Identical Reading Research Articles

The Course of a Particular: On the Ethics of Literary Singularity

In Wallace Stevens's poem Course of a Particular, cry of wintry leaves provokes a shift in mood from robust assurance that is part of everything to a depleted sense of world drained of meaning: The leaves cry. In absence of fantasia, without meaning more Than they are in finding of ear, in thing Itself, until, at last, cry no one at (Palm 367) These two dispositions--one expansive and gregarious, other contracting to vanishing point of consciousness--suggest two complementary responses to literature. I will be concerned with latter, which tries to acknowledge uniqueness of a literary work; but it must first be set against fantasia whose absence it announces in order to trace a path of diminishing returns. My purpose is to explore rhetoric of singularity in order to detect its final finding, that is, its and ethical limit. My hope is that artistry and ethics will converge: course of a literary particular leads to ethical discovery. According to Stevens, however, such a discovery concerns no one at all. This hardly sounds like a strong moral position, (1) and defining that position in relation to artistry that exposes it will be my subject. My own path, which runs from numerous to singular, requires some signposts. I intend, first, to mark path's two limits by contrasting a criticism of plenitude with a criticism of austerity; then to inspect some rhetorical devices through which singularity is indicated; then to show how this rhetoric isolates here-and-now in instant of its inception and deception, its birth and death; and finally to examine how an of singularity raises a comparable ethical challenge that sets moral generality against dignity of unique. Stevens will serve as one of my guides. The shipwreck of singular When studying any literary work, we customarily nudge it in two directions, though not in equal measure. Usually we relate it to other texts in an expanding pattern of interdependence within larger contexts and communities. Whether terms of explication are historical, cultural, biographical, national, generic, or religious, a work gains significance within a wider field to which it contributes, however modestly. No artist or artifact has its meaning alone, T. S. Eliot advises in a famous dictum, because it participates in an ideal order, a totality that is temporarily complete yet continually altered as new works are added to it (38). A text is intelligible through its relation to other texts: as one elegy in an elegiac tradition, or as an American lyric, or as a novel by Virginia Woolf, or as an example of women's writing, and so on. At imagined limit of this expansive view lies a glimpse of all literature conceived as one ongoing discourse--a grand intertextual poem, myth, or conversation forever in progress. Northrop Frye provides one of most daring modern attempts to see literature steadily and to see it whole by fitting every work into a vast network of modes, myths, and genres, (2) all combining in a sublime vision of cultural totality corresponding to what Eliot calls the mind of Europe (39). A poem is like a single thought within that mind. As critic's field of vision expands, however, individual works become more and more significant, yet less and less discernible as they are engulfed by whole. Ideal readers catch every allusion and influence, but at cost of losing shock of first discovery. As a countermeasure, they try to savor a literary work not in relation to other writing but in and for itself. It may be another eighteenth-century, middle-class novel written by a Protestant man for women readers, but it is this particular text and not another one, read here and now, not elsewhere. How are we to account for its specificity? Even an ardent advocate of intertextuality like Harold Bloom admits, There can be no poem in itself, and yet something irreducible does abide in aesthetic (Western 23). …

Diaspora in the Reading of Jewish History, Identity, and Difference

In recent years, classical historians have sought to explore the interplay of a wide variety of peoples and civilizations in the ancient Mediterranean. This method seeks not to erase the power exercised both culturally and politically by the Greeks and Romans but to shed greater light on the areas of contradiction and ambiguity that accompanied their hegemonic expressions; that is, to examine more closely not only attempts at domination but also the shifting strategies and consequences produced at the site of contact among Greeks, Romans, and others. While such paradigmatic shifts have resulted in numerous regional studies of the ancient Mediterranean, the case of the ancient Jews, who cannot be accounted for within any single region, has invited perhaps more heated debate than any other. For an evaluation of the lives of the majority of Jews in antiquity necessitates coming to terms with the complex and lengthy experience of diaspora. The stakes attached to such historical investigations are considerable. Given that, for many Jews, the diaspora begun in antiquity was concluded only with the foundation of the state of Israel in 1948, studies of the ancient diaspora are poised to interrogate some of the very foundations of modern Jewish identity, as well as contemporary claims of Jewish territorial rights and nationhood.

Diaspora in the Reading of Jewish History, Identity, and Difference

In recent years, classical historians have sought to explore the interplay of a wide variety of peoples and civilizations in the ancient Mediterranean. This method seeks not to erase the power exer...

Transcription of human cathepsin L mRNA species hCATL B from a novel alternative promoter in the first intron of its gene

Cathepsin L is a lysosomal cysteine protease over-expressed in malignancy. It is very potent in degrading collagen, elastin, laminin and other components of the basement membrane and therefore, has been implicated in tumor invasion and metastasis. Two mRNA species, hCATL A and hCATL B, which contain an identical open reading frame and different 5′UTRs, were demonstrated to be encoded by the same gene located on chromosome 9q21–22. We have previously cloned and characterized the promoter responsible for the transcription of hCATL A (hCATL A promoter). However, it was not clear whether hCATL B is a splice variant of hCATL A or transcribed from a different promoter. In the present study, we demonstrate for the first time that hCATL B is transcribed from an alternate promoter (hCATL B promoter) located in the first intron of hCATL. This TATA-less promoter initiates transcription from two cytosine nucleotides present 191 and 367 bases upstream to the translation start codon. Deletion analysis revealed that the core promoter region lies upstream to these transcription initiation sites. This region contains several putative transcription factor-binding sites like AP-1, AP-4, GATA-1, Lmo2, NF-kB, MZF-1, NF-AT, etc. In U-87 MG cells, hCATL B promoter exhibits at least six times less activity than our previously characterized hCATL A promoter. However, this promoter is significantly more active in malignantly transformed cells as compared to its activity in untransformed cells. Thus, our results conclusively demonstrate that hCATL B mRNA is transcribed from an alternate promoter. Increased transcriptional activity from this promoter contributes to the elevated cathepsin L expression in transformed cells.

Sodium-dependent methotrexate carrier-1 is expressed in rat kidney: cloning and functional characterization.

Previous Northern blot studies suggested strong expression of a homolog to the sodium-dependent hepatocellular methotrexate transporter in the kidneys. Here, we report on the cloning of the cDNA for the renal methotrexate carrier isoform-1 (RK-MTX-1) and its functional characterization. Sequencing revealed 97% homology to the rat liver methotrexate carrier with an identical open reading frame. Differences were located in the 5'-untranslated region and resulted in the absence of putative regulatory elements (Barbie box, Ah/ARNT receptor) identified in the cDNA for the hepatocellular carrier. For functional characterization, MTX-1 cDNA was stably expressed in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. A sodium-dependent transport of methotrexate with a K(m) of 41 microM and a V(max) of 337 pmol.mg protein(-1).min(-1) was observed. This uptake was blocked by the reduced folates dihydro- and tetrahydrofolate as well as by methotrexate itself. Folate was inhibiting only weakly, whereas 5-methyltetrahydrofolate was a strong inhibitor. Further inhibitors of the methotrexate transport included the bile acids cholate and taurocholate and xenobiotics like bumetanide and BSP. PAH, ouabain, bumetanide, cholate, taurocholate, and acetyl salicylic acid were tested as potential substrates. However, none of these substances was transported by MTX-1. Furthermore, expression of RK-MTX-1 in MDCK cells enhanced methotrexate toxicity in these cells fivefold. Analysis of a fusion protein of RK-MTX-1 and the influenza virus hemagglutinin epitope by immunoblotting revealed a major band at 72 kDa within the cell membrane but not in the soluble fraction of transfected MDCK. Indirect immunofluorescence staining revealed an exclusive localization of the carrier in the plasma membrane, and by confocal laser-scanning microscopy we were able to demonstrate that the protein is expressed in the serosal region of MDCK tubules grown in a morphogenic collagen gel model.

Irish Studies After the Renaissance

Graham, Colin. 2001. Deconstructing Ireland: Identity, Theory, Culture. New York: Columbia University Press. $67.00 he. $26.00 sc. xiii + 189 pp.Valente, Joseph. 2002. Dmcula's Crypt: Bram Stoker, Irishness, and Question of Blood. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. $29.95 he. xi + 173 pp.In recent years, Studies has developed significantly a field in which literary theory has offered helpful new readings of canonical texts well foregrounded works of writers who might not previously have been widely studied. Feminist theory and postcolonial theory in particular have been applied usefully to study of culture and literature, and some of these texts have become definitive sources in field: Elizabeth Butler Cullingford's Gender and History in Yeats's Love Poetry (1996), Declan Kiberd's Inventing Ireland: The Literature of Modem Nation (1995) and David Lloyd's Anomalous States: Writing and Post-Colonial Moment (1993), to name a few, have shaped contemporary readings of literature and influenced scholarship of several generations of Studies academics. The revitali/ation of field that can be attributed to these and other contemporary texts seemed to lose momentum at end of decade and, although field has remained vibrant, Studies scholars continue to unpack work of these critics. Rather than indicting current scholarship, however, this trend demonstrates vast applicability of work of that generation of scholars, particularly those who argued that postcolonial theory is a useful and relevant means of approaching study of culture and literature. As feminist and postcolonial readings offered new lenses through which to read texts, study of canonical works, especially those of Joyce and Yeats, became more challenging new ways to reread seemed to have been nearly exhausted. Consequently, Joseph Valente has a very difficult task in presenting a new reading of Dracula in his Dracula's Crypt: Bram Stoker, Irishness, and Question of Blood. To reread a text that has been deconstructed and read feminist, anti-feminist, colonial, postcolonial, nationalist, antinationalist and Marxist, Valente must grind a new lens. Using a foundational concept fact that, a result of 1800 Act of Union, Ireland ceased to be a distinct if colonized geopolitical entity and assumed unique and contradictory position of a or 'metropolitan' colony(2002, 3),Valente reads Dracula a text shaped by its means of production, arguing that, rather than being read Irish, Celtic, Anglo-Saxon or subaltern, the Irishness of Dracula should be read and understood in light of what I call its metrocolonial conditions of production, which function at both collective level, shaping cultural and political identity of people, and at individual level, giving a peculiar slant to psychic terrain of Stoker himself This notion of metrocolonial is defined not only in relation to Ireland's unique status a domestic and metropolitan colony but also to role of Ireland participant-victim in imperial enterprise (3). Working with concept of Ireland's unique colonial status, Valente examines intricacies of Stoker's interethnic Anglo-Celtic identity and how it affects text. Though readings of Stoker's hybrid cultural identity have abounded in studies of novel, Valente coins a term that offers a semantically fresh concept.The of is one familiar approach to Dracula, andValente's slant is that question of blood represents not merely Victorian fear of racial mixing but a critique of racialist paranoia(2002, 5). To clarify this subtle distinction, he argues that traditional Irish reading of text has focused on pollution of race, whereas a more nuanced explication of text identifies villain of novel as racialized anxiety itself (5). …

Desirable Reading: The Relationship between Women Students' Lives and their Reading Practices

This study reports research into women students' reading habits and practices. The research demonstrates the interconnections between participants' attitudes toward reading and their personal and family relationships. It also reveals how they use their reading to explore issues that concern them as members of families and cultural groups and suggests that reading is a matter of desire, aspiration, and identity formation. This study argues that detailed qualitative research about reading identities could assist in understanding how mature students approach reading literary and other texts as part of their programs of study.

How is the gospel true?

In order to answer this question and for other purposes I intend principally to describe, comment on and include some of the thought of Hans Frei and Paul Ricoeur. I include Frei because he, while unable to ‘prove’ Jesus' presence, can ‘make sense of the gospel story’ in his own way, especially with his idea of the ‘history-like’ quality of the story which he believes prevents its acceptance as myth. I too cannot hope to ‘prove’ Jesus’ presence, nor would I account him as mythic. Frei does not, however, account for rhetorical persuasion. While he explains how we can accept the story as true by cutting between history and myth, it still remains to understand why and how the story is offered. But Ricoeur can help to answer the how and the why through his analysis of the coincidence of divine will and human contingency in biblical story, with Jesus as destined and God the Father as Destinator. I take this idea further by showing how in John's gospel Peter, through his own contingent acts of denial, his human fallibility, is rescued by love, the final contingency. Ricoeur also makes a case for ‘manifestation’ rather than ‘verification’ of the gospels, the one through poetic discourse superseding the other by scientific description. Hence, there is a rhetorical – literary argument for reader identity with Jesus, based in part on Aristotle's tragic emotions and in part on our human inconstancy and inconsistency as understood by Ricoeur and Montaigne to show how these qualities work out in Peter. Both Frei and Ricoeur find their way to the Jesus of faith past the Jesus of reason and myth to the Jesus of story. The goal of this article is to show how we are persuaded by John to identify with Jesus with the rhetoric of love.

Humanin peptide suppresses apoptosis by interfering with Bax activation.

Bax (Bcl2-associated X protein) is an apoptosis-inducing protein that participates in cell death during normal development and in various diseases. Bax resides in an inactive state in the cytosol of many cells. In response to death stimuli, Bax protein undergoes conformational changes that expose membrane-targeting domains, resulting in its translocation to mitochondrial membranes, where Bax inserts and causes release of cytochrome c and other apoptogenic proteins. It is unknown what controls conversion of Bax from the inactive to active conformation. Here we show that Bax interacts with humanin (HN), an anti-apoptotic peptide of 24 amino acids encoded in mammalian genomes. HN prevents the translocation of Bax from cytosol to mitochondria. Conversely, reducing HN expression by small interfering RNAs sensitizes cells to Bax and increases Bax translocation to membranes. HN peptides also block Bax association with isolated mitochondria, and suppress cytochrome c release in vitro. Notably, the mitochondrial genome contains an identical open reading frame, and the mitochondrial version of HN can also bind and suppress Bax. We speculate therefore that HN arose from mitochondria and transferred to the nuclear genome, providing a mechanism for protecting these organelles from Bax.

"You're a Guaranteed Winner": Composing "You" in a Consumer Culture

This article explores the functional elegance of direct mail as it constructs its target audience. More specifically, it examines direct mailings included in a nationally publicized court case involving Publishers' Clearing House and articulates how the use of particulargenre-based, rhetorical and linguistic strategies in these mailings construct reader identity. It argues that the documents use you-attitude toconstruct the identity of the reader as winner, implied reader devicesto reinforce the reader's identity as winner and to establish thereader's identity as the writer's friend, and linguistic politeness strategies to build feelings of solidarity of the reader toward the writer. Itconcludes with the observation that the direct mail in our study, ratherthan being "junk," is really a skillfully written set of documents, successfully interweaving various discourse strategies and raising bothethical and professional issues in the process.

Deceit with Benign Intent; Story-Telling in Villette

In a Roe Head diary entry long-overlooked, Charlotte Brontë accepted, on classical terms, Robert Southey's challenge to make literature the business of her life. Fifteen years later, her spirit tossed that friendly taunt to us, Villette's ideal live readers who might one day imagine women and men as people. Story-told 150 years later, that enigma can reveal tales buried in its blarney, its ‘giv[ing] the feeling as at the time I [the naive young Lucy Snowe] felt it’ (18/239–40).1

APPRAISAL and the special instructiveness of narrative

This article considers the role of APPRAISAL systems in narrative discourse from the point of view of writer/reader relations. It aims to uncover some of the mechanisms by which narratives 'go to work' on readers - enabling them to feel with' particular characters and to adjudicate their behavior ethically. The data used in this study includes one short written narrative presented to sixteen-year-old Australian students in a formal English examination and two successful written responses to this. The first part of the article focuses on the semantic attributes of the three texts. The narrative, CLICK, and the responses form an inter textual set from which we can learn much about a narrative's addressivity and the kinds of uptake displayed in A-range readings. The successful responses (like others in the A-range corpus) embody a complex of attributes including an ability to read narrative texts relationally, a sensitivity to the hierarchy of voices and values played out in the text and attentiveness to both implicit and explicit forms of APPRAISAL. The second part of the article presents an analytical apparatus developed to linguistically model the development of empathy and discernment in ideal (and in this case, successful) readers as they read and respond to this narrative. Linguistic analysis focuses on how appraisal resources like AFFECT and JUDGMENT their trends, their co-patterning and their transformation contribute to the creation of a text axiology in ideal readers. The article concludes by outlining some implications for analysis of evaluation in text if we take into account different conditioning environments for development of writer-reader relations.

The effect of early visual deprivation on the development of face processing

We evaluated the importance of early visual input for the later development of expertise in face processing by studying 17 patients, aged 10 to 38 years, treated for bilateral congenital cataracts that deprived them of patterned visual input for the first 7 weeks or more after birth. We administered five computerized tasks that required matching faces on the basis of identity (with changed facial expression or head orientation), facial expression, gaze direction and lip reading. Compared to an age–matched control group, patients’ recognition of facial identity was impaired significantly when there was a change in head orientation (e.g. from frontal to tilted up), and tended to be impaired when there was a change in facial expression (e.g. from happy to surprised). Patients performed normally when matching facial expression and direction of gaze (e.g. looking left or right), and in reading lips (e.g. pronouncing ‘u’ or ‘a’). The results indicate that visual input during early infancy is necessary for the normal development of some aspects of face processing, and are consistent with theories postulating the importance of early visual experience (de Schonen & Mathivet, 1989; Johnson & Morton, 1991) and separate neural mediation of different components of face processing (Bruce & Young, 1986).

Identification, cloning, and functional characterization of a murine lipoxin A4 receptor homologue gene.

To identify additional members of the murine N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe peptide receptor family (fMLF-R), a mouse macrophage cDNA library was screened using the open reading frame of murine N-formyl peptide receptor. Four individual hybridizing cDNA clones were maintained through tertiary screening. One cDNA clone was a truncated, polyadenylated version of the previously described murine-fMLF-R. The other three cDNA clones varied in length, but contained identical open reading frame sequences. One clone, 8C10, was selected for further study and shared 70% sequence identity with murine-fMLF-R and 89% sequence identity with murine lipoxin A4 receptor cDNA. When placed into the pcDNA-3 expression vector and cotransfected with Galpha16 cDNA into COS-1 cells, 8C10 cDNA induced the production of inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate when concentrations of 1-1600 nM lipoxin A4 (LXA4) were tested as ligands. Northern blot analysis of murine organs indicated that the 8C10 message is present in lung, spleen, and adipose tissue. Moreover, mice treated with LPS demonstrated increased expression of 8C10 message in spleen and adipose tissue, while showing a slight reduction in lung. We have also characterized the 8C10 structural gene from a 129Sv/J genomic library and have determined its size to be >6.1 kb in length and comprised of two exons separated by a 4.8-kb intron. Collectively, these data indicate that this homologue receptor is closely related to the murine LXA4 receptor and functionally responds to LXA4 as a ligand.

Characterization of the SCAN box encoding RAZ1 gene: analysis of cDNA transcripts, expression, and cellular localization

The SCAN box (SRE-ZBP; CT-fin51; AW-1; Number 18) is a highly-conserved 80-amino-acid domain identified in a subset of C2H2 zinc finger proteins. We and others have recently demonstrated that the SCAN box is a protein association domain that mediates hetero- and homo-protein associations with SCAN box containing proteins. RAZ1 (SCAN-related protein associated with MZF1B) is a novel gene identified in a yeast two hybrid genetic screen for binding to the MZF1B SCAN box. RAZ1 maps to chromosome 20q11 at a region frequently disrupted in various leukemias. We characterized the RAZ1 gene by analysing cDNA transcripts, mRNA expression, and cellular localization of the expressed protein. RAZ1 mRNA expression was detected in various human tissues and cell lines by Northern blot analysis and multiple tissue expression arrays. Highest levels of expression are in prostate, testis, thyroid, liver, and kidney. The RAZ1 gene produces two transcripts with variant 5′-untranslated regions containing identical open reading frames that express a 28 kDa protein in vitro. RAZ1 transcription start sites were mapped by primer extension and confirmed by identification of the RAZ1 promoter in the 5′ flanking genomic DNA. RAZ1 protein fused to the green fluorescent protein (GFP) localizes to the nucleus in a diffuse pattern and the carboxyl terminus containing the SCAN-related domain is sufficient for nuclear localization. These data suggest that RAZ1 is a widely expressed nuclear protein that may function as a key regulator of zinc finger transcription factor function.

Cloning and Analysis of the Telomere and Terminal Inverted Repeat of the Linear Chromosome of Streptomyces griseus

Cloning and sequencing of the telomere of Streptomyces griseus revealed five palindromic sequences in the terminal 116 nucleotides, all of which can make a hairpin loop structure. However, the end sequence cannot form the foldback secondary structure that is common in Streptomyces telomeres and is suggested to be necessary for terminal replication. Both inside ends of the terminal inverted repeat (TIR) were also cloned and sequenced. The results confirmed the size of the TIR to be 24 kb and identified two almost identical open reading frames that might have been involved in the formation of the TIR.

The value and impact of reading imaginative literature

Reports results of a study, undertaken at the University of Sheffield and funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Board (AHRB), which addressed the question of what motivates adults to invest time in reading as a means of assessing the value and impact of public library book reading. The methodology for the full AHRB project involved an extensive literature review, focus groups and a preliminary questionnaire survey issued to all UK public library authorities to assess the current level of activity in relation to fiction and fiction promotion. In addition, stock management and selection policies were evaluated and used to inform interviews with library stock managers and those responsible for reading promotion. The paper focuses on that part of the study where participants were asked to talk about their reading. Individual readers were interviewed and focus groups were undertaken to examine people’s reading experience. The focus groups were selected to reflect the variables in the population and included non-users as well as users of the public library service. The results confirmed that reading imaginative literature is regarded as a special activity which serves to satisfy a wide variety of needs. The data dispel the myth of the stereotypical image of a reader as someone who is introverted and reluctant or unable to participate fully in society. There is convincing evidence that through reading a person’s life can be transformed. Also, for those who regard themselves as readers, reading is not only deemed a special activity but a crucial one. Their accounts reveal that the reading identity is not fixed but changes according to time and personal development.

The value and impact of reading imaginative literature

Reports results of a study, undertaken at the University of Sheffield and funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Board (AHRB), which addressed the question of what motivates adults to invest time in reading as a means of assessing the value and impact of public library book reading. The methodology for the full AHRB project involved an extensive literature review, focus groups and a preliminary questionnaire survey issued to all UK public library authorities to assess the current level of activity in relation to fiction and fiction promotion. In addition, stock management and selection policies were evaluated and used to inform interviews with library stock managers and those responsible for reading promotion. The paper focuses on that part of the study where participants were asked to talk about their reading. Individual readers were interviewed and focus groups were undertaken to examine people’s reading experience. The focus groups were selected to reflect the variables in the population and included non-users as well as users of the public library service. The results confirmed that reading imaginative literature is regarded as a special activity which serves to satisfy a wide variety of needs. The data dispel the myth of the stereotypical image of a reader as someone who is introverted and reluctant or unable to participate fully in society. There is convincing evidence that through reading a person’s life can be transformed. Also, for those who regard themselves as readers, reading is not only deemed a special activity but a crucial one. Their accounts reveal that the reading identity is not fixed but changes according to time and personal development.

"Identity" and Global Ethnic Violence

AbstractThis article explores the multidimensional nature of globalization as it impacts on "identity," both individually and corporately, in its most common manifestation as violence. Identity is explored in terms of the dialectical interplay between the "one" and the "many" or "universality" and "particularity" in order to offer an alternative reading of "identity" in light ofMiroslav Wolf's work Exclusion and Embrace. To do this the language of Paul in Galatians, and in other epistles as well, needs to be considered. Utilizing the insights of N. T. Wright and Richard Hays, the article then attempts to re-locate "identity" as constituted by our being new women and men in Christ. Also utilized is Paul Hiebert's analysis of set theory, which illustrates the necessity of moving away from "ssentialist" or "primordialist" readings of culture and identity in order to move toward more "centered set" thinking which is typical of Paul in Galatians. The article attempts to reorient Christians to a new way of thinking missiologically in light of the reality of violence and the need for broader notions of reconciliation and redemption.

B-mode versus A-mode ultrasonographic measurements of mucosal thickness in vivo.

The objective of this study was to compare the measurement accuracy of A-mode and B-mode ultrasonographic assessments of palatal masticatory mucosal thickness in vivo. Thickness of palatal masticatory mucosa in the molar region of 50 volunteers was measured once with a B-mode ultrasound device (10 MHz) combined with a standoff for intraoral applications. At identical reading points thickness was also assessed with an A-mode device (5 replicates) and by needle probing for determination of true thickness. On average true thickness ranged between 2.9 and 3.3 mm (95% confidence intervals; median, 3.1 mm). B-mode ultrasonography overestimated truth by 0.19 mm (median) and differed significantly from truth (P =.008), whereas A-mode ultrasonography slightly underestimated true thickness by -0.05 mm (median). Limits of agreement were wider for A-mode ultrasonography (2.00 mm) than for B-mode ultrasonography (0.88 mm). Because accuracy of 0.2 mm is acceptable for many clinical indications, B-mode and A-mode yield sufficient accuracy for measurements of mucosal thickness.