Case Study of B. L. Kashyap and Sons Ltd

This case study focuses on B. L. Kashyap and Sons Ltd (BLK), a renowned construction company in India, which encountered quality issues in the manufacturing process of ready-mix concrete. A comprehensive analysis utilising quality tools was undertaken to identify the underlying causes of these issues. The study revealed that defects in test and inspection, along with high temperatures during the process, were significant concerns. To address these challenges, the study explores strategies and structural changes that actively involve suppliers, stakeholders, managers, work teams and customers in improving the production process. Emphasising the importance of clearly defining responsibilities, duties and fostering continuous process improvement, this case study provides valuable insights for organisations seeking to enhance quality control and cultivate a culture of continuous improvement.

Identifying the best mixing procedure practice for ready-mix concrete plant production of carbon fibre reinforced electrically conductive concrete

ABSTRACT Electrically-conductive concrete (ECON) can generate heat for melting pavement ice if an electrical voltage is applied, and this ECON-heated pavement system (HPS) is a viable alternative to the traditional snow removal methods. This study aimed at determining mixture proportions and procedures suitable for ready-mix concrete-plant-produced carbon fibre (CF)-reinforced ECON. Trial batches ECON production involving five different mixture proportions and procedures were performed at a ready-mix concrete plant. Study results suggest that CF begins to degrade with increased mixing time. A twelve-minute mixing time from the start of loading CF onto the mixer until the end produced the best-performing ECON, with an electrical resistivity of 224 Ω-cm and a heat-generation rate of 2°C/min. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) image analysis shows that CF remained as blobs of fibre instead of being uniformly dispersed. Further research is recommended to find an efficient way of separating individual CF from the blobs and ensuring uniform CF dispersion to reduce the dosage rate and construction cost of ECON.

Application of concrete produced from reused ready-mixed concrete wastewater filtration residue

During the production of ready-mixed concrete, waste slurry was filtered under pressure to obtain Wastewater Filtration Residue (WFR). Physical and chemical analysis of the WFR was conducted using methods such as XRD, SEM. The flowability and activity index of the cement mortar with composite admixtures, prepared by replacing fly ash (FA) with WFR powder at weight ratios of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%, were tested. Different strength grade concretes were prepared by replacing FA at weight ratios of 0%, 25%, and 50%, and replacing fine aggregate at weight ratios of 0%, 5%, and 10%, in order to analyze the variation of concrete strength. The results indicate the following: 1) The WFR was primarily composed of fine particles with various shapes and loose surfaces, making it suitable for concrete preparation. 2) WFR had poor flowability (59.83%) and hydration activity (51.7%), but FA addition improved both. Increasing FA content enhanced flowability ratio and hydration activity. At 1:1 FA-to-WFR ratio, flowability reached 81.44% and hydration activity reached 75.73%. 3) When WFR replaced FA (25%, 50%) or manufactured sand (5%, 10%) in concrete preparation, the strength of the concrete decreased with an increase in the WFR content. In low-strength grade concrete, the strength reduction was significant when WFR replaced FA. However, the strength reduction was less influenced by the design strength of the concrete when WFR replaced manufactured sand. 4) It was recommended to replace fine aggregate with WFR for concrete preparation, with the replacement ratio not exceeding 10% by weight.

Sustainable Ready-Mixed Concrete (RMC) Production: A Case Study of Five RMC Plants in Nigeria

This study aims to examine whether ready-mixed concrete (RMC) production in Nigeria is sustainable. This study proposes that RMC production will be sustainable, assuming the RMC plant, RMC products, plant management, RMC supply, RMC quality, and demand for RMC are sustainable. Based on a constructivist worldview, the proposition of RMC production’s sustainability was assessed by conducting a contextual analysis of five RMC plants in Lagos State, Nigeria. It was observed that the RMC plants required sustainability in power supply, plant output, and plant capacity. The plants have a sustainable supply of raw materials. The management methods and product control strategies were found to be unsustainable. Fair supply time, supply methods, and quality control systems were established in the findings. Challenges, such as administrative issues, economic problems, poor technology, and the absence of an innovative business model, influenced the sustainable demand for RMC products. This study concludes that alternative power supplies and methods such as just-in-time (JIT) purchasing systems and learning frameworks ought to be considered for RMC plants. Likewise, improving the ease of doing business would significantly help the sustainability of RMC production. This study presumes that RMC production is, as of now, not sustainable in Nigeria. Still, the sustainability of RMC production could be ensured through measures such as the reuse of waste, the adoption of innovative RMC production and delivery, and technological development.

Ecological Footprint Assessment of Concrete: Partial Replacement of Cement by Water Treatment Sludge and Stone Dust

Currently, most concrete industries use conventional cement (Ordinary Portland Cement) as a binding material which involves natural resource depletion, colossal CO2 emissions, and a huge energy supply. The present study addresses this critical issue by using stone dust (sun-dried and calcinated) and water treatment sludge (sun-dried and calcinated) to replace cement partly in M20-grade concrete production. The environmental impact of ready-mixed concrete (RMC) production with conventional cement and partially replaced cement by other cementitious material, i.e., stone dust and water treatment sludge in concrete, is assessed through ecological footprint (EF) indicator. Moreover, a novel sustainability index is proposed for ready-mixed concrete plants to scale the environmental impact of different types of concrete (or grades) on the sustainability scale (environmental, social, and economic sustainability). The results showed that the sun-dried water treatment sludge and sun-dried stone dust could effectively replace cement (15% by weight) in the concrete, with a comparable compressive strength over the M20 ready-mixed concrete. The EF of conventional M20 RMC is estimated to be 0.02295 gha/m3. The EF of concrete (with sun-dried water treatment sludge) is reduced by 13.14% of the conventional ready-mixed concrete. The Ecological Sustainability Index (ESI) of the ready-mixed concrete plant is estimated to be 718.42 $/gha. Using water treatment sludge and stone dust in concrete production can be an innovative solution because it simultaneously solves the problem of waste disposal, large carbon emissions, cost, and high environmental impact.

Feasibility of Digital Twins to Manage the Operational Risks in the Production of a Ready-Mix Concrete Plant

The ready-mix concrete supply chain is highly disruptive due to its product perishability and Just-in-Time (JIT) production style. A lack of technology makes the ready-mix concrete (RMC) industry suffer from frequent production failures, ultimately causing high customer dissatisfaction and loss of revenues. In this paper, we propose the first-ever digital twin (DT) system in the RMC industry that can serve as a decision support tool to manage production risk efficiently and effectively via predictive maintenance. This study focuses on the feasibility of digital twins for the RMC industry in three main areas holistically: (1) the technical feasibility of the digital twin system for ready-mix concrete plant production risk management; (2) the business value of the proposed product to the construction industry; (3) the challenges of implementation in the real-world RMC industry. The proposed digital twin system consists of three main phases: (1) an IoT system to get the real-time production cycle times; (2) a digital twin operational working model with descriptive analytics; (3) an advanced analytical dashboard with predictive analytics to make predictive maintenance decisions. Our proposed digital twin solution can provide efficient and interpretable predictive maintenance insights in real time based on anomaly detection, production bottleneck identification, process disruption forecast and cycle time analysis. Finally, this study emphasizes that state-of-the-art solutions such as digital twins can effectively manage the production risks of ready-mix concrete plants by automatically detecting and predicting the bottlenecks without waiting until a production failure happens to react.

A collaborative scheduling model for production and transportation of ready-mixed concrete.

Ready-mixed-concrete (RMC) is an important green and clean building material which is widely used in modern civil engineering. For the large-scale planar foundations of urban public buildings, huge amounts of RMC need to be continuously delivered to the construction site according to strict time windows, which brings the problem of multi-plants collaborative supply. In this paper, considering transportation capacity, initial setting time, and interrupt pumping time, a collaborative scheduling model for production and transportation of RMC with the objective of minimizing the penalty cost of interruption pumping and vehicle waiting time and fuel consumption cost was established. According to the characteristics of the problem, a double chromosome synchronous evolution genetic algorithm was designed. Finally, the model and algorithm proposed in the paper were verified by data experiments. The computing results showed that in two cases of different scenarios, such as ordinary constructions and emergency constructions, the proposed scheduling model can save 18.6 and 24.8% cost respectively. The scheduling model and algorithm proposed in the paper can be applied directly to improve the operational efficiency of RMC supply chain.

Analysis of a Composite Admixture Based on Ready-Mixed Concrete Waste Residuals

Reasonable treatment and utilization of waste residuals discharged during the production of ready-mixed concrete is an important problem in the cement industry. In this study, a composite admixture was prepared by using ready-mixed concrete waste residuals, furnace slag, and water granulated slag. The grinding characteristics of such material were investigated. Moreover, the effect of such admixture on cement hydration and pore structure was analyzed by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microcopy and mercury intrusion porosimetry. As shown by the results: The grinding characteristics of the waste residuals can be improved significantly by mixing them with furnace slag and water granulated slag. Furthermore, the composite admixture does not change the composition of hydration products; rather it contributes to refine the pore structure of the matrix, thus improving the mechanical properties of these cement-based materials.

Humid hardened concrete waste treated by multiple wet-grinding and its reuse in concrete

• HHCW was efficiently treated into HHCWS by multiple wet-grinding. • The filling effect of HHCWS was proved in the durability of cement mortar. • The compressive strength of concrete with HHCWS of 10% was not decreased. • Utilization of HHCWS can bring significant economic and environmental benefits. To effectively eliminate waste and reduce cost, the humid hardened concrete waste (HHCW) from ready-mixed concrete production was used to produce slurry mineral admixture that was utilized in concrete by the treatment of multiple wet-grinding. The particle size distribution, morphology, liquid phase, and mineral composition of humid hardened concrete waste slurry (HHCWS) were tested. The median particle size of HHCW was reduced to 26.5 μm from bulks by initial wet-grinding and then to 1.28 μm (60 min) again by a secondary one, indicating that multiple wet-grinding was very propitious to refine HHCW. Both the electrical conductivity and pH value of the HHCWS were improved because of the increase of Ca 2+ and OH - in the slurry. Three fineness (D50 = 26.5 μm, 5.71 μm, and 2.52 μm) and three dosages (5%, 10%, and 15%) of HHCWS were investigated comparatively to replace the cement in concrete or mortar. The experiment group with the HHCWS of 2.52 μm at the dosage of 10% had basically the equivalent compressive strength of the control group in C30 and C45 concrete and showed positive performance on the durability in mortar system, such as autogenous shrinkage, chloride ion permeability, and carbonization resistance. Based on benefit evaluation, multiple wet-grinding could reconcile economic feasibility with an environmental benefit and was an innovative approach to the utilization of humid hardened concrete.

Just-in-time application on readymix concrete production

Just-in-time application on readymix concrete production