Reading Tool Research Articles

Introduction: “Medieval archival sources in the digital world. The challenge of treating and visualizing semi-structured data”

The webinar Medieval archival sources in the digital world. The challenge of treating and visualizing semi-structured data, organized by the Laboratorio di Cultura Digitale and the head of the Engineering Historical Memory project, was held on 22-23 June 2020. This thematic dossier aims to offer a brief account of the results of the workshop held on a virtual platform, with particular attention to future collaboration and experimentation initiatives in the field of processing and extracting information from semi-structured editions of archival documents. Advanced functionalities of this type are in fact essential to broaden the use of digital editions of archival sources and other written documents, making them more flexible and open to algorithms' reading tools. The central problem concerns the relationship between coding and the creation of interfaces that are as simple and immediate as possible, in which the user (human or artificial) can intuitively access.

Canopy Index Evaluation for Precision Management in an Intensive Olive Orchard

The evaluation of the canopy in orchard cultivation is a key aspect for the main cultivation techniques, such as pruning, thinning, harvesting, production and improved fruit quality. The possibility of having a periodic screening of the state of development of the vegetation can be of practical support to growers. Research on the application of precision agriculture has provided tools for reading and interpreting crops, and the resulting information is potentially useful. Many of the systems under study provide after monitoring information processing systems that reduce the timeliness of intervention. Especially in intensive systems such as olive groves, knowing the precise intervention points is often essential. In the present work, a multi-parameter instrument was used for field monitoring on the agricultural tractor to analyse the canopy. The system allows measuring various indicators such as height and density of the canopy and the temperature and humidity of the ambient air and at the leaf level. The first evaluation of the data made it possible to identify areas with greater vegetative concentration and greater or lesser development. The system made it possible to identify with good approximation the homogeneous areas, based on the Canopy Index (CI) evaluation to be subjected to subsequent and specific management efforts, dividing them into low, ordinary, and high vegetative growth. The results highlight the possibility of directly combining operators able to intervene with the same passage, selecting based on differences in growth, typical varietal specificities, and areas of deficient development or that are affected by plant diseases, confirming the objective of defining the areas of the orchard that require different management and workload techniques.

The Experience of Absorption of New Immigrant Adolescents in the Digital Age, as Perceived by Mentors Who Work With Them From a Social-Emotional Point of View

Immigration of adolescents involves multiple, many-faceted changes. This study examined the experience of absorption of adolescents in Israel, in the digital age, through the eyes of mentors who work with them, from the mentors’ social-emotional perspective of themselves and of their students. In this mixed-method study, 122 mentors completed questionnaires with closed and open-ended questions, and wrote extensively about their difficulties. The findings show that most mentors (66%) worked hard to make their students part of the social fabric. Some of the mentors (34%) encountered problems resulting from misunderstandings and poor communication because of language difficulties and lack of control over pragmatic aspects in a sociocultural context. They strove to raise social awareness in the adolescents through observation, and to provide tools for reading and responding to behaviors, all the while encouraging social involvement. Mentors thought that digital environments helped them and the adolescents in their coping. Thanks to digital environments, especially smartphones, adolescents were able to blend into their new environment. Translation, databases, numerous applications, and groups on social networks respond to their needs and help with difficulties they encounter in real time, creating a sense of social connection and belonging.

Isn’t it iconic?

Courses English Language Arts (9–12), Media Studies, Public Speaking. Objectives The unit’s goals are for students to build a foundation for analytical thinking, acquire tools for critical reading and analysis of graphic and digital texts, and use visual analysis to engage readers and develop an authentic appreciation for the process of inquiry and discovery. The activities focus on (1) defining an icon; (2) analyzing shape, perspective, and left–right visual structure in order to develop a working definition for what makes an image iconic; and (3) delivering a three- to five-minute oral presentation that unpacks the origins, message, and power of an icon.

Sigurnost rada u anatomskom laboratoriju s formalinom i inovativno praćenje procjene profesionalne izloženosti formaldehidu

This review is directed at preventive health professionals, anatomic pathologists and technicians to focus their attention on the rapidly growing field of safe formalin practices. An updated overview of the most recent improvements in preventive measures versus formaldehyde (FA) in the anatomic pathology laboratories (APL) is provided. The occupational hygienist role and the required knowledge for a modern and clear occupational exposure assessment are described. Real-time, in-continuous, commercial analyzers for repeated FA exposure assessment are considered to evaluate technical changes in air monitoring programs, introduced to mitigate FA emissions, in compliance with the adopted limit values. To better choose the adequate instrumentation, the main features of each FA monitoring instrument recently introduced on the market are listed. Moreover, the main features of the modern workflow setting in APL are summarized. A computer-based scientific and non-scientific reports search by key-words was performed on PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar and Google Patents databases, querying the following topics: i) grossing workstation for ergonomic layout, ii) commercially available direct reading tools to measure formalin, iii) real-time, in-continuous FA monitoring instruments for sale. This review represents a useful tool to summarize the technical requirements and expert know-how necessary to minimize FA emissions and produce an exhaustive FA assessment in the APL.

التحلیل الترکیبی للجملة الإنشائیة الطلبیَّة فی الأحادیث الأربعین النوویة من منظور تداولی

مستخلص البحث باللغة العربية يهدف هذا البحث إلى بيان التحليل الترکيبي لجملة الإنشاء الطلبية من منظور تداولي، ومعرفة الأغراض البلاغية التي خرج إليها الحديث النبوي من خلال توظيف الجمل الإنشائية الطلبية المختلفة في صورتها الحقيقية والمجازية، أو على حد تعبير التداوليين : معرفة فيم تکمن مجموع الأفعال المنجزة بالقول مباشرة أو غير مباشرة في تحقيق قوى إنجازية حرفية أو مستلزمة مقاميا، ولدتها علاقة المتکلم الرسول – صلى الله عليه وسلم – بمخاطبه مقالا ومقاما، وتأکيد احتواء الحديث النبوي مقاصد ذات آليات تداولية، ومن ثم تکون التداولية مدخلا مناسبا من مداخل فهم الحديث النبوي، وأداة من أدوات قراءته. وقد اقتضت طبيعة البحث الاعتماد على المنهج الوصفي القائم على آليات الوصف والتحليل في تجسيد آليات التداولية؛ لأنه الأنسب لهذا النوع من البحوث القائمة على وصف الظواهر اللغوية، ورصد خصائص التداولية، وليس من منهج البحث الوقوف تطبيقيا على کل موضع للجملة الإنشائية الطلبية في الأحاديث؛ وإلا لجمع بين دفتيه مئات الصفحات، وإنما کانت السبيل المثلى في نظري أن يقوم في دراسة الجملة الإنشائية الطلبية على دراسة شاهد تطبيقي واحد لکل نوع من أنواع الطلب، وذلک بما يحقق وضوح الحکم والتحليل النحوي، وتبيان المعنى الدلالي الحرفي، والمعنى التداولي المقامي. Abstract This research aims to demonstrate the compositional analysis of the Constructivist Sentence from a deliberative perspective، and to know the rhetorical purposes to which the Prophetic hadith came out by employing the different structural sentences in their true and metaphorical form. Or indirectly in the realization of literal or imperative accomplishing powers، generated by the relationship of the Messenger speaker - may God bless him and grant him peace - to address him in an essay and a place، and the emphasis on the prophetic hadith contains intentions with deliberative mechanisms. Reading tools. The nature of the research necessitated relying on the “descriptive approach” based on the mechanisms of description and analysis in embodying the deliberative mechanisms، in which the mechanisms of description and analysis were used. Because it is best suited for this type of research based on describing linguistic phenomena and monitoring the deliberative characteristics، and it is not the research method to stand in practice on every place of the constructive sentence in the hadiths. Otherwise، he would collect hundreds of pages between his covers، but the best way in my opinion was for him to study the constructive order sentence on studying one applied witness for each type of request، in order to achieve clarity of judgment and grammatical analysis، and to clarify the literal semantic meaning، and the debating deliberative meaning.

Spatializing the Musicking Of an Expressive Urban Imagination: A Trans-Cultural Evaluation of the Early-Modern Rock Music of Bengal

The technological reproduction of the imaginary has always reflected a polarization in urban consciousness, considering the city as the urban ‘body’—which retains a space for contemporary imaginations. Rock music of the American 60s radiates exactly such urban consciousness by constantly experimenting with lyrics, sounds, images and celebrations, which continually harmonize with the changing industrial and technocratic city structures. This paper explores a progressive cultural synthesis between the American and the early-modern rock music of Bengal. The city of Kolkata in West Bengal has always been repleted with a vibrant ‘representational space’ with a high rate of western-music consumption since the late 1970s, thus reflecting western urban ethos into the Indian urban imagination through modern Bengali rock music. Lefebvre (1974) suggests that the potential for genuine social change is possible only through the city as practised rather than the city as planned; on this note, this paper analyzes how the Indian urban imagination negotiated with the everyday urban experience of distant musical and cultural behaviours through ‘musicking’ by producing a musically reflective space where thought, feelings and different moods are crafted and performed. Further, how, in the age of technical reproduction, rock music produces a ‘counter-space’ by projecting urban ethos, which acts as an exegetic tool for the symptomatic reading of any expressive culture, and makes the city claim its spatial identity.

FEATURES OF MODERN ENGLISH READING OF HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS BY MEANS OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES

The article highlights the importance of English reading as a type of linguistic activity that has great cognitive value and actually implements communicative, educational, and developmental function for high school students, and at the same time, considers the specifics of usage of innovative technologies as modern tools for English reading and learning a foreign language in general, as well as the suitability of using innovative technologies in the process of learning foreign languages at schools for high school students. There are many new methods of teaching English, and a necessary condition for choosing a particular method of teaching that is suitable for both teacher and student - knowledge of innovative learning technologies. Innovative technologies have become an integral part of a holistic educational process and can increase its effectiveness, as they affect the student's consciousness, feelings and will, form a creative personality that is able to effectively apply the acquired knowledge, skills and abilities in practice in any sphere of public life. English reading is a type of linguistic activity that allows not to imitate, but to reproduce one of the forms of real communication in English. With the help of reading in a foreign language, students get acquainted with the world of their foreign peers, with songs, poetry and fairy tales, available samples of children's fiction of the country whose language is studied. Looking at the process of reading from a psychological point of view, we can say that the process of perception and understanding of the text is directly related to thinking and memory. When a student perceives a text, he identifies the most important links in it and synthesizes them into a single whole. At the same time, memory helps logical and technical thinking. The main principles of integration of innovative technologies in the process of learning English are: movement from whole to separate, student-centred classes, purposefulness and relevance of classes, their focus on achieving social interaction facilitated by teacher’s faith in their students' success, language integration and language acquisition using knowledge from other fields of science. As a result of the use of innovative technologies, an information-rich educational process is created.

Automated Detection of Pancreatic Cystic Lesions on CT Using Deep Learning.

Pancreatic cystic lesions (PCL) are a frequent and underreported incidental finding on CT scans and can transform into neoplasms with devastating consequences. We developed and evaluated an algorithm based on a two-step nnU-Net architecture for automated detection of PCL on CTs. A total of 543 cysts on 221 abdominal CTs were manually segmented in 3D by a radiology resident in consensus with a board-certified radiologist specialized in abdominal radiology. This information was used to train a two-step nnU-Net for detection with the performance assessed depending on lesions’ volume and location in comparison to three human readers of varying experience. Mean sensitivity was 78.8 ± 0.1%. The sensitivity was highest for large lesions with 87.8% for cysts ≥220 mm3 and for lesions in the distal pancreas with up to 96.2%. The number of false-positive detections for cysts ≥220 mm3 was 0.1 per case. The algorithm’s performance was comparable to human readers. To conclude, automated detection of PCL on CTs is feasible. The proposed model could serve radiologists as a second reading tool. All imaging data and code used in this study are freely available online.

Use of Dictionaries and Online Tools for Reading by Thai EFL Learners in a Naturalistic Setting

Dictionaries and online tools are regarded as important tools for finding out the meanings of unknown words or checking the usage of interesting words. This study investigated students' use of dictionaries and online tools in a natural setting by identifying the type of words they look up in their dictionaries and the types of dictionaries they use for the look-up. Fourteen learners from a Thai public university participated as the subjects by filling in a task record form which included the names of the dictionaries they were using, look-up words, meanings selected for the words, and their parts of speech. The look-up words were analyzed to find out the frequencies of words, parts of speech, and meanings by checking with an advanced learner dictionary. The findings show that the subjects mainly selected words that were nouns, verbs, and adjectives. They tended to choose "high frequency" for the lookups. For their convenience, subjects used either an online translation tool, 'Google Translate', or bilingual dictionaries through mobile devices. The results may help us understand EFL dictionary users' behaviors in using dictionaries and provide interesting implications for language teachers.

Filtered Leakage Current Measurement for Various Loads

Thepurpose of this study was to determine the link between induction voltages from various electrical loads. We used a residual current device (RCD) circuit that operates with a capacitor as a DC voltage reading tool. The circuit reads the value o

Pedagogy to Disrupt the Echo Chamber

Abstract This article addresses the challenges of fake news and echo chambers in the digital age by exploring the possibility that susceptibility to misinformation derives not from an inevitable fault in the medium of digital publishing but, rather, from the slower development and adoption of pedagogies that leverage digital tools for reading. The authors examined student annotations and argue that focusing on reading using collaborative digital annotation can stimulate knowledge acquisition and personal belief formation and, further, can assist educators to evaluate the effectiveness of instruction and intervene where needed. Digital annotation tools promote affective and cognitive engagement with texts and enable both instructor-to-peer and peer-to-peer modeling of reading strategies.

AI-based detection and classification of distal radius fractures using low-effort data labeling: evaluation of applicability and effect of training set size

ObjectivesTo evaluate the performance of a deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) in detecting and classifying distal radius fractures, metal, and cast on radiographs using labels based on radiology reports. The secondary aim was to evaluate the effect of the training set size on the algorithm’s performance.MethodsA total of 15,775 frontal and lateral radiographs, corresponding radiology reports, and a ResNet18 DCNN were used. Fracture detection and classification models were developed per view and merged. Incrementally sized subsets served to evaluate effects of the training set size. Two musculoskeletal radiologists set the standard of reference on radiographs (test set A). A subset (B) was rated by three radiology residents. For a per-study-based comparison with the radiology residents, the results of the best models were merged. Statistics used were ROC and AUC, Youden’s J statistic (J), and Spearman’s correlation coefficient (ρ).ResultsThe models’ AUC/J on (A) for metal and cast were 0.99/0.98 and 1.0/1.0. The models’ and residents’ AUC/J on (B) were similar on fracture (0.98/0.91; 0.98/0.92) and multiple fragments (0.85/0.58; 0.91/0.70). Training set size and AUC correlated on metal (ρ = 0.740), cast (ρ = 0.722), fracture (frontal ρ = 0.947, lateral ρ = 0.946), multiple fragments (frontal ρ = 0.856), and fragment displacement (frontal ρ = 0.595).ConclusionsThe models trained on a DCNN with report-based labels to detect distal radius fractures on radiographs are suitable to aid as a secondary reading tool; models for fracture classification are not ready for clinical use. Bigger training sets lead to better models in all categories except joint affection.Key Points• Detection of metal and cast on radiographs is excellent using AI and labels extracted from radiology reports.• Automatic detection of distal radius fractures on radiographs is feasible and the performance approximates radiology residents.• Automatic classification of the type of distal radius fracture varies in accuracy and is inferior for joint involvement and fragment displacement.

Fan fiction comments and their relationship to classroom learning

Reader comments appended to online fan fiction stories provide benefits as close reading and critical analysis tools. Fan fiction provides a space where fans can develop literary analysis skills and literacy through their interactions in comments. This multimethod study combined the interview of a fan author with various digital humanities methods to closely study the value of comments. A web scraping tool was used to collect comments, and documentary, textual, and terminological analyses were performed alongside topic modeling to assess the frequency of words associated with learning. The co-occurrence of certain words was studied to understand the assessments and analyses that readers were performing in their comments. The study found that fan fiction readers apply strategies of literary analysis to their pleasure reading.

A spatial reading from a consumer culture perspective: Fight club assessment

Ozet
 Dovus klubu hikayesinde, tuketim kulturunun icinde hapsolmus bir karakterin, bu kulture karsi anarsi ruhlu bir karakter ile tanismasiyla baslayan degisimi anlatmaktadir. Hikayede yaraticinin gozunde modern zaman insaninin yansimasinin, uclarda bir yasam deneyimi ve yasadiklari anlatilmaktadir. Hikaye Anlatici karakterinin okuyucu ve izleyiciye aktardiklari uzerine ilerleyen bir kurguya sahiptir. Hikayede bas kahraman anlatici ve icinde bulundugu mekanlar, tuketim kulturu temeline dayali ve elestirel bakis acisi ile sunulur. Bu elestiri baslarda mensubu oldugu kulture Anlaticinin tanistigi ve bu kulture oldukca aykiri kisilige sahip Tyler Durden’dan sonra uzaklasmasi ile olmaktadir. Hikaye Anlatici uzerinden Tyler Durden oncesi ve sonrasi olarak bakis acilari degistirmektedir. Film ve kitap arasinda farkliliklar bulunsa da temelinde ayni metin ve kurguda islenmekte, Film yazar tarafindan film hikayenin gelistirilmis bir versiyonu olarak yorumlanmistir. Bu anlamda iki ayri uretimin ortak bir butun olarak bakilmasi ve calisma da kitap ve film ortak birer okuma araci olarak kullanilacaktir. Bu calismada kitap ya da film okuma analizi, film kitap arasi karsilastirma gibi olmanin otesinde, mekanlar ve mekanlari okumak uzerine bir calismadir. Calimanin butununde hem kitap, hem de filmde gecen ortak yada farkli mekanlar bir arada ele alınacaktır. Bu anlamda 2 ayri sanat dalinda; edebiyat ve sinema uzerinden; butunlesik bir analiz yapilacaktir. Bu ele alista Mekanlar ve anlatici karakterinin mekanlar ile iliskileri hedefli bir okuma yapilmasi amaclanmaktadir.
 Anahatar Kelimeler: Chuck Palahniuk, Dovus Klubu, sinema, Edebiyat, Tasarim, Tuketim kulturu, Modernizm, Mekan.
 
 Abstract
 In design readings, the relationship between place and the user of place is quite strong. Feelings that the user has against the place are considered as subheading not only in philosophy of place but also in other philosophies. It is much more powerful to establish this relationship especially on the basis of material-based philosophies, such as consumption culture. Fight Club was written by Chuck Palahniuk in 1996, and was filmed by David Fincher in 1999. The fact that the fighting club has two different interpretations creates a coherence produced in two different branches of art, supported by the author as opposed to creating a situation of inconsistencies and negativity between them. The story of Fight Club tells of the change of a character trapped in the consumption culture that began when he was introduced to a character with an anarchy spirit against this culture. In this story, the main character narrator and its places are presented with a critical point of view based on consumer culture. The Fight Club book and film tell the story of modern times man’s reflection, life experiences at the end and lives trapped within the culture of consumption in the eye of the creator of the story. The story is based on what the narrator character conveys to the reader and the viewer. In the story, the main character narrator and the places are presented with a critical point of view and based on consumer culture. This criticism is done while the narrator goes away from the culture which he is a member of after meeting Tyler Durden, who is quite contrary to this culture. The story changes through the narrator, with the perspective of before and after Tyler Durden. Although there are differences between the film and the book, both are based on the same text and fiction and the film was interpreted by the author as an improved version of the story. In this sense, two separate productions will be considered as a whole and the book and the film will be used as a common reading tool in this study. This is not a study on reading analysis of a book or a film or comparison between a film and a book, but a study on reading places and spaces. In the whole study, both common and different places in the book and the film will be discussed together. In this sense, in two different art branches; through literature and cinema; an integrated analysis will be conducted. With this approach, it is aimed to make a targeted reading of the places and the relationships. The aim of this study is to make a reading of the relationships of the Narrative character with places.
 Keywords: Chuck Palahniuk, Fight Club, cinema, literature, design, consumer culture, modernism, place

Pendugaan Struktur Bawah Permukaan Gunung Merapi Berdasarkan Analisis Data Anomali Medan Gravitasi Citra Satelit

ABSTRACT - Merapi Mount (2978 msl) is the higher active volcanoes in Indonesia, which is located between Sleman district, DI. Yogyakarta, and Magelang district, Boyolali district, Klaten district, Central Java. The eruption center of Merapi Mount is controlled by weak or unstable zone. This weak or unstable zone can be known from several lithologies of rock, which lies below Merapi Mount's surfaces through the density differences. One of the methods for determining the subsurface density in geophysics science is the gravity method. The gravity method is based on the difference in mass below the surface. This research aims to determine the distribution pattern lithology of Merapi Mount based on the density differences. Data processing in this research covers the entire process begins with a reading tool in field to obtain Bouguer anomaly's values at every point. To know the appearance below the Merapi Mount surface, creating some structure lithology modeling using software surfer 10 and Grav2DC. The result obtained in this research indicated that lithology below the surface of Merapi Mount. The variant of rocks density is between 2,256- 3,298 g.cm -3 . Most of them are sedimentary rock such as sandstone, granite, and basalt. Where the whole rocks an abundance of cold lava of Merapi Mount.

Attention‐driven read‐aloud technology increases reading comprehension in children with reading disabilities

AbstractThe paper presents the design of an assistive reading tool that integrates read‐aloud technology with eye tracking to regulate the speed of reading and support struggling readers in following the text while listening to it. The paper describes the design rationale of this approach, following the theory of auditory–visual integration, in terms of an automatic self‐adaptable technique based on the reader's gaze that provides an individualized interaction experience. This tool has been assessed in a controlled experiment with 20 children (aged 8–10 years) with a diagnosis of dyslexia and a control group of 20 children with typical reading abilities. The results show that children with reading difficulties improved their comprehension scores by 24% measured on a standardized instrument for the assessment of reading comprehension and that children with more inaccurate reading (N = 9) tended to benefit more. The findings are discussed in terms of a better integration between audio and visual text information, paving the way to improve standard read‐aloud technology with gaze‐contingency and self‐adaptable techniques to personalize the reading experience.

The Seamless Relationship between Teaching Poetry and Language Learning

The hesitation to use poetry in the language classroom comes from its deemed inappropriateness in language learning. The use of non-standard vocabulary and broken syntax and grammar rules begets ambivalence toward poetry. In addition, language learners cannot overcome this vacillation due to poetry’s demands on imaginative engagement. However, poetry is a content-rich reading tool which makes it an ideal, and authentic context to improve vocabulary and grammar acquisition, enhance written expression and oral discussion. The inclusion of poetry in language teaching serves as a catalyst for improvement of pronunciation, stress and rhythm. The core premise of studying poetry is its merit to spawn engagement of learners to construct meaningful interpretations and build knowledge through the identification of linguistic elements. Poetry should be embraced for its mightiness to expose learners to a great wealth of comprehensible input. Penetrating into poetry and experimenting with its creatively used style of language to infer meaning is an optimal grounding to decipher language patterns and weld this knowledge into oral production. This article supports the inclusion of poetry in language learning for creating conditions conducive to language enrichment and proposes that poetry be used at all levels of instruction to enable learners to make huge leaps in language learning.

Design of Dynamic Morphological Analyser for Hindi Nouns Using Rule Based Approach

Background: A grammar checker can be used as a proof reading tool, which depends upon the basic definition of the words. If words are not defined correctly or are not being tagged with correct grammatical meaning, the results will not be accurate. Objective: To attain this accuracy, Morphological analyser plays a crucial role. In Hindi, as the whole structure and meaning of a sentence depends upon a Noun, so it is mandatory to tag a Noun word properly. But, to tag a Noun with its correct grammatical meaning is a challenging chore. Methods: To tag a word, the word is being input in the tool, which is firstly searched inside the dictionary. If the word is not found in the dictionary, then the grammar rules are applied to analyse the word. As noun, contains names also, so some times the rules are not possible to apply on the words. In that scenario, words are manually tagged and then added to dictionary for further use. Grammar tag set of 650 tags is used to generate more accurate results. All the words are stored in a database. The performance is measured by using Precision and Recall. Furthermore, this technique can be extended to define other categories of grammar like verb, adjective, adverb, etc. Results: This paper represents a method for a Rule-Based Morphological Analyser for Hindi Nouns only. It utilizes-a dictionary and a rule-based approach for defining words with their grammatical meanings using the morphological analyser. The designed morph which has been discussed in this work stores all the words in a database. As this morph analyser uses a set of 650 plus grammatical tag sets (for complete Hindi morphological analyser), the user will always get more accurate results. The Authors have preferred both time and accuracy over memory space, which is not a big issue these days. Therefore this approach can be used for both types of morphological approach. Conclusion: Furthermore, this method can be extended to the other categories of the Hindi Grammar like Adverbs, Adjectives, and Verbs, etc. The results are very promising and are expected to provide even more advancement to the existing strategies and methodologies.

Retrospective analysis of the effect on interval cancer rate of adding an artificial intelligence algorithm to the reading process for two-dimensional full-field digital mammography.

Interval cancers are a commonly seen problem in organized breast cancer screening programs and their rate is measured for quality assurance. Artificial intelligence algorithms have been proposed to improve mammography sensitivity, in which case it is likely that the interval cancer rate would decrease and the quality of the screening system could be improved. Interval cancers from negative screening in 2011 and 2012 of one regional unit of the national German breast cancer screening program were classified by a group of radiologists, categorizing the screening digital mammography with diagnostic images as true interval, minimal signs, false negative and occult cancer. Screening mammograms were processed using a detection algorithm based on deep learning. Of the 29 cancer cases available, artificial intelligence identified eight out of nine of those classified as minimal signs, all six false negatives and none of the true interval and occult cancers. Sensitivity for lesions judged to be already present in screening mammogram was 93% (95% confidence interval 68-100) and sensitivity for any interval cancer was 48% (95% confidence interval 29-67). Using an artificial intelligence algorithm as an additional reading tool has the potential to reduce interval cancers. How and if this theoretical advantage can be reached without a negative effect on recall rate is a challenge for future research.