Reader's Impression Research Articles

ANALISIS GAYA BAHASA PERBANDINGAN DALAM NOVEL CINTA BEDA AGAMA DAN BUDAYA KARYA ROSYIDAH KHOLIL

Abstract: This study aims to describe and analyze the types of comparative language style analysis in the novel love of different religions and cultures by Rosyidah Kholil. This study uses a qualitative approach. The object of this research is in the form of words, phrases, sentences or paragraphs in the love novels of different religions and cultures. The data analysis procedure is carried out by classifying the data based on the type of language style, examining the data one by one and matching it with the theory, then describing the data that has been studied. This study finds comparative language styles (parables, metaphors, personifications, allegory, antithesis, pleonasm and tautology, perifascist, anticipation). The style of language is a means for the writer to give a certain emphasis to the issues that the writer wants to convey, strengthen the reader's impression of an event or character in the story, bring the story to life, and beautify the story.

Obca: Ballady oraz inne wiersze [The other: Ballads and other poems

<i>Obca: Ballady oraz inne wiersze</i> [The other: Ballads and other poems

Context-Dependent Script Choice in Emails: The Case of Sumimasen

ABSTRACT This study examines how pragmatic factors influence Japanese script choice by focusing on the representation of ‘sumimasen’ – a phrase used to express apology and gratitude. In standard Japanese, this term is written in hiragana, but use of katakana for the term has been observed. Through a quantitative survey targeting 200 undergraduate Japanese-L1 students and investigating their impressions of different representations of sumimasen in Japanese emails, this study examines how context influences reader impressions of sumimasen representations. Here, ‘context’ specifically refers to three pragmatic factors of communication: situation, writer-reader relationship, and purpose. Through examining how alterations to the situation and relationship factors influence survey responses, the study reveals that reader impressions of katakana sumimasen differ depending on the respondent’s preferred politeness strategy. In focusing on this understudied question of how L1 readers respond to orthographic variation in context, the study expands on existing accounts of how katakana creates meaning by recognizing that interpersonal factors can influence the intent and reception of script variation. Additionally, the study finds that the social meaning of a given script variant can be dependent on the word it represents, with terms like sumimasen becoming active and accepted vehicles for meaning negotiation.

Overstatement in Political Text (Based on the Material of the British Newspaper Articles)

The subject of the study is the overstatement in the modern political text, which is used to overestimate the readers ' reaction to phenomena, events and objects. The material of the study was the texts of modern British printed publications (The Guardian, The Economist, The Bloomberg-Businessweek), of which 75 contexts of the use of revaluation in the language of newspaper articles were recorded using a continuous sample. The author identifies various types of re-evaluation, expressed using lexical means and stylistic techniques that give an exaggerated assessment of what is happening in society. Based on the analysis, four groups of means of expressing revaluation are distinguished, including: 1) emotional-evaluative adjectives/adverbs (intensifiers) that focus the reader's attention on a certain property or quality of the subject and serve to strengthen the expression of meaning; 2) a superlative degree of comparison of adjectives that enhance the reader's impression, influence their emotions and implement the author's strategy; 3) a metaphor/hyperbolic metaphor that is used for political and propaganda influence on the reader in order to control public consciousness. In newspaper texts, the metaphor demonstrates the author's assessment and creates the necessary associative connections and 4) hyperbole, which increases the expressiveness and emphasis of the said thought and convinces the reader of the reliability of the information. The author comes to the conclusion that hyperbole is the dominant way of creating an inflated reaction to the situation in the newspaper discourse. The results of the study showed that modern political texts are characterized by an intentional improbable description of situations, phenomena and objects, which affects the emotional reaction of the reader and forms his positive or negative assessment of the events described.

Observers' impression of the person in pain influences their pain estimation and tendency to help.

Estimation of a patient's pain may have a considerable impact on the level of care that patient receives. Many studies have shown that contextual factors may influence an observer's pain estimation. Here, we investigate the effect of an observer's impression of a person in pain and justification of his/her pain on the observer's pain estimation, tendency to help and perceived empathy. Thirty healthy individuals (half females) read scenarios aimed to manipulate the reader's impression of characters who ultimately were fired from their work (four positive characters and four negative; half females). Then they observed 1-s videos of four levels of pain expression (neutral, mild, moderate, strong) in those characters during an examination. Subsequently, they rated pain estimation, tendency to help and perceived empathy. Afterwards, they rated their likability of characters and how just they find the end of story. People rated pain in positive characters higher than the pain in negative characters. They also expressed more tendency to help and a higher level of perceived empathy towards positive characters than negative characters. For the highest level of pain in positive characters, perceived injustice towards that person was the best predictor of the observer's pain estimation, tendency to help and perceived empathy. For negative characters, dislikeability was the best predictor of tendency to help and perceived empathy. Justification of their pain was a predictor of pain estimation and tendency to help. Observers used different information to evaluate pain in positive and negative individuals. Observers' estimation of pain, perceived empathy and tendency to help biases by their understanding of the characteristics of the person in pain. In clinical settings, these biases may influence the quality of care and well-being of patients. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of these biases can help us improve the quality of care and control the effect of prejudices on pain assessment.

Texture analysis for automated evaluation of Jaszczak phantom SPECT system tests.

Routine quarterly quality assurance (QA) assessment of single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) systems includes analysis of multipurpose phantoms containing spheres and rods of various sizes. When evaluated by accreditation agencies, criteria applied to assess image quality are largely subjective. Determining a quantified image characteristic metric that emulates human reader impressions of image quality could be quite useful. Our investigation was conducted to ascertain whether image texture analysis metrics, such as those applied to PET scans to detect neoplasms, could prove helpful in linking qualitative statements of phantom sphere and rod visibility to quantified parameters. Because it is not obvious whether it is preferable to submit reconstructions to accrediting agencies performed using typical clinical (CLIN) protocol processing parameters or to follow agencies' filtered backprojection (FBP) suggestions, we applied texture analysis metrics to determine the degree to which these choices affect equipment capability assessment. Data were processed retrospectively for 125 different Tc-99m SPECT scans of standardized phantoms for 14 rotating Anger detector systems as part of routine quarterly QA. Algorithms were written to compute several classes of image metrics: quantile curve metrics, image texture analysis gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) metrics, contrast metrics, and count histogram metrics. For qualitative image scores, two experienced physicists independently graded sphere and rod visibility on a 5-level scale and assigned dichotomous visibility scores, without knowledge of quantified texture analysis metrics or each other's readings. The same phantom was used to collect 15 additional data sets with two dual-detector SPECT/CT systems, reconstructed both by FBP parameters that have been suggested by accrediting agencies and by manufacturers' default settings for CLIN SPECT/CT bone imaging protocols by ordered subsets expectation maximization (OSEM), incorporating attenuation correction using the CT scan. Image characteristics metrics were compared for FBP and CLIN reconstructions. For spheres, the metric with the strongest rank correlation with 5-level scale readings was the quantile curve slope (ρ=0.83, P<0.0001), while for rods it was GLCM Energy normalized to the maximum GLCM Energy value (EnergyNorm) (ρ=-0.88, P<0.0001). Compared to dichotomous readings, the metric with the highest ROC area under curve (AUC) for spheres was the quantile curve slopes (AUC=96±1%, sensitivity=91%, specificity=90%), and for rods was EnergyNorm (AUC=98±1%, sensitivity=92%, specificity=95%). Image contrast was higher for all sphere sizes and rod EnergyNorm was lower for sectors of intermediate-sized rods for FBP compared to CLIN reconstructions, in agreement with more rods judged to be visible from FBP than CLIN reconstructions (47% vs 33%, P=0.002). When preparing to submit quality assurance images of standardized phantoms to accrediting agencies, a reliable gauge of sphere and rod visibility can be predicted accurately using quantified reader-independent image texture analysis metrics, which also provide a useful basis for choosing among alternative image reconstruction options.

READER'S SKILL

The article deals with the issues of artistic perception culture of fictional texts. The sufficiency of literary reading is derived from the aesthetic specificity of verbal art: from special status of an author's figure, from the special nature of the artistic sense, from the special text organization as a combination of the reader's impression factors. According to M. Bakhtin, literature is interpreted as the art of “indirect speaking”, where the author “puts on silence” because in fictional text we never deal with the writer's speech, it is always mediated by the figure of the talking hero or the narrator. The artistic perception of fictional texts should be studied as a reader's skill. The culture of reading is the complementarity of two differently directed vectors: it is a deep and sincere empathy, as if it were reality; on the other hand – the reader's creativity in relation to the text artfullness, which conceals the meaning of the art work. The artistic sense is actualized by the reader's consciousness as complementary to the author's consciousness manifested in the text.

Evaluation of a Method for Revising Colors of Book Cover Images to Reflect Reader Impressions

Evaluation of a Method for Revising Colors of Book Cover Images to Reflect Reader Impressions

Novel Covers As Literary Art

&lt;p&gt;Literary art is a translation, interpretation, transmutation of literary text from language system to another signs system. It is a perception product, interpretation and translation of its original works, not to be duplication but as a form of work of art. This research is intended to reveal Novel covers system of representation. The aim is to find out whether it represents the novel values or not as a literary art. In doing so, this research used qualitative method with &lt;em&gt;Negeri van Oranje&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Ayah&lt;/em&gt; covers as primary data. The data are chosen using purposive sampling with two basic standards: popularity and Myers design standards. Using representation theory and semiotic as tools of analysis, the research then finds that &lt;em&gt;Negeri van Oranje&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Ayah&lt;/em&gt; covers have two aspects of presentation: novel content values or theme and marketing aspect. It is presented using two elements: textual and visual. The marketing aspect mostly uses texts elements and the novel content uses visual elements. They are using symbolic signs to build future reader impression and perception of the novel. The symbolic signs and concept are constructed to represent the novel content messages or values. Text features explain the visual features, and the visual features express the text features. Covers have different representation system from the novel but it is not an independent system. In conclusion, not every novel cover can be literary art but &lt;em&gt;Negeri van Oranje&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Ayah&lt;/em&gt; novel covers can be included as literary art.&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Keywords: &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Literary arts, Novel Cover, Representation&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Internal Hernia after Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass: Optimal CT Signs for Diagnosis and Clinical Decision Making.

Purpose To evaluate the accuracy of computed tomography (CT) for diagnosis of internal hernia (IH) in patients who have undergone laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and to develop decision tree models to optimize diagnostic accuracy. Materials and Methods This was a retrospective, ethics-approved study of patients who had undergone laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass with surgically confirmed IH (n = 76) and without IH (n = 78). Two radiologists independently reviewed each examination for the following previously established CT signs of IH: mesenteric swirl, small-bowel obstruction (SBO), mushroom sign, clustered loops, hurricane eye, small bowel behind the superior mesenteric artery, and right-sided anastomosis. Radiologists also evaluated images for two new signs, superior mesenteric vein (SMV) "beaking" and "criss-cross" of the mesenteric vessels. Overall impressions for diagnosis of IH were recorded. Diagnostic accuracy and interobserver agreement were calculated, and multivariate recursive partitioning was performed to evaluate various decision tree models by using the CT signs. Results Accuracy and interobserver agreement regarding the nine CT signs of IH showed considerable variation. The best signs were mesenteric swirl (sensitivity and specificity, 86%-89% and 86%-90%, respectively; κ = 0.74) and SMV beaking (sensitivity and specificity, 80%-88% and 94%-95%, respectively; κ = 0.83). Overall reader impression yielded the highest sensitivity and specificity (96%-99% and 90%-99%, respectively; κ = 0.79). The decision tree model with the highest overall accuracy and sensitivity included mesenteric swirl and SBO, with a diagnostic odds ratio of 154 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 146, 161), sensitivity of 96% (95% CI: 87%, 99%), and specificity of 87% (95% CI: 75%, 93%). The decision tree with the highest specificity included SMV beaking and SBO, with a diagnostic odds ratio of 105 (95% CI: 101, 109), sensitivity of 90% (95% CI: 79%, 95%), and specificity of 92% (95% CI: 83%, 97%). Conclusion The decision tree with the highest accuracy and sensitivity for diagnosis of IH included mesenteric swirl and SBO, the model with the highest specificity included SMV beaking and SBO, and the remaining signs showed lower accuracy and/or poor to fair interobserver agreement. Overall reader impression yielded the highest accuracy for diagnosis of IH, likely because alternate diagnoses not incorporated in the models were considered. © RSNA, 2016 Online supplemental material is available for this article.

Nietzsches Philosophie des Unbewussten

Nietzsches Philosophie des Unbewussten

Accuracy of whole-body low-dose multidetector CT (WBLDCT) versus skeletal survey in the detection of myelomatous lesions, and correlation of disease distribution with whole-body MRI (WBMRI)

The aim of the study is to assess the feasibility of whole-body low-dose computed tomography (WBLDCT) in the diagnosis and staging of multiple myeloma and compare to skeletal survey (SS), using bone marrow biopsy and whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (WBMRI; where available) as gold standard. Patients referred over an 18-month period for investigation of suspected multiple myeloma or restaging of myeloma were randomized to undergo one of two WBLDCT protocols using high kVp, low mAs technique (140 kVp, 14 mAs; or 140 kVp, 25 mAs). Recent WBMRI scans were reviewed in 23 cases. Each imaging modality was assessed by two radiologists in consensus and scored from 0-3 (0 = normal, 1 = 1-4 lesions, 2 = 5-20 lesions, 3 >or= 20 lesions/diffuse disease) in ten anatomical areas. Overall stage of disease, image quality score, and the degree of confidence of diagnosis were recorded. Diagnostic accuracy of skeletal survey and WBLDCT were determined using a gold standard of bone marrow biopsy and distribution of disease was compared to WBMRI. Thirty-nine patients were evaluated. WBLDCT identified more osteolytic lesions than skeletal survey with a greater degree of diagnostic confidence and led to restaging in 18 instances (16 upstaged, two downstaged). In those with recent WBMRI, distribution of disease on WBLDCT showed superior correlation with WBMRI when compared with SS. Overall reader impression of stage on WBLDCT showed significant correlation with WBMRI (kappa = 0.454, p < 0.05). WBLDCT provided complementary information to WBMRI in nine patients with normal marrow signal following treatment response, but which were shown to have diffuse residual cortical abnormalities on CT. WBLDCT at effective doses lower than previously reported, is superior to SS at detecting osteolytic lesions and at determining overall stage of multiple myeloma, and provides complementary information to WBMRI.

Changing Graph Use in Corporate Annual Reports: A Time‐Series Analysis

AbstractGraphs in corporate annual reports form part of a powerfully designed annual report package that offers considerable potential for “impression management.” The primary purpose of this paper is to determine whether graph use depends on corporate performance. Time‐series analysis, not previously used in the financial graphs literature, allows discretionary changes in graph use by companies to be identified and related to changes in individual companies' corporate performance over time. Based on the prior financial graphs and accounting choice literature, we develop two hypotheses that relate changes in graph use to changes in corporate performance. These hypotheses focus on the aggregate and individual company levels. We base our analysis on the corporate annual reports of 137 top UK companies that were in continued existence during the five‐year period from 1988 to 1992. At both the aggregate and individual company levels, we find the decision to use key financial variable (KFV) graphs, the primary graphical choice, to be associated positively with corporate performance measures. This finding is consistent with the manipulation hypothesis ‐ that is, that financial graphs in corporate annual reports are used to “manage” favorably the reader's impression of company performance, and hence that there is a reporting bias.

Beowulf (review)

and the flinty eloquence of its folk. The generosity and sweetness of a people happy to have Uved, and been part of one another, now and perhaps forever, sing loud and clear in these bountiful hundreds ofpages. (BA) Disgrace by J. M. Coetzee Viking, 1999, 220 pp., $23.95 "These are puritanical times. Private life is public business," announces David Lurie, the twicedivorced , joyless academic protagonist of Disgrace, the novel for which J. M. Coetzee received an unprecedented second Booker Prize. After teaching for a quarter century, Lurie loses his job as an adjunct professor of communications at Cape Technical University for his refusal to pubUcly repent of his brief affair with a pretty yet mediocre student. At 52, Lurie suddenly finds himself job-less, friendless, despised by his ex-wife and unable to write (his current project is an eccentric chamber opera about Byron's last years). Contemptuous and angry, he arrives at his daughter Lucy's smaU, isolated farm in the uplands of Eastern Cape, intending to temporarily escape what she sarcasticaUy calls his "higher Ufe" for one he beUeves to be simpler and less compUcated. Lurie becomes a farm worker and animal-shelter volunteer and tries to reestabUsh a relationship with his twenty-something daughter, who refuses to coddle him despite his selfinflicted despair. Beginning a new life in the country as a recluse is filled with its own peril, and Lurie soon finds himsetf in a dangerous place, where all his sophistication and extensive learning prove useless. Lurie and Lucy are unable to protect themselves from an afternoonlong , savage attack by three black men. Beaten, disgraced and humiUated , the former professor must help himselfand his daughter recover from the violence. The process is slow, and the suffering they endure raises for Lurie myriad questions about human isolation, parenthood and racial confrontation . He finds few answers. Worn and weary, yetwiser and kinder, Lurie concludes, "One gets used to things getting harder." The author of eight novels, Coetzee writes in concise yet gorgeous prose, and with a fierceness of attitude, about what it means to be human and in search of your soul in a complex time and place. Disgrace is a touching and perplexing novel, a major achievement . (KS) Beowulf translated by Seamus Heaney Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2000, 220 pp., $25 Seamus Heaney's new translation ofBawul/plunges readers to the "first stratum of the language," and they apparently like what they find there. A New York Times best-seUer and a seUout at megastores, this is a Uvely yet responsible rendering by the Nobel laureate of one of English Uterature's oldest heirlooms. This shining translation abounds in idiomatic language, local metaphor and even the occasional diche. For example, BeowuU repUes to a drunken Unferth's criticisms that "it 198 · The Missouri Review was mostly beer/that was doing the talking," and Hygelac, Beowulf's king, "hankers" to know the SeaGeats ' stories. Heaney's famiUar diction springs from his wish to change the average reader's impression that the poem is "written on official paper," i.e., a dusty literary relic. He conjures the speech ofhis Ulster kinsmen to provide him a "voice-right" to the poem's original language. In his preface Heaney declares his priorities. Naturalness and the "forthright deUvery" he finds in the original have been put before strict fideUty to meter, sentence structure, apposition, kennings, etc. From the outset his refusal to translate safely (and slavishly) is clear. OccasionaUy, however, his adjustments result in a disappointing loss of poetic effect. Heaney's best and most clairvoyant moments as a translator involve an intense identification with a character's condition. One warrior's long wael-fagne (UteraUy, "slaughterstained ") winter with his enemy is rendered as "resentful, blood-suUen." This kind of psychological apprehension springs in turn from an abiUty to bring to life the physical dimension first: Ongentheow's hand is imagined as "feud-caUoused," and Beowulf 's pain from the heated metal of his cheekguard is powerfully felt. Similarly, poetically rich kennings such as "wave-vat" for "sea" and "heather-stepper" for "deer" remain as is. Rarely does Heaney miss the mark in regard to word choice, but when he does, the...

Legitimizing Impeachment

Academic analysis of impeachment is not a crowded field. Most pre-Watergate scholars rely heavily on interpretations of the Federalist Papers, on general constitutional histories and on the dubious lessons of the 1868 trial of President Andrew Johnson. Post-1974 works tend to draw from the works of Irving Brant (1972) and Raoul Berger (1973). Sterling Professor of Law at Yale, Charles L. Black Jr., first published Impeachment: A Handbook in 1974, with the declared intention of clarifying the theories and processes of impeachment for the layman. This guide, reissued in 1998, stimulates renewed debate on the ethics of presidential leadership and abuse of power whilst avoiding an excessive preoccupation with precedent and with the works of Alexander Hamilton and James Madison. His use of “hypothetical,” contemporary examples to illustrate his points (a President's abuse of the I.R.S. to harrass opponents, unlawful impoundment of funds appropriated by Congress and unauthorized wars) reflects the tumultuous era in which his text was first published. Interestingly, despite his self-confessed aversion to the thirty-seventh President, the author is surprisingly sympathetic, by implication only, to some of the Nixon Administration's arguments with the Special Prosecutor's office. This reinforces the reader's impression of a politically neutral work which retains full force and relevance despite the passage of a quarter of a century. Many of Black's points, in fact, bear direct relevance to the trial of President Clinton, particularly his underlying concern that investigative mania might tempt rampantly partisan prosecutors to transgress not only on a president's legal rights as a citizen but also on his rights as Chief Executive. Dilys Hill (1999) raises a similar concern in noting Congress's insistence in 1994 that the Whitewater investigations into Bill and Hillary Clinton's business affairs continue despite the finding of Special Prosecutor Robert Fiske that the White House had not obstructed justice or been guilty of “ethical wrongdoing.”Black criticizes the Supreme Court's 1974 decision to waive executive privilege and force the release of Nixon's private tapes, a view which places him foursquare with Clinton on the issue of compelling testimony from Secret Service agents, one of the most controversial elements of the Starr investigations. Black also opposes the notion that incumbent presidents should face trial in civil suits and one suspects he would disapprove of incumbents being called to give testimony in such actions (though this is not specifically stated). Black's view that all indictments should be suspended until after the president's term expires is one with which overworked White House lawyers would wholeheartedly agree.

Finding Implicit Patterns in Ovid's &lt;em&gt;Metamorphoses&lt;/em&gt; with &lt;em&gt;Tact&lt;/em&gt;

The application of TACT to literary criticism is illustrated by preliminary experiments toward an electronic edition of Ovid's Metamorphoses, whose suitability for computer-assisted textual analysis is discussed. In the edition, an extensive markup scheme defines a range of questions the critic can ask, and a thesaurus of themes and images establishes a basic vocabulary for these questions. Examples show how the normalization of proper names and attributes in markup allows the nature of characters to be surveyed and studied. Distribution graphs for two major themes identified in the thesaurus, 'sex' and 'death', demonstrate rhythms of eros and violence across the text; they also raise questions about where in the text the reader's impressions of stories originate. Generic tools in TACT present telling examples of phrasal repetition, both exact and inexact, and of recurrent verbal contexts for specified words; these examples provide evidence for interconnection between stories. Tentative observations of wordplay and subliminal repetition, using other generic tools in the TACT system, suggest how phenomena formerly very difficult to observe may eventually be accessible to more exact measure. Finally, some characteristics of a fully realized electronic edition are proposed.

O foo, ke fano! The angle from which the narrator tells it

The aim of this article is to discuss the narrative point of view in O foo, ke fano! In this article I concentrate on the first and third person narrative perspectives because they are the only two perspectives that feature in this collection. Point of view concerns the angle from which a fictional work is narrated. It is not only the relationship between the teller and the tale, it also functions to control the reader's impression of the narrative.

The Aesthetics of Visual Poetry: 1914-1928

In this, the only full-length study of the visual poetry of the early twentieth century, Willard Bohn expertly illuminates the works of Apollinaire, Josep-Maria Junow, Guillermo de Torre, and others. His fascinating aesthetic insights bring to life this elusive and often misunderstood genre. An important contribution. Highly sophisticated, the study tends to raise its reader's impression of visual poetry in the twentieth century from trivial pastime to serious preoccupation.--Journal of Modern Literature

Herndon's Verdict on Analysis: Tabula Rasa

In her article Analysis: herding of sacred cows? Marcia Herndon stresses need for exposing, discussing, and evaluating various methods of musical analysis, in particular those employed by number of ethnomusicologists (Herndon 1974a). While this is certainly most timely and relevant endeavor, author does not seem to display sufficient of objectivity to deal adequately with delicate subject matter. At least, this is case with her treatment of general concepts and of assumed of chosen song from Madagascar. Some sections of this hypothetical analysis must give unsuspecting reader impression that I merely indulge in sterile and unintelligible manipulations. A case in point is her presentation of what I call By this I simply mean ordering, according to pitch, of tone material employed in melody plus additional information concerning initial and final tone, differentiations in structural importance of tones, and steps by which they are connected. This is by no means a major factor of analytical approach nor is it intended to be a representation of main features of tonal (p. 232). But far more serious than these misstatements is distortion beyond recognition of my scale formula. Although author justly assumes (p. 232) that I would apply it only to vocal part and that scale comprises major-sixth area f G b c d, hypothetical scale formula, presented on page 233, stretches over an area of one octave plus minor seventh (D3-C5) and includes eleven different pitches. My first impression was that tone material employed by voice and zither has been lumped together, but closer look revealed an even more confused situation. For some unexplained reason tones A3 and D4, which frequently occur in vocal (and instrumental) part, are omitted, while tones D3, E4, F4, G4, A4, B4, and C5, although produced only by zither, are included. But why then omit Gs, reached by zither in measure 13 (p. 225)? And why are tones distributed between two staves? The statement that the tonal structure is both closed and open is nonsensical because these two features are mutually exclusive; moreover, I have no idea what is meant by the 13th degree and by contention that thirteen tones are omitted (p. 233). Regarding information, contained in scale formula, about

When Your Child Needs Help: A Psychiatrist Looks At The Emotional Problems Of Children, by Charles R. Shaw, M.D. New York: William Morrow &amp; Company, Inc., 1972, 309 pp., $7.95

The reader's impression of this book is determined, to a large degree, by his opinion of the appropriateness of what amounts to a textbook in child psychiatry for parents. In the Introcluction, the author states: This book is written for Parents: Parents who know that they have an emotionally disturbed child or those who suspect that they may have one. These two groups will read the book from somewhat different viewpoints. If you belong to the first group, you will be interested in checking the diagnosis to see if it fits your child, to see whether he is getting the right kind of treatment, to see if the outlook is as your doctor said.