Mark Reading Research Articles

Rethinking a fundamentalist literalist reading of Mark 16:18 by some new prophetic churches

Some of the New Prophetic Churches apply the fundamentalist literalist reading of the biblical text in their sermons and theology because of a lack of knowledge and application of proper reading and interpretation of scripture. The fundamentalist literalist reading of scripture particularly Mark 16:18 is linked here to the abuses by some of the pastors in New Prophetic Churches. In addressing these challenges, this article proposes a proper exegetical study of Mark 16:18 that pays attention to the context of the text, the historical background and the grammar of the text. This will be achieved by giving a background to a fundamentalist literalist reading of scripture in Pentecostalism particularly as practised by New Prophetic Churches in South Africa. The article will also highlight some of the challenges posed by the fundamentalist literalist reading of scripture. The final section is an exegetical study of Mark 16:18, which is interpreted by recognising the whole passage of Mark 16:9–20 even though some New Testament scholars do not recognise this longer ending. This article reflected on this passage in response to the fundamentalist literalist reading among New Prophetic Churches not necessarily to enter the debate between the short ending and longer ending.Contribution: This article challenges fundamentalist literalist reading of scripture in New Prophetic Churches. The article proposes a thorough exegetical reading of Mark 16:18 that recognises the exegetical tools such as history, grammar and the context of the text.

Syntactic and semantic variations in negative interrogatives: Contracted vs. uncontracted forms

This study investigates the forms and uses of negative interrogatives with auxiliary verb contractions in English, focusing on syntactic and semantic differences. Data was drawn from conversations in an English class at a university in Lhokseumawe, Indonesia, between a lecturer and students and students and students. The aim was to examine three types of negative interrogatives: Yes-No questions, negative rhetorical questions, and both marked (n’t) and unmarked (not) forms. The research employs a descriptive method with a synchronic time frame, utilizing distributional analysis, including immediate constituent analysis and mark reading techniques, to categorize and analyze the data. The findings reveal that negative interrogatives involving auxiliary verbs exhibit positive and negative presuppositions, with adjectival negative interrogatives showing variations between contracted and uncontracted forms. Adverbial negative interrogatives were found across all three types, indicating their versatility in forming questions. The study highlights that the choice between ‘not’ and ‘n’t’ affects the tone and emphasis of negative interrogatives, influencing the interpretation of responses. Contracted forms often carry a rhetorical or presumptive tone, while uncontracted forms are more formal and explicit. These variations show the importance of auxiliary verbs and negative markers in shaping the structure and meaning of negative interrogatives. This research contributes to the understanding of how negative interrogatives function in English, revealing the nuanced ways in which they impact communication and interpretation.

A ritualistic reading of Mark 7:1–23

This article examines the ritual dynamics and identity negotiation in Mark 7:1–23, aiming to unpack the complex interaction between ritual practices and social identity in early Christian communities. Drawing on ritual theory from anthropology and sociology, this research analyses the significance of ritual purity and its implications for group identity formation and maintenance. Mark 7:1–23 presents a confrontation between Jesus and the Pharisees about the observance of the handwashing ritual before meals, highlighting opposing understandings of purity and religious tradition between Jesus and the Pharisees. Jesus’s critique of an external ritual of handwashing as an identity marker emphasises the purity of the heart as a valid identity marker for all children of God. Through a ritualistic reading of Mark 7:1–23, this article seeks to explore the role played by rituals in identity formation in antiquity. By engaging with ritual theory as a lens to unpack the Pharisees’ perspective and that of Jesus on what identifies a true child of God, this article aims to offer insights into the complexities of identity as understood by both Jesus’s early movement and the Pharisees.Contribution: This interdisciplinary study of Mark 7:1–23 utilises ritual theory to expose the interaction between ritual practices and identity negotiation within early Christian communities, revealing how Jesus’s critique of external rituals facilitated the formation of a distinctively Christian identity centred on inner transformation and ethical conduct.

Teaching Folk Medical Concepts from the Epic of Manas Using the INSERT Method

Article discusses the problems of developing critical thinking and creative thinking of students when teaching the Epic of Manas in special vocational schools. To pay attention to building connections between previous knowledge in order to understand new ones. To develop students' thinking skills so that they can critically look at and evaluate information received. At the same time, students learn to communicate with each other in a special way using the table. Students should not be given ready-made knowledge in the classroom. Method INSERT for developing the critical thinking was chosen, and methodological instructions for practical lesson were organized, method and results were presented on a scientific basis. This experience is recommended for all teachers of the Epic of Manas. Almost approved. Specific steps of how the INSERT method implements reading comprehension, analytical and interpretive understanding based on the read text in developing students’ critical thinking were shown. To increase students’ interest in the Epic of Manas, as well as to substantiate various topics, specific examples from the epic can be considered. One critical thinking strategy that can help students work with text on a given topic is the INSERT method. This method is implemented on the basis of marked reading of the text, activates reading comprehension, critical thinking, helps analyze objections, be able to argue one’s views, understand the meanings in the epic, increase vocabulary, be able to form one’s own opinion, and develop creative thinking. It is necessary to awaken students' interest in education through the teachers’ skills. This is a question that sets a goal for the student in various ways and points the way to its implementation.

EFFECT OF ITEM WRITING FLAWS IN MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS ON STUDENTS’ ACHIEVEMENT GROUPS AND RELIABILITIES OF TESTS IN AZAD JAMMU KASHMIR MEDICAL COLLEGE

BACKGROUND: MCQs can test different levels of cognitive knowledge from recall to analysis. This study was to determine the item writing flaws in multiple choice questions and their effects on students’ academic achievements and test reliabilities. Methods: This study was conducted at the Azad Jammu Kashmir (AJK) Medical College Muzaffarabad from December 2017 to June 2019. Ten end-of-block exams were used in this study. The item review committee went over every MCQ. Two tests from each class of MBBS were taken. The initial tests without being reviewed were deemed to be flawed tests. The outcomes of each test were assessed, and the students were ranked into three achievement levels high, moderate, and low based on their scores of >79.9, between 50 and 79.9, and <50%, respectively. After removal of flawed items from the exams, the scores of each test (the standard test) were calculated, compared to the flawed tests, and its impacts were evaluated among three achievement groups. The post-exam analysis of test items was done on optical mark reading (OMR) classic-4 programme and data analysis on SPSS-25. Results: In one test i.e. test no 6 the null hypothesis was rejected with p<0.05. However, in all other tests null hypothesis could not be rejected on statistical basis. Moderate achievers and low achievers had statistically significant correlation (p<0.05). The flawed tests had better reliabilities with statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: Flawed MCQs had negative impact on high and moderate achievers. Reliabilities of flawed test were greater than standard tests.

The Kansas Literary Canon: A Study of Texts Taught in High School English Courses

Selecting diverse texts is vital for creating culturally inclusive and responsive literacy classrooms. However, despite growing student diversity and a push for multicultural literature curricular adoption, little impact has been made on secondary teacher multicultural text selection. This text selection stagnation begs further examination amidst the alarming context of a marked reading decline in U.S. classrooms wherein fewer than one-third of students entered high school as proficient readers this year (Nation’s Report Card, 2022). This study uses data from recent high school graduates to unfurl text selection practices in Kansas high school English classrooms. Study results detail Kansas's most frequently taught texts, compare these texts to two previous studies, and suggest a continued homogeneity in text selection. These results demonstrate the need to understand the factors influencing text selection practices and the impact of traditional text selection on students’ engagement, motivation, and learning.

TYPES OF ITEM WRITING FLAWS IN MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS IN MEDICAL EDUCATION AND THEIR EFFECT ON PASSING RATE OF STUDENTS

Background: The most popular written exam in health professions education is the multiple-choice style question (MCQ). This study sought to understand the effects of multiple-choice writing errors on students' academic performance in medical education. Methods: This descriptive study was done from December 2017 to June 2019 in Azad Jammu Kashmir (AJK) Medical College, Muzaffarabad. Ten block examinations were included. The item review committee reviewed all MCQs for flaws. Two tests from each class of MBBS were taken. The original tests containing all items were labeled as flawed tests and the result of each flawed test was evaluated. The students were graded into high, moderate and low achievement groups with scores of more than 79.9, between 50–79.9 and less than 50 percent respectively. Flawed items were then removed from the tests by the review committee and the scores of each test (standard test) were determined and compared with flawed tests and its effects were assessed in three achieving groups of students. Optical mark reading (OMR) classic-4 software was used for post-exam analysis and data were analyzed by using SPSS-25. Results: The passing rate ranged from 68.18% to 90.82% in flawed and 75.54% to 93.69% in standard tests. Most standard tests (7) had higher passing rates than flawed tests. Conclusion: Tests containing in-house developed MCQs have frequent item writing flaws and their inclusion in assessment did affect the passing rates of students but were not statistically significant. Pak J Physiol 2023;19(4):49–52

Guilt and Grievability at War: Military Accountability and the Other in Mark of Cain and Battle for Haditha

This article conducts a critical reading of the British war films Mark of Cain (Munden, M., 2007. Mark of Cain) and Battle for Haditha (Broomfield, N., 2007. Battle for Haditha.). Establishing the significance of cultural representations for politics and collective memory, I first locate both films in their historical and cultural contexts before I offer analyses that focus on the representation of US and British soldiers, Iraqi insurgents, and Iraqi civilians. I argue that Mark of Cain dissects how misunderstood loyalty, peer-pressure, and military organization facilitated abuses by British soldiers against Iraqi prisoners, but at the same time narrowly frames the Iraqi other as either largely invisible threat or hyper-visible helpless victim. In contrast, Battle for Haditha draws a more sophisticated picture of the Iraq war as a complex political economy with shifting allegiances and blurring loyalties that problematizes self-other distinctions. This, I conclude, makes Battle for Haditha an anti-war film proper.

Did Jesus Nullify the Torah and Declare Nonkosher Foods Clean? Toward a Better Reading of Mark 7:19b

Abstract According to the standard interpretation of Mark 7:19b—“Thus Jesus declared all foods clean”—Jesus nullifies the dietary commandments of the Torah. A close examination, which draws together some important recent research on this text, reveals that this is a misreading. Instead, Mark maintains a consistent portrait of Jesus as one who is faithful to Torah, even to the dietary laws. This will be shown through a close study of the syntax, literary context, sociocultural situation, Matthean parallel, and early church reaction. This article offers a close look at the standard interpretation, followed by an evaluation of two alternate readings.

Kesalahan kala bahasa Perancis mahasiswa dengan kemampuan bahasa tingkat menengah

French tenses are one of the most complex and varied aspects of the language, with different verb tenses and grammatical rules that can be challenging for learners to master. The purpose of this study is to analyze the forms of errors in the use of French tenses by learners with an intermediate level of language proficiency and also the factors of these errors. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative with a morpho-syntax approach supported by questionnaire and questionnaire distribution techniques in the data collection process. In the process of data analysis, we performed data classification technique followed by mark reading technique. After analyzing the data, it was found that most errors were found in the past tense. The forms of errors found are divided into four types, namely omission of important elements, addition of unimportant elements, misinformation, and errors in arrangement. The factors causing the errors found are linguistic and sociolinguistic factors. One of the linguistic factors found is the adjustment of each verb in French while in Indonesian it is not. Regarding the sociolinguistic factors found, one of them is the lack of time in practicing French by the respondents.

Deiksis dalam Novel Tiba Sebelum Berangkat karya Faisal Oddang

The objectives of this study were as follows: (1) To describe the types of deixis in Faisal Oddang's novel Tiba Sebelum Berangkat; (2) To describe the context of the use of deixis types in Faisal Oddang's novel Tiba Sebelum Berangkat. This study is qualitative using a descriptive method. The data for this study were words and phrases from the novel Tiba Sebelum Berangkat by Faisal Oddang that indicate the use of deixis. The listening method, mark reading technique, and note-taking technique were used to collect data. The findings of this study are as follows. First, deixis types were discovered in the novel Tiba Sebelum Berangkat by Faisal Oddang, which were persona deixis 13 forms, place deixis 6 forms, time deixis 9 forms, discourse deixis 4 forms, and social deixis 11 forms. Second, the the characters of the novel, Mapata, Batari, Puang Matua Rusmi, Andi Upe, and Serly, are mentioned in the context of using persona deixis. The arajang house, sacred forest, and army post are all mentioned in the context of place deixis. The use of time deixis in this context refers to the morning, five days ago, and a week ago. The context in which discourse deixis is used refers to the sentence before and after. Social deixis is used in the context of bosses and subordinates, parents and children, soldiers and ordinary people, religious leaders and ordinary people.

Educational Values in Seloko Traditional Marriage of the Mersam Community, Batanghari Regency

Purpose of the study: This study aims to examine the value of education because the value of education provides extraordinary benefits for creating a living environment, and can provide the most valuable information regarding outlook on life, the future, and assist humans in preparing their essential needs to deal with change.
 Methodology: This research is included in the qualitative descriptive research. The instruments used in this study are based on the characteristics found in the literature review. These characteristics are grouped based on educational values: having faith in and fearing God Almighty, having a noble character, being healthy, knowledgeable, democratic, and being responsible. The data analysis technique used in this study uses the mark reading technique, namely looking directly at the markers being studied.
 Main Findings: In the customary marriage verses of the Mersam Community, Batanghari Regency, there are six educational values, namely the first is the value of education of faith and piety to God Almighty contained in the verses (1) Apply, (2) Order to Pick Up the Bride, (3) Open Lanse. The value of education of faith and piety to God Almighty is manifested by orders to carry out and obey His prohibitions, be grateful and pray.
 Novelty/Originality of this study: Assessment of wisdom values in the environment is very important to do, because by knowing the wisdom values that are around, this can be an innovation for teachers in implementing learning.

Influence of black photo spacer material for TFT-LCD on mark reading in exposure process

Influence of black photo spacer material for TFT-LCD on mark reading in exposure process

Francesco Filannino. The Theological Programme of Mark: Exegesis and Function of Mark 1:1, 2–15

Francesco Filannino. <i>The Theological Programme of Mark: Exegesis and Function of Mark 1:1, 2–15</i>

Jesus as the Isaian Stronger One in Mark 1:7: A Contribution to Markan Divine Identity Christology

The contention of this article is that John the Baptist’s declaration of Jesus as ‘the stronger one’ (ὁ ἰσχυρότερος) in Mark 1:7 echoes Isaiah 40:10a so that Jesus is identified with YHWH both in Mark 1:3 by means of the citation of Isaiah 40:3 and in Mark 1:7 by means of an echo of Isaiah 40:10a. The article will show that an Isaian divine identity interpretation of ‘stronger one’ is a satisfying reading of Mark 1:7 in light of the allusions to Isaiah and especially Isaiah 40:3-10 within Mark’s prologue and in light of the links between Jesus’s encounter with Satan in Mark 1:13 and the parable of Mark 3:27.

A review of Scandinavian research on medieval church roofs

The remarkable clusters of preserved high medieval church roofs in Scandinavia have been known since the early 20th century but surveys aimed at mapping and document these structures began first around 2000. The author reviews the State of Scandinavian research and presents recent and ongoing survey projects in Swedish dioceses. These cross-disciplinary projects have enhanced the value of historic timber structures as archaeological source material. A reading of craft techniques and tool marks provides insight into the work of the medieval carpenters. An example is presented of how a structured survey followed by moderate cleaning shaped a basis for maintenance and restoration in compliance with international principles.

On the interpretation of response particles méi(yǒu) and bù to negative polar questions in Mandarin Chinese

The interpretation of isolated response particles (méi(yǒu)/bù) in Mandarin Chinese, when used as fragment answers to negative polar questions, has traditionally been considered as conveying Double Negation. The present study shows that these response particles may express a Single Negation meaning in addition to a Rejection interpretation when specific contextual settings are considered. It is also shown that both Single Negation and Rejection readings are associated with specific prosodic and gestural cues at the time of production. In perception, gestural properties of silent videos are preferably interpreted as conveying Single Negation. In production and interpretation this study supports the conclusion that a Rejection meaning for méiyǒu/bù corresponds to a marked reading, and that Single Negation is produced and interpreted more readily and faster than Rejection. Native speakers of Mandarin Chinese rely on multimodal mechanisms (prosodic and gestural strategies) at the time of expressing both Single Negation and Rejection meanings by means of isolated response particles. We discuss the implications of this study beyond Mandarin Chinese.

JENIS DAN BENTUK AFIKSASI DALAM BAHASA TIDORE (TINJAUAN MORFOLOGI)

This research aims to describe the types and forms of affixation in the Tidore language used by speakers in the village of Maitara. This research was a qualitative descriptive research. The sample or informants in this study were the speakers of the Tidore language in the village of Maitara, the city of Tidore Islands, which had been selected using a purposive sampling technique. The data collection method is in the form of listening and speaking. The data in this study were analyzed using the expansion technique and the mark reading technique. The types of affixation in Tidore include prefixes and suffixes. The prefix form in Tidore language in Maitara village is in the form of ma-, la-, se-, sa-, and to-, while the suffix form in Tidore language used by speakers in Maitara village, Tidore Islands city only has one form, namely -i .

Detection techniques for epitranscriptomic marks.

Similar to epigenetic DNA modification, RNA can be methylated and altered for stability and processing. RNA modifications, namely, epitranscriptomes, involve the following three functions: writing, erasing, and reading of marks. Methods for measurement and position detection are useful for the assessment of cellular function and human disease biomarkers. After pyrimidine 5-methylcytosine was reported for the first time a hundred years ago, numerous techniques have been developed for studying nucleotide modifications, including RNAs. Recent studies have focused on high-throughput and direct measurements for investigating the precise function of epitranscriptomes, including the characterization of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The current study presents an overview of the development of detection techniques for epitranscriptomic marks and briefs about the recent progress in this field.

The Meaning of Jesus' Identity and Mission in Mark 8:31-38: A Reflection for God's People

This article aims to find the meaning of Jesus' identity and mission in Mark 8:31-38 which is reflected in the lives of God's people today. The method used is through the reading of Mark's narrative theology. According to Mark, the kingdom of God is the only kingdom where peace and justice are abundantly available to all, because the identity and work of Jesus is the true Son of God, and not Caesar. Becoming a part of this kingdom requires imposing what is the identity and mission of Jesus into the readers of Mark's text. Thus, it is reflected and applied to God's people today. The results of this study show that the identity and mission of Jesus is the duty and responsibility of God's people as the son of man to dare to suffer, be rejected, and be killed, for doing the work of the Father, and be resurrected after death.