Tag Reader Research Articles

A Damped Double Dipole Antenna for UHF RFID Sensing in the Frequency Domain

Ultrahigh frequency (UHF) radio frequency identification (RFID) tags provide an inexpensive framework for distributed sensing, yet for the most cost-effective implementation, it is necessary to consider antenna design in concert with the capabilities of responsive materials that can be coupled to the tag response. Materials, such as functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNTs), have been engineered to change in resistance when exposed to a variety of analytes and have been incorporated in RFID tags to create low-cost sensors that work at a fixed reader–tag separation distance. This article presents a damped double dipole antenna design enabling UHF RFID tags that are able to sense changes in resistance of a sensing element (with a conductivity similar to that of printed CNT networks) regardless of reader–tag distance within the far-field read range. Simulations of the proposed design show two methods of operation, either by comparing the damping between two resonant peaks or by shifting the resonant frequency of the RFID tag. The first method is validated experimentally with surface mount resistors, showing a relative change in the effective antenna transmission coefficient, <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\tau _{e}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> , of 0.2 for a 35% change in resistance of the sensing element.

A correlated-variables model for monitoring individual growing-finishing pig's behavior by RFID registrations

Feeding and drinking behavior of individual growing-finishing pigs can be used for health and welfare monitoring by real time warning systems. The objective of this study was to develop and test a model detecting deviating feeding and drinking behavior of individual growing-finishing pigs based on Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) registrations. Feeding and drinking behavior of growing-finishing pigs was recorded through low frequency RFID readings via ear tags. In three 16-week batches, twelve pens containing each twelve pigs were equipped with one drinker and two feeders. Four readers (each with eight antennas) recorded feeding and drinking activity of each individual pig in the pens. All tag readings were combined into visits, and subsequently visits into meals. The analyzed variables were number of meals per day, average interval between meals and maximum interval between meals per day for both feeding and drinking. A correlated-variables model with a Kalman filter was developed, generating alerts when the daily level was deviating from the expected level. For illustration of model results, the model was validated with culling recordings, which included all pigs that died or were euthanized during the experiment. Most cases of culled pigs corresponded with alerts given by the model, but sensitivity was hard to determine due to low number of cases and specific circumstances of the culled pigs. The specificity of the model was similar for feeding and drinking behavior, and was highest for number of meals (93–99%), followed by the average interval between meals (90–96%) and the maximum interval between meals (86–97%), depending on desired confidence interval. The developed model is promising for early detection of health problems in growing-finishing pigs, but further validation should occur on a bigger scale in order to increase accuracy of results and improve knowledge required for practical implication of the model.

Concurrent Rate-Adaptive Reading With Passive RFIDs

Radio frequency identification (RFID)-assisted management systems have been widely applied in warehousing, logistics, retailing, etc. In these scenarios, RFID-aided applications, e.g., object tracking and human behavior sensing, rely on a high-efficiency tag reading to realize accurate analyses and timely responses. However, serious tag collisions in those large-scale RFID systems will inevitably lead to significant decreases in the tag reading rates. To meet the strict timeliness requirements of those practical applications, we aim to treat the individual reading rate for each item tag differently and focus more attention on those user-interactive ones. However, due to unpredictable user behaviors, it is impractical to infer the user-interactive tags in advance. In addition, keeping focusing on them for continuous monitoring despite user movements and multipath-prevalent environments is also challenging. To solve these problems, we propose Spotlight, the first concurrent rate-adaptive reading system in passive RFIDs. Spotlight screens the ID-agnostic user-interactive tags by proposing a multichannel feature for narrow-band RFID systems without any hardware or protocol modification and achieves rate-adaptive reading by implementing real-time MU-MIMO beamforming. Substantial experiments with 1000+ COTS RFID tags exhibit that Spotlight outperforms the commercial reader by <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2.7\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> and the SDR-based reader by <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$6.12\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> . In addition, Spotlight first proposes the online parallel decoding method to realize concurrency among multiple users, which breaks the commercial protocol’s throughput ceiling (37%) and achieves up to 59% throughputs.

Continuous real-time cow identification by reading ear tags from live-stream video

In precision dairy farming there is a need for continuous and real-time availability of data on cows and systems. Data collection using sensors is becoming more common and it can be difficult to connect sensor measurements to the identification of the individual cow that was measured. Cows can be identified by RFID tags, but ear tags with identification numbers are more widely used. Here we describe a system that makes the ear tag identification of the cow continuously available from a live-stream video so that this information can be added to other data streams that are collected in real-time. An ear tag reading model was implemented by retraining and existing model, and tested for accuracy of reading the digits on cows ear tag images obtained from two dairy farms. The ear tag reading model was then combined with a video set up in a milking robot on a dairy farm, where the identification by the milking robot was considered ground-truth. The system is reporting ear tag numbers obtained from live-stream video in real-time. Retraining a model using a small set of 750 images of ear tags increased the digit level accuracy to 87% in the test set. This compares to 80% accuracy obtained with the starting model trained on images of house numbers only. The ear tag numbers reported by real-time analysis of live-stream video identified the right cow 93% of the time. Precision and sensitivity were lower, with 65% and 41%, respectively, meaning that 41% of all cow visits to the milking robot were detected with the correct cow’s ear tag number. Further improvement in sensitivity needs to be investigated but when ear tag numbers are reported they are correct 93% of the time which is a promising starting point for future system improvements.

Testing the detection of large, secretive snakes using camera traps

AbstractNovel technologies, such as camera traps, have expanded the opportunities for species detection, especially for rare species. Corresponding changes in data processing must occur to handle the large volume of data gathered from technology like camera traps. Automated image data processing, usually by running images through different types of computer algorithms, is an overarching goal to reduce the number of images that researchers must manually review. However, differences in camera trap setups and species characteristics can make automatic processing a challenge. Here, we evaluated the detection accuracy and efficiency of a time‐lapse triggered camera trapping technique combined with a pixel change detection algorithm as part of a monitoring program for a translocated population of the rare and federally threatened Louisiana Pinesnake (Pituophis ruthveni). We paired 5 cameras with automated pit tag readers to collect observations of P. ruthveni. We evaluated an image dataset of 1,500,187 images, collected over 7 months, both manually (i.e., researchers looking at each individual picture to determine snake presence) and automatically using a change detection algorithm. There were 18 P. ruthveni observations recorded by the tag readers, 7 of which occurred while a paired camera was not operational. Ten of the tag reader P. ruthveni observations were captured by the paired camera trap, with an additional P. ruthveni observation from a paired camera trap not recorded by the tag reader. There were 132 snake observations of 13 additional species and 18 observations of unknown snakes from the camera traps. The algorithm reduced the number of images reviewers evaluated by an average of 78.5% per camera (range = 37.3–98.7%) but had a 54.5% success rate at detecting observations of P. ruthveni (47.1% for individual images), and a slightly lower 48.9% success rate detecting other large snakes. Large snakes were 4 times more likely to be flagged by the algorithm than small snakes. Our time‐lapse triggered camera trapping technique performed well with respect to P. ruthveni detection accuracy, compared to the tag readers. However, further research is needed to improve quality assurances of camera trap image filtering and object recognition algorithms across different sites or environments.

Optimal Angle in Bistatic Measurement for Chipless Tag Detection Improvement

This article shows the use of a bistatic reading configuration by optimizing the angle between the two antennas, which allows isolating the contribution of the radio frequency identification (RFID) chipless tag from its nearby environment, thus enhancing the reading performance of the chipless tag for short-range applications. The idea is to extract as much useful signal (relating to the tag information or tag ID) from the total signal using a dedicated bistatic reading configuration. This extraction step is implemented from a hardware point of view, which is different from classical approaches based on signal processing. Indeed, based on this technique, it is possible to read tags even in highly reflective environments (metallic surfaces) without applying a calibration method, such as subtracting the environment without the tag or advanced postprocessing steps. For this purpose, a bistatic antenna configuration is employed, where the angle between the incident wave and the backscattered signal is chosen to maximize copolarization configuration. First, a model based on the general scatter theory is evaluated; it highlights the scattering mechanism involved in the problem. Then, a proof of concept (PoC) is evaluated, and afterward, a chipless tag composed of an array of dipoles is studied for identification purposes. The analytical evaluation and the channel modeling allow a general implementation of the proposed technique. Anechoic and real scenario measurements are evaluated considering the presence of surrounding objects. Finally, nonsystematic errors related to the positioning of the tag are considered each time without considering a reference (or background) measurement or the use of specific signal processing techniques.

A radio frequency identification reader collision avoidance protocol for dense reader environments in the context of Industry 4.0

AbstractIn the new industrial revolution known as Industry 4.0, radio frequency identification (RFID) systems are a key component of automatic detection. These systems have two main elements, namely Reader and Tag. In many Internet of Things (IoT) applications, the RFID system is used with lots of readers working together in a dense environment to read tags. The simultaneous operation of readers with a common sensory range increases the likelihood of reader‐to‐tag collision and reader‐to‐reader collision and reduces the number of successful reading and as a result, reduces network performance and average waiting time for each reader increased. Collisions happen when readers are in the interference range and start reading tags simultaneously, so it is necessary to use the right solution to control channel access in these systems. So far, various solutions have been proposed to control readers’ access to the communication channel. Some of them have not considered the existing standards for this type of system or have not been efficient enough to be used in the IoT. In this study, we propose a method that, by considering the distance between readers and the number of neighbourhoods, and the possibility of information sharing, allows readers to successfully read more tags with fewer collisions in a certain time frame. The results of the performance study in a real‐world environment showed that the suggested method outperformed similar methods in terms of network performance and has much better throughput, making it a superior choice for usage in IoT‐based RFID systems.

An RFID-Based Wireless Vibration and Physical-Shock Sensing System Using Edge Processing

This article presents energy-efficient edge processing for an ultrahigh-frequency (UHF) band radio-frequency identification (RFID)-based vibration frequency/ physical shock sensing system. This system is especially useful for long-term measurements. In this edge processing system, an RFID reader has a standby mode operating at a low duty cycle and an active mode operating at a high duty cycle. With these modes, an RFID reader achieves both energy-efficient operations and accurate sensing performance. The standby mode is useful for reducing energy consumption, preventing overheating, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions because a low duty cycle leads to a short radio wave irradiation time. Reducing the heat generation of the RFID reader, especially for long-term measurements, the standby mode makes the RFID reader durable. If vibration/physical shocks are applied to the RFID sensor tag, then the standby mode triggers the active mode. The standby mode samples the presence of the RFID sensor tags within an experimentally determined sampling period to detect the beginning of vibration/physical shocks. A high-duty cycle in the active mode results in an increased number of RFID sensor tag readings. Because the proposed edge processing keeps measured data only for the active mode, the amount of data uploaded to the Internet-of-Things (IoT) cloud is reduced. The proposed method was experimentally evaluated by monitoring walking behaviors and a refrigerator. The vibration sensing capability was mainly validated by monitoring a refrigerator, and the physical shock sensing capability was evaluated by monitoring walking behaviors by a human examinee.

Drone-Based Sensor Information Gathering System With Beam-Rotation Forward-Scattering Communications and Wireless Power Transfer

In this work, we propose a drone-based sensor information gathering system that utilizes an aerial drone to wirelessly transfer an electromagnetic (EM) wave signal toward a battery-less forward-scatter tag device with multiple antennas. The proposed tag device is designed to harvest the EM signal from the drone as a source of power, and at the same time to reuse the EM signal for the data transmission. We propose a beam-rotation forward-scattering algorithm for the data transmission, which creates the main beam rotating along the azimuth plane. In the proposed algorithm, data are transmitted from the tag device to the tag reader by mapping each bit of information to varying beam rotation speeds. A unique hardware design of the forward-scatter tag device is proposed in this article, and it has been fabricated and implemented for wireless power transfer (WPT) and data transmission experiments. By experiment, we have verified that power is successfully harvested by the proposed tag device, with the average power conversion efficiency rated at 57%. The proposed tag device is able to transmit the sensor data to the tag readers without the knowledge of the location of the tag readers. We have tested the proposed beam-rotation forward-scattering communication at up to 500 m communication distance and shown that the sensor data can successfully be delivered.

Design and Build Entry Access Restriction System Laboratory Using Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and Keypad Technology

The laboratory access restriction system has been realized using RFID and keypad technology, based on an Arduino microcontroller as a processor. The system has recorded users who entered the room by identifying the RFID tag (transponder) used to open the door from the outside. As for access outside the room, the user only needs to enter the password as identification data on the keypad, and the system would reduce the number of room users and open the door. The output of this system was a solenoid lock which functions as an electronic lock and an LCD to display the status of the RFID reading. The test results showed that the system created can work well. RFID Reader was able to read tags with a maximum distance of 4 cm. The program counter functions well, so the number of users was limited to 15 (50% of the maximum capacity).

MIMO Radio Frequency Identification: A Brief Survey.

In this paper, we briefly look at the latest state-ot-the-art in the domain of multi-input multi-output (MIMO) radio frequency identification (RFID) systems while detailing the work done in the domain of anti-collision, range enhancements, bit error rate (BER) improvements and security. Various passive ultra-high frequency (UHF) RFID implementations are considered that employ multiple antennas at the reader and single or multiple antennas at each tag. We look at several recent works those explored MIMO for RFID receivers. When using MIMO at the backscatter channel, significant improvements can be achieved in the BER as well as range extension. With the extra reliability and increased throughput, such systems can be deployed in many important applications like large tag reading scenarios and accurate tracking. Increased throughput is directly dependent on estimation of tag quantity in a bulk reading environment and usually estimators designed for single antenna systems under-perform in such settings causing low signal to noise ratio (SNR) when employed in MIMO systems where tag signal overlapping can happen more often. One of the key challenges is to keep the design of the RFID tag simple, cutting cost and power requirement when employing anti-collision schemes. We provide a brief survey in some of the recent developments related to MIMO RFID systems, the protocols and algorithms used, and improvements achieved.

UGV-Assisted Wireless Powered Backscatter Communications for Large-Scale IoT Networks

Wireless powered backscatter communications (WPBC) is capable of implementing ultra-low-power communication, thus promising in the Internet of Things (IoT) networks. In practice, however, it is challenging to apply WPBC in large-scale IoT networks because of its short communication range. To address this challenge, this paper exploits an unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) to assist WPBC in large-scale IoT networks. In particular, we investigate the joint design of network planning and dynamic resource allocation of the access point (AP), tag reader, and UGV to minimize the total energy consumption. Also, the AP can operate in either half-duplex (HD) or full-duplex (FD) multiplexing mode. Under HD mode, the optimal cell radius is derived and the optimal power allocation and transmit/receive beamforming are obtained in closed form. Under FD mode, the optimal resource allocation, as well as two suboptimal ones with low computational complexity, is developed. Simulation results disclose that dynamic power allocation at the tag reader rather than at the AP dominates the network energy efficiency while the AP operating in FD mode outperforms that in HD mode concerning energy efficiency.

Wykorzystanie identyfikatorów RFID w sterowaniu urządzeń piorących

Modern Textronics RFID transponders open completely new possibilities for designers of household appliances. In particular, these applications can be seen in laundry technology, where the information contained in the RFID transponder sewn into the clothes can be used to select the best washing program for a given type of fabric or to select the appropriate washing program for different fabrics placed in the drum of the washing machine. The work included design and construction of a demonstration station for the demonstration of RFIDtex transponders in the washing machine. A management system for a model of a washing machine equipped with Read-Write Device (RWD) was prepared, which supports decision-making based on data provided by reading of RFIDtex tags integrated with clothes. The laundry device was integrated with cloud computing for garment management based on the unique identifier of the tags and also as an intermediary module for the virtual closet application. The work checked the effectiveness of the station using samples.

A ROS Gazebo Plugin Design to Simulate RFID Systems

Simulation, robotics, and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology have significant roles in the new industrial revolution, and their application are key aspects of making Industry 4.0 a reality. Developing efficient use cases in Industry 4.0 almost always requires accurate simulation tools to be used in the digital world. The problem of simulating RFID readers for robotics in environments where high populations of RFID tags exist is addressed in this paper. This paper will discuss the design of an RFID system plugin based on Robot Operating System (ROS) and Gazebo simulator and the probability-based model on which the plugin is based. To assess the performance of the proposed system model, the simulation results of the designed plugin are compared with experiments. We also prove that the proposed simulator is flexible enough to be used on any robot platform, including aerial and ground robots. We show initial results of the simulation of having an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) and a Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV) equipped with an RFID reader, navigating in an environment in which RFID tags have been placed. The robots will be reading tags in different map layouts using RFID antennas, with different orientations. We compare the simulation and experimental results in terms of the total unique tag readings vs. time, for various map-layouts. Finally, we show how this plugin can be used in robotics research by using it to simulate a novel, RFID-based stigmergic navigation strategy. We illustrate, the accurate navigation of the UAV using the proposed plugin.

Analysis of Masticatory Muscle Tendon-aponeurosis Hyperplasia by Using Next-generation Sequencing.

Masticatory muscle tendon-aponeurosis hyperplasia (MMTAH) is a disease associated with a mouth opening limitation. Here, we conducted a bioinformatics analysis to examine gene expression patterns in patients with MMTAH in comparison to those with facial deformity (FD). Seven MMTAH patients and three FD patients were recruited. We conducted RNA sequencing analysis, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunoblot analysis. Of the identified 19,767 mapped read tags that showed clear differential expression, 2,471 genes were significantly up-regulated and 2,849 genes were significantly down-regulated in patients with MMTAH compared to those in patients with FD. Among the up-regulated genes, ten genes were significantly increased. The distribution of up-regulated and down-regulated genes at different ages tended to be similar. Moreover, the protein levels of Ankyrin Repeat Domain 2, Troponin T1 and myosin heavy chain 7, which are associated with slow twitch fibers and mechanical loading, were strongly expressed in patients with MMTAH compared to those in patients with FD. The gene expression pattern in MMTAH patients was similar regardless of age. As the transition of fast-to-slow twitch in the skeletal muscle is induced by mechanical loading, and up-regulation of slow twitch molecules was observed in MMTAH patients, mechanical loading is suggested to be implicated in MMTAH.

Radio frequency identification (RFID) stock control and geo-location data system from a moving vehicle

PurposeThe purpose of the research has been the primary consideration and evaluation of a cost effective, reliable, robust and simple process of radio frequency identification (RFID)-based stock control, asset management and monitoring of concrete safety bollards used in the road environment. Likewise, the consideration of the use of the same system and technology to other items in and around the general road infrastructure.Design/methodology/approachThe research approach undertaken has been an evaluation of the use of currently available RFID technology, with a key emphasis on low cost, ease of use, reliability and convenience. Practical field exercises completed in considering the relevant RFID tags and readers and associated software and apps and necessary software integration and development have been undertaken. At the same time, evaluating the specific limits created in the specific environment is being applied. Of particular interest has been the use of a moving scan in a vehicle drive-through or pass-bye, type reading system. This has been determined to be viable and completely practical, drastically reducing the key issue of time-taken. Practical application of the system from idea to real life application has been undertaken. The integration of the use of the RFID tag and reader system with necessary and related software to database upload and storage has been established. The creation of an online facility to allow the appropriate use of the data and to include the convenient output of an asset report has been undertaken.FindingsThe findings have provided the necessary insight confirming the use of RFID technology as a simple yet reliable, cost effective and adaptable stock control, asset management and geo-locating system in the road environment. The use of such systems in this particular environment is in its infancy, and is perhaps novel and original in the specific aspect of using the system to stock control, manage and monitor road safety concrete bollards and other roadside objects in the road environment.Originality/valueTo establish if in fact, stock control geo-locating can be reliably undertaken with the use of RFID tags and readers in the specific road and road construction environment, particularly with the use of moving RFID reading of passive tags. To establish the minimum requirements of a field usable RFID tag and reader, specifically applicable to the concrete safety bollards, however to other roadside furniture. To identify the minimum requirements of a function, simple app to minimise general requirements of the overall stock control and monitoring of the RFID-tagged objects. To establish the possibility of reading the tag data, global positioning system (GPS) location and video imaging footage as a single operation function. To determine the basic parameters or limits of the GPS geo-locating, on the proposed products selected and overall system. To determine the current best practice in respect of reasonable accuracy and detail in relation to price considerations to a fully function stock control and monitoring system. To identify the minimum requirements of an online database to receive, house and provide ongoing access to and report on the data. To identify the key differences and benefits between traditional stock control and monitoring systems, against that of proposed RFID tag, read and geo-locating system.

The Relationship between Drone Speed and the Number of Flights in RFID Tag Reading for Plant Inventory

Accurate inventory allows for more precise forecasting, including profit projections, easier monitoring, shorter outages, and fewer delivery interruptions. Moreover, the long hours of physical labor involved over such a broad area and the effect of inefficiencies could lead to less accurate inventory. Unreliable data and predictions, unannounced stoppages in operations, production delays and delivery, and a considerable loss of profit can all arise from inaccurate inventory. This paper extends our previous work with drones and RFID by evaluating: the number of flights needed to read all tags deployed in the field, the number of scans per pass, and the optimum drone speed for reading tags. The drone flight plan was divided into eight passes from southwest to northwest and back at a horizontal speed of 2.2, 1.7, and 1.1 m per second (m/s) at a vertically fixed altitude. The results showed that speed did not affect the number of new tags scanned (p-value &gt; 0.05). Results showed that 90% of the tags were scanned in less than four trips (eight passes) at 1.7 m/s. Based on these results, the system can be used for large-scale nursery inventory and other industries that use RFID tags in outdoor environments. We presented two novel measurements on evaluating RFID reader efficiency by measuring how fast the reader can read and the shortest distance traveled by the RFID reader over tag.

A comparative study on radio frequency identification system and its various applications

&lt;span&gt;The radio frequency identification (RFID), is a wireless technology system that is used for identifying an individual or objects through the means of radio waves that transfer information from an electronic tag, called an RFID tag. RFID consists of two main components the interrogator and the transponder. The Interrogator, which is the RFID reader, the interrogator usually transmits and receives the signal while the transponder that is the tag, is attached to the object. In the RFID system, an RFID reader interrogates the RFID tags. This tag reader generates a radio frequency interrogation, which communicates with the tags been registered in the system. This reader likewise has a receiver that captures a reply signal generated from the tags and decodes the signal. This reply signal from the tags reflects the tag's information content. Each tag of the employee or student consists of a unique identity, identification card (ID) that is assigned to a single employee or student ID card, which is recorded, in the database of the system. This research reviews some recent designs and implementation of internet of things (IoT) attendance systems using the concept of the RFID system. The analysis found that the RFID system is a very advanced technology for an automatic attendance system in an institution, organization, or university and it provides a very higher performance and accuracy than the traditional paper-based system that the employees or students normally used to sign. The use of the RFID technology enables the institution, authorities, or management to evade attendance documents from damages such as misplacement, tear, or even got lost. A combination of the model is needed which will confirm higher security, better performance, and consistency of the system.&lt;/span&gt;

Mobile Image Multi-label Recognition Algorithm Based on PaddlePaddle Platform

As one of the core algorithms of machine vision, the mobile image multi-label recognition algorithm has received extensive attention from researchers in recent years and has been widely used in cutting-edge fields such as deep learning framework paddlepaddle platform, video surveillance, intelligent robots, and unmanned aerial vehicles. However, the existing recognition algorithms are not completely satisfied with the practical application in life and production. Due to the complexity of the platform environment, they can often only propose specific solutions based on existing problems, and there is no universal algorithm that is suitable for all kinds of Complex environment. The purpose of this paper is to study the multi-label recognition algorithm of moving images based on PaddlePaddle platform. This research mainly analyzes and researches the mobile image multi-tag space deployment plan and the multi-tag recognition algorithm, and further improves the tag reading rate and recognition reliability of the mobile image on the PaddlePaddle platform. This research first analyzes several key factors that affect the performance of UHF recognition system, considers the improvement plan of PaddlePaddle platform’s mobile image multi-tag recognition algorithm from the two aspects of space diversity and frequency diversity, and finally determines the multiple The label space diversity scheme, and the introduction of a multi-label optimization recognition algorithm to improve the recognition efficiency of the PaddlePaddle platform’s mobile image multi-label. Experimental data shows that the reading rate can reach 0.907 when identifying 300 tags in the experiment, and when the number of tags is greater than 300, the reading rate is close to 1, which verifies that the algorithm proposed in this paper is used in the multi-tag recognition of moving images on the PaddlePaddle platform.

Hybrid GA –SA Multiobjective Optimization and Simulation for RFID Network Planning Problem

Optimized asset tracking with radio frequency identification (RFID) as a complicated innovation that requires much money to be implemented has become more popular in the healthcare industry. Considering the use of more antennas in each reader, we present a modern heuristic methods, hybrid of genetic algorithms (GA) and simulated annealing (SA) for the purpose of placing readers in an emergency department of a hospital with an RFID network. In this study, a multi-objective function is developed for the network coverage maximization and the minimization of total cost, tag reader collision, interference, energy consumption, and path loss in a simultaneous way. The proposed algorithm provides savings (on average) in the total cost of the RFID network through the efficient use of three types of readers with one, two and four antenna ports. Additionally, by testing three scenarios, the effect of algorithms in achieving the optimal solution is indicated by the simulated results. Besides, the results of GA-SA is compared to the results of GA and other existing models in the relevant literature. It is shown that its main advantage is the use of multi-antenna RFID readers, which reduces the total cost of the RFID network and also increase network coverage with fewer readers and antennas. In other words, contributions for the research are proposing a hybrid GA-SA algorithm, developing a multi-objective function, testing the algorithm in a hospital setting, and comparing the results of GA-SA with GA.