Readers Worldwide Research Articles

Harper Lee and Other People: A Stylometric Diagnosis

Harper Lee and Other People:A Stylometric Diagnosis Michał Choiński, Maciej Eder, and Jan Rybicki There are few books with as enduring a grasp on the American mind and heart as Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird. Cherished by readers worldwide, the novel also continues to be the subject of extensive academic interest.1 The sheer sales figures speak volumes about the book: Harper Collins boasts that more than thirty million copies of To Kill a Mockingbird were sold over the years and that it has been translated into forty languages (Cavoto 418). The enduring popularity of the novel has been sensational in itself, but the film adaptation redoubled its success. The movie diminished the role of Scout and the story of the children, focusing more attention on Oscar-winning Gregory Peck as Atticus Finch,2 a character often controversially idealized as a paragon of morality and a respectful champion of the oppressed. But the matter at hand is not only considering the book in comparison to the movie. Harper Lee, a writer who delivered a compelling portrayal [End Page 355] of her southern hometown, was in the spotlight, to some extent exactly because of her attempts to remain out of it. A number of biographical or semi-biographical publications on To Kill a Mockingbird prove that the story surrounding Lee's writing of the novel has a life of its own, interwoven with the cultural functioning of the book. Her troubled friendship with Truman Capote; her relationship with her father, Amasa Coleman Lee, upon whom the character of Atticus Finch is largely modeled; her reclusiveness after the astounding success of her debut—all these elements have attracted the interest of the general public almost as much as the fictional story she authored. When news of the pending publication of the second novel by Harper Lee was released in July 2015, the nation's fascination with To Kill a Mockingbird was reignited on a massive scale. Generations of readers who grew up with a copy of To Kill a Mockingbird in their hands and the image of Gregory Peck as Atticus Finch in their minds eagerly looked forward to learning what happened to Scout later in her life. It was clear that Go Set a Watchman was not a sequel, but the initial version of Lee's debut book, whose plot is set later in the timeline than To Kill a Mockingbird; nonetheless, the majority of readers would find it hard not to read as the continuation of their favorite book and not to despair over the metamorphosis of Atticus from broad-minded to bigoted. With the publication of Go Set a Watchman, notorious doubts and reservations concerning the book resurfaced, among them those attributing credit for Harper Lee's writing to Truman Capote, her lifelong friend and an acclaimed writer. While the question of Lee's authorship of To Kill A Mockingbird has been established by both legal and stylometric means and reported in the media (Gamerman D5), the controversy has shown the need to study in detail the possible affinities between the two most famous inhabitants of Monroeville, Alabama. The aim of this study is not to question the authorship of Go Set A Watchman, To Kill A Mockingbird, or In Cold Blood using quantitative methods of attribution. This matter has already been discussed elsewhere (Eder and Rybicki "Go Set"). Rather, one goal is to complement literary history with stylometry and biography with statistics; the other is to discuss the various quantitative results that make too much sense in time-proven hermeneutic interpretations to be discarded as coincidences. This article seeks to answer a question of greater import than gossip with more or less implausible attribution, namely: How, if at all, is the [End Page 356] common background of the two writers visible in the way they use language throughout their respective careers? "Tru" & "Nelle" The troubled relationship between Truman Capote and Harper Lee is widely discussed by both authors' biographers (Shields; Clarke), but the two authors also famously commemorated each other in their fiction.3 As children, "Tru" and "Nelle" were inseparable and shared a "common anguish" (Shields 26-27), a desire to...

Hauntings of Human Nature: An Evolutionary Critique of King’s The Shining

The central conflicts of Stephen King’s horror novel The Shining are rooted in human nature and reflect evolutionarily recurrent adaptive problems—the problem of balancing conflicting evolved motives, such as motives for selfish status striving versus motives for affiliative nurturing behavior, and the problem of surviving the hostile forces of nature. Moreover, the supernatural elements of the novel resonate with evolved intuitions about nonmaterial, moral forces at work in the world. That is why the novel continues to engage readers worldwide, and why we need an evolutionary perspective to account for the novel’s meaning, effects, and continued popularity.

Cultural Congruity as a Major Divergence in Jhumpa Lahiri's “Interpreter of Maladies”

Diasporic writing deals with issues like loneliness, nostalgia, alienation, identity crisis, racial discrimination, rootlessness, assimilation and acculturation encountered by the immigrants. Writers of the Indian Diaspora like Bharati Mukerjee, Salman Rushdie, Jhumpa Lahiri, V.S. Naipaul, Divakaruni, Rohinton Mistry etc., excel in describing the above mentioned problems faced by Indian immigrants in the foreign countries. Among these writers, Jhumpa lahiri is a notable second generation diasporic writer who has carved a niche for herself in the corpus of Diaspora Literature. She is acclaimed to be the second generation diasporic writer as she was born to immigrant parents from Bengal who settled in the U.S. In addition, her writings focus on the plight and sufferings of the second generation Indian immigrants. Her writing style, selection of themes and choice of characters have received greater attention among the readers worldwide. Interpreter of Maladies is a Pulitzer Prize winning short story collection by Jhumpa lahiri that describe the struggles faced by Indian immigrants in the U.S. Lahiri deals with the plight of the second generation immigrants. This paper aims to highlight the problems of cultural assimilation among the Indian immigrants in America as discussed by Lahiri in Interpreter of maladies.

Review

Reviewed by: Transgressive Tales: Queering the Grimms ed. by Kay Turner, Pauline Greenhill Helen Miriam Bendix (bio) and Regina F. Bendix (bio) Transgressive Tales: Queering the Grimms. Edited by Kay Turner and Pauline Greenhill. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2012. 358pp. Leafing through Transgressive Tales, one is first struck by the unpresuming, quite wonderful illustrations by Bettina Hutschek. They guide one aesthetically into yet another, albeit timely, set of analyses of—not only—Grimm [End Page 155] fairy tales. “Queering the Grimms” is such an appealing subtitle that one understands the choice. The tales from Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm’s paradigmatic collection have had a tremendous influence on readers worldwide, other tale collectors, and—as amply attended to in this volume—literary authors, as is evident, for instance, in Jennifer Orme’s analysis of Jeanette Winterson’s reworking of the “Twelve Dancing Princesses.” Readers will be glad to know that the volume also contains comparative essays, such as the chapter “Queering Gender,” in which Pauline Greenhill, Anita Best, and Emilie Anderson-Grégoire explore versions of “Peg Bearskin” and “La Poiluse” for the lead character’s capacity to control and undermine female and male roles in arranging her sisters’ and her own destinies. We also find here Margaret Mills’s translation of an Afghani tale performance of “Boxwoman,” prefaced with a multilayered and suggestive exploration of women’s transgressions as imagined within an all-male story realm. The collection has grown and matured over nearly fifteen years, taking its beginnings in teaching and work with interested students, coalescing with colleagues at conferences, and finally resulting in this volume. In their introduction to the thirteen essays, editors Kay Turner and Pauline Greenhill point out that with all the feminist analysis and recasting of tales, “queer readings seem absent from feminist fairy-tale criticism” (3). She who knows how to look will, however, find transgression in abundance in many tale types, and to prove the point, the editors include an appendix titled “Trans and Drag in Traditional Folktales”; this appendix groups a selection of Aarne-Thompson types under headings such as “animal trans,” “animal drag,” “bio trans,” and “gender drag.” The essays are divided into four sections. In the first section, “Faux Femininities,” the contributors discuss the relations of embodiment and gender in the Grimms’ fairy tales. In the second section, “Revising Rewritings,” the contributors revisit rewritings of classic tales, which proves perhaps an easier ground to find issues of gender and sexuality explicitly examined. In the third part, “Queering the Tales,” the contributors turn “more directly to the ways that Grimms and other tales can redirect presumptions of sexuality and marriage away from the hetero norm” (20). The last section, “Beyond the Grimms,” contains, in addition to the contribution by Mills, Eliot Mercer’s queer adaptation of “The Grave Mound.” Within such a plethora of contributions, there naturally are also quite diverse approaches to what constitutes queerness, where it is located, and how to analytically cast it. We detect a spectrum here that ranges from uncovering more breadth and nuance in the reading of gender roles and sexuality all the way to asserting difference, including and beyond the homoerotic. Jeana Jorgensen begins her chapter, “Queering Kinship in ‘The Maiden Who Seeks Her [End Page 156] Brothers,’” with Judith Butler’s assessment of fantasy from Undoing Gender as “not the opposite of reality, it is what reality forecloses” (69)—a choice that most of the contributors could have followed: as fictional narrations, fairy tales do revel in the impossible but imaginable. If earlier scholars have found reason for tale worlds to fulfill poor narrators’ fantasies of excess food, wealth, and sociopolitical ascent, it should not surprise us that in the twenty-first century, scholars and retellers alike find explorations and transgressions of gendered, even bodily norms—fantasies, one can be quite certain, that were there all along, just as the desire for excess and power has not gone away. There is not space to dwell on all the cases presented—which is not meant to detract from their merit. In the opening chapter Cristina Bacchilega equates the only two Grimm heroines with the attribute of cleverness as women challenging heteronormativity. Kevin Goldstein...

The Role of Information and Communication Technologies in Global Sustainability: A Review

Launched in June 2013, the Journal of Management for Global Sustainability (JMGS) is an internationally peer-reviewed open access scholarly journal on management and global sustainability published semi-annually by the International Association of Jesuit Business Schools (IAJBS) and managed by the John Gokongwei School of Management of the Ateneo de Manila University. Printed copies are regularly distributed to more than 300 IAJBS member institutions and top business schools around the globe while the online version is available to all readers worldwide. JMGS is indexed in Cabells Journalytics, EBSCOHost, and EconBib.

Sustainable Marketing: An Exploratory Study of the Perceptions of Marketing Managers in International Spanish Hotels

Launched in June 2013, the Journal of Management for Global Sustainability (JMGS) is an internationally peer-reviewed open access scholarly journal on management and global sustainability published semi-annually by the International Association of Jesuit Business Schools (IAJBS) and managed by the John Gokongwei School of Management of the Ateneo de Manila University. Printed copies are regularly distributed to more than 300 IAJBS member institutions and top business schools around the globe while the online version is available to all readers worldwide. JMGS is indexed in Cabells Journalytics, EBSCOHost, and EconBib.

Print-on-Demand: New Models and Value Creation

The print publishing industry today is very different from what it was 5 years ago, or even 1 year ago. Developments in book manufacturing technology, the pressures to reduce print runs due to the impact in the growth of e-books and comprehensive distribution models, have given way to a new efficient book supply chain that has made more content available to consumers than ever before, and, has dramatically streamlined how books get into the hands of readers worldwide.

Nation, Identity, and Subjectivity in Globalizing Literature

Since the end of the 20th century, particularly after the Cold War ended, national borderlines have been redrawn many times in the areas of the Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and a wide range of Asia, and people started crossing national borderlines to immigrate to other countries. As a result, the definition of a modern nation with one ethnicity, one language, and one culture collapsed. Under the policy of multiculturalism, Australia accepts immigrants from all over the world, and Australian literature at present is characterized as being ethnically, culturally, and linguistically hybrid. In this paper I look at Australian writers such as Brian Castro and Nam Le and compare them with other writers who are considered post-colonial writers, such as Salman Rushdie, V.S. Naipaul and Kazuo Ishiguro. I focus on how these writers attempt to present their identities along with their subjectivities. I also compare them with a Japanese writer, Haruki Murakami, whose literary works are widely read throughout the world, crossing cultural, ethnic, and language barriers, even though he writes in Japanese and has a mono-cultural background. I investigate the reason why Murakami’s works are accepted by many contemporary readers worldwide. I finally explore the meaning of national identity and subjectivity in the globalizing world, and clarify the transformation of modern literature.

Editorial – Advanced modeling and simulation in engineering sciences

© L p The true birth of a journal comes with publication of the first papers. This great moment has arrived for Advanced Modeling and Simulation in Engineering Sciences (AMSES) in the form of the first six-papers which illustrate the scope of the journal very well. AMSES, which is published by Springer, is a new peer-reviewed and fully open-access journal for the benefit of the broad community of simulation-based engineering science specialists. The authors who publish in AMSES remain the owners of their works and no transfer of copyright is required. Of course, this new publishing scheme requires that authors pay for the diffusion of their work, which is freely available for all readers worldwide, contrary to traditional schemes in which publication is free for the authors but readers must pay. In the case of AMSES, the publication fees charged to the authors are symbolic because CSMA, the French Association of Computational Mechanics, has decided to contribute three-fourths of each paper’s publication fees in order to ensure the best conditions for both the authors and the readers in our community. The scope of AMSES is the vast domain of the advanced modeling and simulation of materials, processes and structures. The emphasis is on advanced and innovative modeling approaches and numerical strategies. The journal should appeal to both academics and practitioners. The manuscripts, like any papers published in a prestigious journal, are peerreviewed. We are extremely focused on scientific quality and the AMSES Editorial Committee guarantees the rigor of the reviewing process in order to ensure the quality of the works published. I am the editor and the associate editors are F. Chinesta , A. Corrigliano , A. Huerta , J.F. Molinari , S. Reese , J. Gopalakrishnan and J. Wang. There is also an Editorial Advisory Board composed of well-known scientists in computational engineering. The ambition of AMSES is to become one of the reference journals in computational engineering and I believe this issue is a promising start. Pierre Ladeveze

Scaling Impact in the Health Sector

Launched in June 2013, the Journal of Management for Global Sustainability (JMGS) is an internationally peer-reviewed open access scholarly journal on management and global sustainability published semi-annually by the International Association of Jesuit Business Schools (IAJBS) and managed by the John Gokongwei School of Management of the Ateneo de Manila University. Printed copies are regularly distributed to more than 300 IAJBS member institutions and top business schools around the globe while the online version is available to all readers worldwide. JMGS is indexed in Cabells Journalytics, EBSCOHost, and EconBib.

Social Entrepreneurship as Practical Social Justice

Launched in June 2013, the Journal of Management for Global Sustainability (JMGS) is an internationally peer-reviewed open access scholarly journal on management and global sustainability published semi-annually by the International Association of Jesuit Business Schools (IAJBS) and managed by the John Gokongwei School of Management of the Ateneo de Manila University. Printed copies are regularly distributed to more than 300 IAJBS member institutions and top business schools around the globe while the online version is available to all readers worldwide. JMGS is indexed in Cabells Journalytics, EBSCOHost, and EconBib.

The Role of ICT in Scaling Up the Impact of Social Enterprises

Launched in June 2013, the Journal of Management for Global Sustainability (JMGS) is an internationally peer-reviewed open access scholarly journal on management and global sustainability published semi-annually by the International Association of Jesuit Business Schools (IAJBS) and managed by the John Gokongwei School of Management of the Ateneo de Manila University. Printed copies are regularly distributed to more than 300 IAJBS member institutions and top business schools around the globe while the online version is available to all readers worldwide. JMGS is indexed in EconBib and Mir@bel.

Innovation Dynamics, Best Practices, and Trends in the Off-Grid Clean Energy Market

Launched in June 2013, the Journal of Management for Global Sustainability (JMGS) is an internationally peer-reviewed open access scholarly journal on management and global sustainability published semi-annually by the International Association of Jesuit Business Schools (IAJBS) and managed by the John Gokongwei School of Management of the Ateneo de Manila University. Printed copies are regularly distributed to more than 300 IAJBS member institutions and top business schools around the globe while the online version is available to all readers worldwide. JMGS is indexed in Cabells Journalytics, EBSCOHost, and EconBib.

Bringing Clean Energy to the Base of the Pyramid: The Interplay of Business Models, Technology, and Local Context

Launched in June 2013, the Journal of Management for Global Sustainability (JMGS) is an internationally peer-reviewed open access scholarly journal on management and global sustainability published semi-annually by the International Association of Jesuit Business Schools (IAJBS) and managed by the John Gokongwei School of Management of the Ateneo de Manila University. Printed copies are regularly distributed to more than 300 IAJBS member institutions and top business schools around the globe while the online version is available to all readers worldwide. JMGS is indexed in EconBib and Mir@bel.

Scaling Social Ventures: An Exploratory Study of Social Incubators and Accelerators

Launched in June 2013, the Journal of Management for Global Sustainability (JMGS) is an internationally peer-reviewed open access scholarly journal on management and global sustainability published semi-annually by the International Association of Jesuit Business Schools (IAJBS) and managed by the John Gokongwei School of Management of the Ateneo de Manila University. Printed copies are regularly distributed to more than 300 IAJBS member institutions and top business schools around the globe while the online version is available to all readers worldwide. JMGS is indexed in Cabells Journalytics, EBSCOHost, and EconBib.

The Challenge of Future Generations for Business Ethics

Launched in June 2013, the Journal of Management for Global Sustainability (JMGS) is an internationally peer-reviewed open access scholarly journal on management and global sustainability published semi-annually by the International Association of Jesuit Business Schools (IAJBS) and managed by the John Gokongwei School of Management of the Ateneo de Manila University. Printed copies are regularly distributed to more than 300 IAJBS member institutions and top business schools around the globe while the online version is available to all readers worldwide. JMGS is indexed in Cabells Journalytics, EBSCOHost, and EconBib.

The Wicked Problems of Global Sustainability Need Wicked (Good) Leaders and Wicked (Good) Collaborative Solutions

Launched in June 2013, the Journal of Management for Global Sustainability (JMGS) is an internationally peer-reviewed open access scholarly journal on management and global sustainability published semi-annually by the International Association of Jesuit Business Schools (IAJBS) and managed by the John Gokongwei School of Management of the Ateneo de Manila University. Printed copies are regularly distributed to more than 300 IAJBS member institutions and top business schools around the globe while the online version is available to all readers worldwide. JMGS is indexed in Cabells Journalytics, EBSCOHost, and EconBib.

Measuring Success in Spine Care

Everything that can be counted does not necessarily count; everything that counts cannot necessarily be counted. Albert Einstein Spine surgery can be one of the most rewarding of medical specialties, yet spine care has invoked questions and even controversy from some circles. Undoubtedly, the well-being of humans is closely tied to a well-functioning spine, but maintaining it in well-functioning conditions through the course of a long and active lifetime is uncommon. Although it is well-known that a dysfunctional spine can cause its owner severe disability due to structural, neurologic, or painful circumstances, we frequently struggle to quantify these conditions and remain incomplete in providing irrefutable evidence of the effectiveness of some of our interventions. In our quest for validation of conditions and our interventions, we resort to metrics, frequently applied through tests. While these promise objectivity through reproducible quantification, the question remains: What do these tests actually measure and what do the results actually mean? AOSpine recently published a comprehensive compilation of measurements used in spine care (a project in which I had the honor of serving as a coeditor). With this third book, Measurements in Spine Care,1 in a series titled Science in Spine Care, AOSpine set out to review all meaningful, clinical, spine-related tests, be they neurological, laboratory, radiographic, and more. The tests were then rated in a fashion similar to popular publications such as Consumer Reports and US News and World Report. As in our previous books, Spine Outcomes Measures and Instruments2 and Spine Classifications and Severity Measures,3 the editors were surprised with the paucity of meaningful and well-validated objective measurements in our discipline. Similar to our observations in the other areas of patient-related outcome measures and diseases/injury classification/severity ratings, our field is widely bereft of objective, reproducible quantifications of virtually all domains in which the well-being and function of spine are being tested. One of Albert Einstein's most famous insights yet again seems to be proven. There are, however, many areas in which progress has been made, and functionality can be tested, such as in pulmonary function as an indirect expression of torso health and simple walking or balancing tests for myelopathy. Many of these measurement opportunities are little known within the spine community due to a persistent “silo-mentality.” Hopefully, this book will provide inspiration to the scientifically motivated members of the spine community to advance our endeavors with sound applications to measure success. As for EBSJ, we have an easier time to measure success: readership numbers, being listed in large search engines, and impact factor. Aside from boasting one of the largest readerships in spine surgery with over 10,000 readers worldwide, we are now listed in PubMed and all the issues through early 2012 have been downloaded with a catching up to present day expected over the next few months. We have also made the strategic decision to begin merging some of our operations with Global Spine Journal published by Thieme. While maintaining our unique publication and in-depth review style, we will now be able to reach more colleagues and expand our popular systematic reviews to as many as four articles per issue by working with a respected large commercial publisher and offering expanded publication options to our scientifically minded spine practitioner readership. We hope that many of you will continue on the path of improving the quality of spine care and proving the value of what we are doing for our patients and society at large through steady application of sound, scientifically derived insights. Please do join us in this quest with your article submissions, reviews, and editorial board work with Global Spine Journal and Evidence-Based Spine-Care Journal as we meet the challenges of tomorrow's health care by learning from the failures of the past and present through sound scientific principles. “Failure is success if we learn from it.” Malcolm Forbes

At a Crossroads: Jump Forward or Fall Behind

It has been more than 2 years since Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT) was converted to an online, open access, English-only journal. EHT established an online submission system and was indexed successfully in the international database PubMed. Now, at least as a matter of form, EHT seems to have reached the first milestone on the way toward its goal of being a truly distinguished international academic journal in the field of environmental health and toxicology. However, EHT still has some tasks to accomplish in order to reach the final goal. EHT aims to be a place where multidisciplinary fields of science related to the environment, that is, toxicology, chemistry, risk assessment, biostatistics, exposure assessment, and epidemiology, converge and are integrated. In particular, we are dedicated to making it a leading academic journal in the Asian region. The topics we want EHT to deal with range broadly from ecotoxicology to climate change and health policy, from micro to macro science, from a regional to a global scale. To reach our target, EHT must overcome some obstacles. First, EHT needs more manuscript submissions. EHT welcomes not only original articles, but also diverse types of manuscripts, including systematic reviews or meta-analyses, reviews of meetings or conferences, brief reports, investigative reports, case reports, special topics, perspectives, editorials, letters to the editor, debates, and hypotheses. Specifically, EHT embraces descriptive studies in relation to basic indices of environmental exposure, health, and toxicology. Globalization of the members of the editorial board as well as the authorship of and topics of published articles is also very important. Timely article series dealing with environmental issues that are currently drawing a great deal of attention should be organized. Second, EHT should increase its visibility so that more readers worldwide can encounter the manuscripts we publish. For this, the journal needs to be indexed in more international academic databases. The unofficial impact factor of EHT during 2011-2012 was 0.38, which is not bad as a starting point within the international academic publishing community. Third, EHT should enforce the principles and screening system for publication ethics. Scientific journals are places where the three important stakeholders in the community of peer-reviewed science meet: editors and publishers, authors, and reviewers. Here, during the process of manuscript submission, reviewing, and publication of a journal, screening for scientific errors or ethical problems and checking and improving scientific soundness are performed. EHT needs to adopt up-to-date technology to screen for misconduct in scientific research and publication. In 2013, EHT is at a crossroads. We can fall behind or jump forward.

Black root rot of cotton in Australia: the host, the pathogen and disease management

Black root rot is a seedling disease caused by the soil-borne fungal pathogen Thielaviopsis basicola, a species with a worldwide distribution. Diseased plants show blackening of the roots and a reduced number of lateral roots, stunted or slow growth, and delayed flowering or maturity. It was first detected in cotton in Australia in 1989, and by 2004, T. basicola reached all cotton-growing regions in New South Wales and Queensland and the disease was declared as an Australian pandemic. This review covers aspects of the disease that have implications in black root rot spread, severity and management, including the biology and ecology of T. basicola, host range and specificity, chemical and biological control of T. basicola in cotton cropping systems, and crop rotations and host resistance. This review is of special interest to Australian readers; however, the incorporation of ample information on the biology of the pathogen, its interactions with plants and it relation to disease management will benefit readers worldwide.