Reading Errors Research Articles

A Multiple Scattering Theory Approach: Numerical Model for Haze Detection Using Horizontal Scanning LIDAR

Haze is hazardous to human health. Although horizontal scanning LIDARs have been used to monitor air pollution sources, they have not been used for haze detection. In this work, we present a numerical model for haze detection using horizontal scanning LIDAR by incorporating multiple scattering theory. This model could evaluate whether multiple scattering theory is suitable for analyzing horizontal scanning LIDAR readings to detect haze without assembling LIDARs. We demonstrate this using a hypothetical LIDAR that has maximum horizontal range of 1 km as case study example. In our assessment, Python™ was used to develop simulation algorithm based on single and multiple scattering LIDAR equations. Relative humidity was below 80% which corresponded to potential haze. Visibility data at different haze levels were incorporated for analysis. We then evaluated errors in hypothetical LIDAR readings associated with multiple scattering. Lastly, we calculated ratios of multiple scattering returns in haze relative to clear weather as haze level indicators. Numerical assessment showed that multiple scattering effects were negligible for both wavelength channels (532 nm and 808 nm) at receiver field-of-view (RFOV) of 1.5 mrad, but introduced significant errors when RFOV is 10 mrad. Average ratio of multiple scattering returns evaluated against threshold of 1 could directly reflect the severity of haze. Although this approach was not suitable for heavy and severe haze, it sufficed for practical applications. Overall, the case study demonstrated the feasibility of incorporating multiple scattering theory when analyzing horizontal scanning LIDAR readings to detect haze without experimental verification.

Analysis of student problem-solving errors based on Newman's theory in terms of learning interest and gender

Errors often occurred when students solve mathematical problems solving, exceedingly when students are faced with contextual story problems. Newman's procedural error analysis classified errors in solved story problems into five categories: reading errors, encoding errors, transformation errors, comprehension errors, and processing skill errors. There were several factors on errors worked by students when solving problems, such as student interest in learning and gender differences. This study aims to describe the problem-solving errors of students, both men, and women, who have high, medium, and low interest in learning to solve story problems on SPLTV material. According to the Newman’s procedure. The research type is a qualitative approach with descriptive. And the research subjects were obtained by using a purposive sampling technique. The results of this study include 1) Students of high interest in learning and are making Encoding Errors, and Processing Skill Errors, while students with low interest in learning make Processing Skill Errors, Transformation Errors, and Encoding Errors. 2) Students with a great interest in learning and making encoding errors and processing skills errors. Students with low interest made Comprehension Errors, Encoding Errors, Processing Skill errors, and Transformation Errors.

Input Power Measurement System For Driving Motor In Testing Low-Speed Generator

Rapid technological advances are affecting the greater use of electrical energy. One of the devices that can generate electrical energy is a generator. Testing the characteristics of the generator required a drive motor to rotate the generator shaft. This research aims to create a three-phase input power measurement system for driving a motor. The method of measuring input power is by measuring the current and voltage of each phase. The power is obtained from the multiplication between current and voltage. The system consists of current sensors, voltage sensors, a signal conditioning circuit, and an Arduino Mega microcontroller for data processing. The system is equipped with a graphical user interface, data storage, and application. The generator input power measurement system has been created and tested. The measurement system has successfully measured the input power of the generator's driving motor, which in real-time is displayed on the trend graph via the graphical user interface on the laptop. The input power measurement data on the three-phase generator and the time data have been successfully stored inside the micro-SD. The average error of the voltage reading is 2% compared to the measurement of the reference voltmeter. The current reading error was 2% compared to the reference meter ampere measurement.

Measurement Resolution in Uncertainty Calculation with the GUM Method Approach: A LabVIEW Application

GUM (Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement) is a method used for calculating uncertainty in measurements. The method involves an uncertainty calculation approach which also constitutes a reference for the international ISO/IEC 17025 standard. In the GUM method, all uncertainties are expressed as standard uncertainty. An uncertainty may incorporate various components where impacts from multiple sources are taken into consideration. Resolution errors resulting from the sensitivity of the measurement equipment has a significant impact in the calculation of uncertainty. Sensitivity of an analog measurement device such as a multimeter depends on the resolution of the ADC it contains. Multimeters with 8-bit resolution ADCs are often used as measurement devices for sensor voltage values to be read once or several times. Factors such as high measurement resolution and reading errors by operators lead to an increase in uncertainty. Multiple data from a sensor or many sensors cause a significant increase in uncertainty, which results in a serious loss of time and labor. In order to mitigate said two factors which increase uncertainty in such cases, analog data needs to be converted to digital data at high resolution and transferred into computer medium. In this study, an D7714 analog/digital converter IC with 24-bit resolution has been used to transfer digital data into computer medium via myRIO 1950. A LabVIEW-based software has been developed to perform register settings for the AD7714 IC and to retrieve data at 24-bit resolution.

Design of Hydroponic System Using NFT (Nutrient Film Technique) Method for Lettuce (Lactuca Sativa L.) Plant

In this study, the hydroponic system for lettuce using the Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) method has been designed. The NFT method is a nutrient delivery method that flows nutrient-containing water and circulates it continuously, so that the roots do not easily rot. The hydroponic system designed in this study uses a DHT11 sensor to detect temperature and a pH sensor to detect pH. In addition, this study also varied the color of the light in the hydroponic system to determine the effect of light color on the growth of lettuce plants. The results of the DHT11 sensor testing showed that the temperature readings were approximately the same as the reference instrument, and the average error in the sensor readings was 1.89%. The average error of the pH sensor was 1.65%, and the average pH sensor value was 1.3%. Based on the measurement of lettuce plant growth, the highest growth was found in plants without using any light, and the widest plant was the one using yellow light with a width of 8.5 cm on day 14. The number of leaves for plants using red and yellow lights was the same, with 8 leaves.

ANALISIS KESALAHAN SISWA DALAM MENYELESAIKAN SOAL CERITA ARITMATIKA SOSIAL BERDASARKAN NEWMAN ERROR ANALYSIS

This study aims to find out the mistakes made by class VII students of SMP Negeri 3 Ambon in solving social arithmetic story problems based on Newman Error Analysis (NEA), with the type of qualitative research. Sources of data, namely class VII SMP Negeri 3 Ambon and subject teachers. Subjects were taken by giving tests to 21 students, then 3 students were selected as subjects based on the most errors made by students. The 3 subjects, namely IT, AD, and TM. Data collection techniques include tests, interviews and video recordings. Data analysis techniques include data reduction, data presentation and data verification. The results showed that IT subjects made reading errors and encoding errors, AD subjects made reading errors, transformation errors and encoding errors, and TM subjects made all errors, namely reading errors, comprehension errors, transformation errors, process skills errors and encoding errors

Towards intelligent supervision of operating rooms using stencil-based character recognition

The development of intelligent operating rooms is an example of a cyber–physical system resulting from the symbiosis of Industry 4.0 and medicine. A problem with this type of systems is that it requires demanding solutions that allow the real time acquisition of heterogeneous data in an efficient way. The aim of the presented work is the development of a data acquisition system, based on a real-time artificial vision algorithm which can capture information from different clinical monitors. The system was designed for the registration, pre-processing, and communication of clinical data recorded in an operating room. The methods for this proposal are based on a mobile device running a Unity application, which extracts information from clinical monitors and transmits the data to a supervision system through a wireless Bluetooth connection. The software implements a character detection algorithm and allows online correction of identified outliers. The results validate the system with real data obtained during surgical interventions, where only 0.42% values were missed and 0.89% were misread. The outlier detection algorithm was able to correct all the reading errors. In conclusion, the development of a low-cost compact solution to supervise operating rooms in real-time, collecting visual information non-intrusively and communicating data wirelessly, can be a very useful tool to overcome the lack of expensive data recording and processing technology in many clinical situations. The acquisition and pre-processing method presented in this article constitutes a key element towards the development of a cyber–physical system for the development of intelligent operating rooms.

Consumer Interface Smart Energy Meter

Abstract: It is realized that one of the defective subsystems adding to the tremendous budgetary loss in Power Supply Company is the conventional metering and charging framework. Mistakes get presented at each phase of charging the energy rates, similar to blunders with conventional meters, reading errors by human while noticing the consumed energy; and blunder during the preparation of paid and the due bills. The solution for this downside is a prepaid charging or billing framework of consumed energy. Most of the developing countries are shifting their conventional energy management practices to the modern one by replacing the old and conventional energy meters with the smart meters outfitted with the prepaid facility to quantify the power consumption so as to decrease the income deficits looked by utilities because of customer unwillingness to make consumed energy payments on time. Our proposed design embedded with Arduino and GSM technology is advancement over conventional energy meter, which enables consumer to effectively manage their electricity usage. The system performance is good with the acquired results. An earlier charging will undoubtedly get rid of the issues of unpaid bills and human mistakes in meter readings, along these lines guaranteeing justified income for the utility.

Student Mistakes In Solving SPLDV Story Problems: An Analysis Based On Newman's Procedure

This study seeks to characterize the categories of errors students make when solving SPLDV word problems using Newman's method. Descriptive qualitative research methods are employed. This study was conducted in class VIII A at SMP Negeri 4 Touluaan during the even semester of the academic year 2021-2022. The research participants were fifteen students. Then, a test comprised of SPLDV story questions was administered to collect data. The test results were then used to select 5 students at random for interviews, based on their distinct errors. The obtained data was analyzed using the following steps: data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion. Most of the class VIIIA students at SMP N 4 Touluaan made reading errors (4.44%), understanding errors (13.33%), transformation errors (26.66%), process skills errors (48.88%), and mnemonic skills errors (68.88%).

RANCANG BANGUN ALAT UJI PERKOLASI TANAH BERBASIS ARDUINO

Water absorption testing through soil percolation test is mostly handled manually. During the testing process, it still requires many people to supervise it, and the reading error rate is still high. Therefore, a measuring instrument that works automatically is needed that can more specifically read the rate of water absorption into the soil accurately. In this final project, the tool is made using Arduino Mega, HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor, 128x64 LCD, buzzer, NEO6MV2 GPS Module, RTC (Real Time Clock), push button, and Lithium-Ion Battery. The result of this final project is a soil permeability measuring instrument that can accurately measure the rate of water infiltration. Based on the results of design, testing and analysis of the design results, a soil permeability measuring instrument is obtained that can properly measure the rate of water infiltration

Using Radiomics-Based Machine Learning to Create Targeted Test Sets to Improve Specific Mammography Reader Cohort Performance: A Feasibility Study.

Mammography interpretation is challenging with high error rates. This study aims to reduce the errors in mammography reading by mapping diagnostic errors against global mammographic characteristics using a radiomics-based machine learning approach. A total of 36 radiologists from cohort A (n = 20) and cohort B (n = 16) read 60 high-density mammographic cases. Radiomic features were extracted from three regions of interest (ROIs), and random forest models were trained to predict diagnostic errors for each cohort. Performance was evaluated using sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and AUC. The impact of ROI placement and normalization on prediction was investigated. Our approach successfully predicted both the false positive and false negative errors of both cohorts but did not consistently predict location errors. The errors produced by radiologists from cohort B were less predictable compared to those in cohort A. The performance of the models did not show significant improvement after feature normalization, despite the mammograms being produced by different vendors. Our novel radiomics-based machine learning pipeline focusing on global radiomic features could predict false positive and false negative errors. The proposed method can be used to develop group-tailored mammographic educational strategies to help improve future mammography reader performance.

Combined Interrogation Algorithm of Phase Function and Minimum Mean Square Error for Fiber-Optic Fabry-Perot Micro-Pressure Sensors Based on White Light Interference

In this paper, a demodulation algorithm using the phase function of the Fabry-Perot (FP) cavity combined with the minimum mean squared error (MMSE) is proposed for the pressure measurement with low-pressure sensitivity fiber-optic FP micro-pressure sensors, which exhibits reasonable demodulation results. In this algorithm, the initial phase variation during the measurement process is focused, which is usually disregarded in traditional demodulation, and then, use the phase change features of phase function to achieve precise pressure demodulation. A functional relation between the reference pressure and the amount of phase function displacement is developed for demodulation based on interferometric spectra of reference pressures at 0 kPa and 35 kPa. The algorithm has been investigated theoretically and experimentally. The experiment results demonstrate that the measurement accuracy is <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\pm$</tex-math></inline-formula> 0.2 kPa in the pressure measurement range from 0 kPa to 35 kPa, the pressure resolution is up to 0.0218 kPa, and the reading error is <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\pm 3\%$</tex-math></inline-formula> in the pressure range from 6.7 kPa to 35 kPa, which indicate that the proposed algorithm can meet medical pressure analysis standards in the cardiovascular sector for low-pressure sensitivity sensors. Moreover, this work illustrates that inaccurate reference pressure calibration would cause substantial demodulation errors. These errors can be mitigated by appropriately increasing the number of reference pressures to keep the reading error at a reasonable level according to the specific application.

Solar Powered Wireless Sensor Network for Water Quality Monitoring and Classification

Water is essential for human being, also for animals and plants. In Indonesia, there are a lot of residential living in the riverbank which have poor water conditions. People frequenty use water from the river for daily activities. To determine the quality of water, samples are usually taken and tested in the laboratory. This method is less efficient in time and also cost. In order to determine and monitor the quality of water, this paper discuss the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) to monitor the quality of water from a distance with the self powered sensor node. One of the issue in developing the WSN is the energy. Since this is implemented in outdoor, therefore it is possible to use solar panel to produce the energy. In this study three indicators; pH, TDS, and turbidity; were used to determine water quality based on the Indonesian Minister of Health Regulation. The results examine the WSN performance, and also the analysys of the solar energy supply for each sensor node. The WSN successfully works in detect and clasify tha water quality category and display it in the monitoring center or user. The sensors are calibrated and works with tolerable error of sensor reading of 5,1%. The WSN node is embedded with solar panel to supply the energy for node component. Therefore it able to extend the lifetime of the networks devices with renewable energy to implement the Green WSN.

Smart Centralized Metering System for Commercial Building

In commercial building, there are many shops in different floors. These shops are rented to different people and the electrical energy consumed by each shop has to be read every month. In conventional metering system, the meter reader has to go the metering panels in different floor which is time consuming and there is problem of raising the bill amount from the shop keepers in time and human error in meter reading. This paper presents a possible solution which is named as Smart Centralized Metering System for commercial building. The proposed system collects the data from each meter sends the data via wireless communication to a central server where monitoring and analysis of the data will be easily made. It will poll each and every individual shop automatically regularly in order to get the meter reading of the corresponding shop. If a particular shop did not pay the bill, power supply to the particular shop can be turned off from the server room. A proto type hardware of the scheme is fabricated and tested successfully.

Bir Kaynaştırma Öğrencisinin Okuma ve Dinleme Becerilerinin Geliştirilmesi: Bir Eylem Araştırması

Inclusion students, like all students, need to develop strong reading and listening skills to communicate effectively, understand instructions, and retain information. These skills are also important for their independence and future career success. Improving these skills can help inclusion students to achieve their academic, social, and professional goals. The main purpose of this research is to improve the reading and listening skills of an inclusion student studying at the 2nd grade level. For this purpose, the study was designed and conducted as an action research. First of all, the current level of the student in reading and listening skills was determined. Interactive reading and repeated reading methods were used in the intervention process. The intervention process of the study lasted for 6 weeks. In this process, 14 different children's picture books were read by the student's parents using the interactive reading method. Then, the student was allowed to read children's picture books until he reached the level of free reader. As a result of the research, it was concluded that the student made fewer reading errors than before the intervention process, the rate of word recognition and the reading prosody score increased, and the success of reading comprehension and listening comprehension improved.

The Effects of Prior Knowledge, Reading Errors and Word Recognition Skills on Reading Comprehension

Araştırmanın ilk amacı, ilkokul üçüncü sınıfa devam öğrencilerin ön bilgileri, okuma hataları ve kelime tanıma becerilerinin okuduğunu anlama becerisini yordama düzeyini incelenmektir. Araştırmanın ikinci amacı ise öğrencilerin sahip oldukları ön bilgilerin okuma hataları üzerindeki etkisini ortaya koymaktır. Araştırma, tarama modellerinden korelasyonel tarama modelinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu 75 üçüncü sınıf öğrencisi oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada ön bilgilerin ölçülmesi için Cümle Doğrulama tekniği (CDT), kelime tanıma becerisinin ölçülmesi için dakikada okunan doğru kelime sayısı, anlama becerisinin ölçülmesi için ise Yanlış Analiz Envanteri’nin soru ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın verileri çoklu regresyon path analizi ile analiz edilmiştir. Path analizi ise AMOS 24 paket programı kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre, kelime tanıma ile ön bilgi arasındaki korelasyonun .40 olduğu görülmektedir. Benzer şekilde kelime tanıma ile okuma hatası arasındaki korelasyonun -.54, okuma hatası ile ön bilgi arasındaki korelasyonun ise -.70 olduğu görülmektedir. Öte yandan standardize edilmiş regresyon katsayıları dikkate alındığında kelime tanıma, okuduğunu anlamanın anlamlı bir yordayıcısı değildir (β=.09, p&amp;gt;.05). Ancak okuma hatası (β=-.46, p&amp;lt;.001) ve ön bilgi (β=.40, p&amp;lt;.001) okuduğunu anlama becerisinin anlamlı birer yordayıcısıdır. Araştırmada elde edilen bir başka önemli bulgu ise okuduğunu anlama becerisinde meydana gelen değişimin %72’lik kısmı konuyla ilgili ön bilgiler, okuma hataları ve kelime tanıma becerisi tarafından açıklanmaktadır. Ayrıca öğrencilerin sahip olduğu ön bilgiler sözlü okuma hatalarındaki değişimin %49’unu açıklamaktadır ve ön bilgi okuma hatalarının anlamlı bir yordayıcısıdır.

ANALISIS KESALAHAN SISWA DALAM MENYELESAIKAN SOAL CERITA BENTUK ALJABAR MENGGUNAKAN PROSEDUR NEWMAN

The mistakes made by students are not known for sure what the form of the error is. Therefore, these errors need to be identified through the results of students' answers in solving algebraic story questions and reviewing whether students understand the meaning of the questions, whether students can develop plans for solving them, whether students can carry out the completion plans and whether students re-examine the final answers to determine conclusions. In this study, errors were obtained based on Newman's completion steps, the most frequent mistakes made by students were process skills errors with a percentage of 38.77%, followed by writing errors with a percentage of 36.73%, then transformation errors with a percentage of 22.44%, then understanding error with a percentage of 12.24% and the last reading error with a percentage of 2.04%.Keywords : Newman, Error Analysis, Algebraic Forms of Story Problems

Characterization of reading errors in languages with different orthographic regularity: an Italian–English comparison

The study examined whether a classification of errors based on Hendriks and Kolk’s (1997) proposal would effectively characterize the reading profile of children learning two orthographies varying for regularity, such as Italian and English. The study considered both an age-match and a grade-match comparison. Offline analysis of error production was carried out for two lists of stimuli: List 1 including regular words varying for frequency and matched non-words and List 2 including low-frequency words varying for regularity. In List 1, Italian-reading children made more multiple attempts characterized by a slow and progressive approach to the target (sounding-out behavior) than English-reading children, while the latter made relatively more word substitutions and non-word lexicalizations. As for List 2, Italian-reading children made relatively more multiple attempts and progressive approaches to the target compared to the English-reading children (with more sounding-out behaviors and syllabications), while the opposite occurred for phonological-visual errors, word substitutions, morphological, and semantic errors. Both groups showed a high proportion of phonological-visual and regularization errors (stress assignment in the case of Italian-reading children). Overall, the use of an error coding system specifically tuned to the characteristics of the orthographies investigated allowed a more comprehensive identification of reading difficulties which allowed the different strategies used by children of different languages to emerge more clearly (more reliance on sub-lexical routines in Italian readers and on lexical routines in English readers). These results call for more attention to error patterns in the identification of reading difficulties in children of different languages including those learning a transparent orthography where error analyses have largely been ignored.

Qualification and impact of a video-assisted control system in a chemotherapy compounding unit

ObjectivesAnticancer drug preparation control is essential to ensure quality and patient safety. Drugcam (Eurekam Company) is a digital video-assisted control system based on artificial intelligence methods to identify vials used...

LIVED EXPERIENCES OF SIX EIGHT GRADER STRUGGLING READERS IN SAN FRANCISCO INTEGRATED NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL IN THE DISTRICT OF VICTORIA

The goal of this study was to determine the needs of the students who struggle in reading based on their lived experiences. Researcher-made interview guide for conducting interviews were used in data gathering which was held from December 2022 to January 2023. The researcher derived the following significant themes: socio-emotional impact of reading difficulties, importance of support systems at home and in school, effects of reading deficiencies on academic performance, and effects of reading deficiencies on social interactions. The experiences of the participants indicated that the socio-emotional impact of reading difficulties were sadness, fear, and humiliation. They were once humiliated and laughed at when they failed to read in class. Their experiences also highlighted the importance of support systems in school and at home. Results imply that students did not have reliable support system when they were younger. Only P1 and P2 shared experiences about teachers and parents helping them. However, the fact that they were still struggling proves that such support system was not enough. Participants cannot avoid the anxiety of being called during class discussions since they are aware of their reading shortcomings. Reading difficulties inhibit the participants from reading aloud and working on assignments, particularly those requiring English. Participants emphasized assignments and activities in “English” particularly. There were two kinds of struggling readers found in this study. First, those who acknowledge their need for assistance from others. Second, those who are afraid of seeking help considering they might get humiliated. The difference in the participants perception on their social circles came from their previous experiences. Results established that the participants were aware of their reading deficiencies and of the past experiences that prevented them from successfully overcoming such. The past experiences of the participants brought fear and trauma, and these have not been resolved. The fear was caused by the teacher and classmates who reacted negatively to their inability to read. The feeling of fear remains in the participants, and they still fear to commit errors in reading and being laughed at. They need an inclusive learning environment where they will be helped instead of being humiliated. They need an intervention that would bring an increase in their level of self-esteem that has been neglected for quite some time. The study recommends that school may design a reading intervention program that does not only addresses the reading skills of the students but also their socio-emotional health.