Improve Reading Performance Research Articles

Bolder print does not increase reading speed in people with central vision loss

Patients with central vision loss are often advised by low vision rehabilitation professionals to read bolder print to ameliorate their reading difficulties. Is boldface print really effective in improving reading performance for people with central vision loss? In this study, we evaluated how reading speed depends on the stroke-width of text in people with central vision loss. Ten participants with long-standing central vision loss read aloud single, short sentences presented on a computer monitor, one word at a time, using rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP). Reading speed was calculated based on the RSVP word exposure duration that yielded 80% of words read correctly. Text was rendered in Courier and at six boldness levels, defined as the width of the letter-strokes normalized to that of the standard Courier font: 0.27, 0.72, 1, 1.48, 1.89 and 3.04× the standard. Reading speed was measured for two print sizes — 0.8× and 1.4× the critical print size (the smallest print size that can be read at the maximum reading speed). For all participants and both print sizes, reading speeds were essentially the same for text with stroke-width boldness ranging from 0.72 to 1.89× the standard, and were significantly lower for the thinnest and the boldest print. Most importantly, reading speed was not higher for bolder print than for the standard one. Despite the clinical wisdom that patients with central vision loss might benefit from bolder print, print with stroke-widths larger than the standard does not significantly improve reading speed for participants with central vision loss.

Improvement in reading performance through training with simulated thalamic visual prostheses

Simulations of artificial vision are used to provide the researcher an opportunity to explore different aspects of visual prosthesis device design by observing subject performance on various tasks viewed through the simulation. Such studies typically use normal, sighted subjects to measure performance at a given point in time. Relatively few studies examine performance changes longitudinally to quantitatively assess the benefits from a training plan that would be akin to post-implantation rehabilitation. Here, we had six normal, sighted subjects use a standard reading task with daily practice over eight weeks to understand the effects of an intensive training schedule on adaptation to artificial sight. Subjects read 40 MNREAD-style sentences per session, with a new set each session, that were presented at five font sizes (logMAR 1.0–1.4) and through three center-weighted phosphene patterns (2,000, 1,000, 500 phosphenes). We found that subjects improved their reading accuracy across sessions, and that the training lead to an increase of reading speed that was equivalent to a doubling of available phosphenes. Most importantly, the hardest condition, while initially illegible, supported functional reading after training. Consistent with experience-driven neuroplastic changes, gaps in the training schedule lead to transient decreases in reading speed, but, surprisingly, not reading accuracy. Our findings contribute to our larger project of developing a thalamic visual prosthesis and to post-implant rehabilitation strategies.

Characterization of a novel 10T SRAM cell with improved data stability and delay performance for 20-nm tri-gated FinFET technology

PurposeThis paper aims to propose a new ten-transistor (10T) SRAM bit-cell with differential read and write operations. The cell structure has read buffer on each side of the cell to improve read performance and comprises six main body transistors’ connections similar to the commercial 6T SRAM cell to improve write performance. The proposed bit-cell is designed with tri-gated FinFET technology and implemented on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrate. 3D TCAD simulations are performed to characterize the efficacy of the proposed bit-cell. Performance characteristics of the proposed bit-cell are compared with the recently reported 8T bit-cell as well as the commercial 6T cell. The proposed bit-cell achieves 26.50 per cent and 35.10 per cent higher read static noise margin (RSNM) as compared with that of 8T and 6T bit-cells, respectively, at a VDD of 0.9 V. The proposed bit-cell also offers 54.78 per cent and 21.18 per cent smaller read delay compared with 8T SRAM-NEW and 6T bit-cells, respectively. The static power dissipation of the proposed bit-cell is comparable with that of the 6T bit-cell and 24.5 per cent lesser compared with that of the 8T bit- cell. The overall electrical quality of the SRAM circuit with the proposed bit-cell is enhanced up to 1.673 times and 1.22 times as compared with the 8T SRAM-NEW and 6T bit-cells, respectively.Design/methodology/approachA new 10T SRAM bit-cell with differential read and write operations is proposed. The proposed bit-cell is designed with tri-gated FinFET technology and implemented on an SOI substrate. 3D TCAD simulations are performed to characterize the efficacy of the proposed bit-cell. Performance characteristics of the proposed bit-cell are compared with the recently reported 8T bit-cell as well as the commercial 6T cell.FindingsThe proposed bit-cell achieves 26.50 per cent and 35.10 per cent higher RSNM as compared with that of the 8T and 6T bit-cells, respectively, at a VDD of 0.9V. The proposed bit-cell also offers 54.78 per cent and 21.18 per cent smaller read delay compared with the 8T SRAM-NEW and 6T bit-cells, respectively. The static power dissipation of the proposed bit-cell is comparable with that of the 6T bit-cell and 24.5 per cent lesser compared with that of the 8T bit-cell.Originality/valueThe proposed bit-cell is novel compared with existing bit-cells.

Metacognitive strategies on improving reading performance of dyslexic students

Neuregulin 1 (NRG1) is a key candidate susceptibility gene for schizophrenia. It is reported that the function of NRG1 can be regulated by cleavage via the β-Secretase (BACE1), particularly during early development. While current knowledge suggested that schizophrenia might have different phenotypes, it is unknown whether BACE1-cleaved-NRG1 (BACE1-NRG1) activity is related to clinical phenotypes of schizophrenia. In the current study, we used a newly developed enzymatic assay to detect BACE1-NRG1 activity in the human plasma and investigated the levels of cleavage of NRG1 by BACE1 in the plasma from schizophrenia patients. Our results are the first to demonstrate that the level of plasma BACE1-NRG1 activity was significantly increased in subjects affected with schizophrenia compared with healthy controls. Interestingly, the elevated BACE1-NRG1 activity was correlated with the disease severity and duration of schizophrenia, such as patients suffering from shorter-term course and worse disease status expressed higher BACE1-NRG1 activity levels compared to whom with longer duration and less severity of the disease. Furthermore, this is also the first report that the alternation of BACE1-NRG1 activity was a substrate –specific event in schizophrenia. Together, our findings suggested that the plasma BACE1-NRG1 activity can be a potential biomarker for the early diagnosis of schizophrenia.

Effect of colored filters on reading capabilities in dyslexic children

AimThe aim of the present study was to examine the effects of colored filters on reading performance and eye movement control in children with and without dyslexia. MethodsEighteen children with dyslexia and 18 children without dyslexia were seated on a chair with their heads stabilized by a forehead and chin support. The children read different texts under the following three filter conditions: no filter, yellow filter, and green filter. The children’s eye movements were recorded with a Mobile EyeBrain Tracker. Reading total time, duration of fixation between two successive saccades, pro-saccades amplitude and number of pro- and retro-saccades were obtained. ResultsChildren with dyslexia read the fastest and had the shortest fixation time in the green filter condition compared with the other conditions. Furthermore, children with dyslexia showed the shortest fixation time in the green filter condition with respect to the other conditions. ConclusionsTaken together, these results suggested that the green filter improved reading performance in children with dyslexia because the filter most likely facilitated cortical activity and decreased visual distortions.

Do Working Memory Deficits Underlie Reading Problems in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)?

Reading problems are common in children with ADHD and show strong covariation with these children's underdeveloped working memory abilities. In contrast, working memory training does not appear to improve reading performance for children with ADHD or neurotypical children. The current study bridges the gap between these conflicting findings, and combines dual-task methodology with Bayesian modeling to examine the role of working memory for explaining ADHD-related reading problems. Children ages 8-13 (M = 10.50, SD = 1.59) with and without ADHD (N = 78; 29 girls; 63% Caucasian/Non-Hispanic) completed a counterbalanced series of reading tasks that systematically manipulated concurrent working memory demands. Adding working memory demands produced disproportionate decrements in reading comprehension for children with ADHD (d = -0.67) relative to Non-ADHD children (d = -0.18); comprehension was significantly reduced in both groups when working memory demands were increased. These effects were robust to controls for foundational reading skills (decoding, sight word vocabulary) and comorbid reading disability. Concurrent working memory demands did not slow reading speed for either group. The ADHD group showed lower comprehension (d = 1.02) and speed (d = 0.69) even before adding working memory demands beyond those inherently required for reading. Exploratory conditional effects analyses indicated that underdeveloped working memory overlapped with 41% (comprehension) and 85% (speed) of these between-group differences. Reading problems in ADHD appear attributable, at least in part, to their underdeveloped working memory abilities. Combined with prior cross-sectional and longitudinal findings, the current experimental evidence positions working memory as a potential causal mechanism that is necessary but not sufficient for effectively understanding written language.

Mind the gap: Increased inter-letter spacing as a means of improving reading performance

Theeffects of text display, specificallywithin-word spacing, on children’s reading at different developmental levels has barely been investigated.This study explored the influence of manipulating inter-letter spacing on reading performance (accuracy and rate) of beginner Hebrew readers compared with older readers and of low-achieving readers compared with age-matched high-achieving readers.A computer-based isolated word reading task was performed by 132 first and third graders. Words were displayed under two spacing conditions: standard spacing (100%) and increased spacing (150%). Words were balanced for length and frequency across conditions. Results indicated that increased spacing contributed to reading accuracy without affecting reading rate. Interestingly, all first graders benefitted fromthe spaced condition. Thiseffect was found only in long words but not in short words. Among third graders, only low-achieving readers gained in accuracy fromthespaced condition. Thetheoretical and clinical effects ofthefindings are discussed.

FOSTERING AUTONOMOUS LEARNERS OF VOCABULARY ACQUISITION USING CONTENT-BASED ICT METHODS

Purpose: This paper investigated that (1) the effective use of content-based ICT methods of vocabulary acquisition through reading activities, and (2) the encouragement of learner's vocabulary building up autonomous learning. A considerable number of studies have been conducted on vocabulary acquisition in the EFL field in Japan,and researchers advocate vocabulary knowledge is the most important factor contributing to reading comprehension, yet, a firm effective pedagogy has not been established. In fact, university students encounter difficulties in reading comprehension because of their deficiencies in vocabulary knowledge during English reading class.
 Methodology: The free applications, Quizlet and Kahoot!, were adopted to incorporate language-focused learning while adding some gamification aspects to aid in vocabulary acquisition. The experiment was conducted in a Japanese undergraduate first-year reading class over an 11-week period. Quizlet was used for vocabulary learning prior to the reading class. Students were given multiple-choice vocabulary Cloze tests of new words from the textbook using Kahoot!, a free game-based educational platform.
 Main Findings: The results of this study indicated that content-based vocabulary instruction using ICT is effective and improves learner’s academic performance in vocabulary acquisition. Moreover, questionnaires were thoroughly reviewed and uncovered that students felt they developed more autonomy and this enhanced their motivation for vocabulary learning.
 Implications: In view of this study, ICT methods closely related to reading contexts and a variety of applications for vocabulary acquisition and improvement of reading performance should be introduced in EFL classrooms.
 Originality: This study was conducted in a Japanese undergraduate first-year reading class by author researcher.

Effects of Spectral Overlays on Reading Performance of Brazilian Elementary School Children

Objective: To investigate the effects of spectral overlays on reading performance of Brazilian elementary school children. Methods: Sixty-eight children (aged 9–12 years) enrolled in the 5th and 6th grade were included in the study. The Rate of Reading Test (RRT – Brazilian Portuguese version) was used to evaluate reading speed and the Irlen Reading Perceptual Scale was used to allocate the sample according to reading difficulty/discomfort symptoms and to define the optimal spectral overlays. Results: A total of 13% of the children presented an improvement of at least 15% in reading speed with the use of spectral overlays. Pupils with severe reading difficulties tended to have more improvement in RRT with spectral overlays. Children with severe reading discomfort obtained the highest gains in RRT, with an average of 9.6% improvement with intervention, compared to a decrease of –8.2% in the control group. Participants with severe discomfort had an odds ratio of 3.36 to improve reading speed with intervention compared to the control group. Conclusion: The use of spectral overlays can improve reading performance, particularly in those children with severe visual discomfort.

StrongBox

Full-drive encryption (FDE) is especially important for mobile devices because they contain large quantities of sensitive data yet are easily lost or stolen. Unfortunately, the standard approach to FDE-the AES block cipher in XTS mode-is 3--5× slower than unencrypted storage. Authenticated encryption based on stream ciphers is already used as a faster alternative to AES in other contexts, such as HTTPS, but the conventional wisdom is that stream ciphers are unsuitable for FDE. Used naively in drive encryption, stream ciphers are vulnerable to attacks, and mitigating these attacks with on-drive metadata is generally believed to ruin performance. In this paper, we argue that recent developments in mobile hardware invalidate this assumption, making it possible to use fast stream ciphers for FDE. Modern mobile devices employ solid-state storage with Flash Translation Layers (FTL), which operate similarly to Log-structured File Systems (LFS). They also include trusted hardware such as Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs) and secure storage areas. Leveraging these two trends, we propose StrongBox, a stream cipher-based FDE layer that is a drop-in replacement for dm-crypt, the standard Linux FDE module based on AES-XTS. StrongBox introduces a system design and on-drive data structures that exploit LFS»s lack of overwrites to avoid costly rekeying and a counter stored in trusted hardware to protect against attacks. We implement StrongBox on an ARM big.LITTLE mobile processor and test its performance under multiple popular production LFSes. We find that StrongBox improves read performance by as much as 2.36× (1.72× on average) while offering stronger integrity guarantees.

Improving Silent Reading Performance Through Feedback on Eye Movements: A Feasibility Study

ABSTRACTThis feasibility study investigated if feedback about individual eye movements, reflecting varying word processing stages, can improve reading performance. Twenty-five university students read 90 newspaper articles during 9 eye-tracking sessions. Training group participants (n = 12) were individually briefed before each session, which eye movement parameter(s) (fixation count, first fixation duration, regression, and/or skipping) to address, and informed about changes achieved in preceding sessions. Control group participants (n = 13) were told that self-instruction to read faster would produce training gains. Total fixation times decreased significantly more for training than for control group participants. Important to note, faster reading did not impair comprehension. Results are interpreted as first indications for a possible applicability of the feedback approach to silent reading. In addition to implications for future studies, alternative result interpretations (e.g., motivational effects, reduction of mindless reading) are discussed.

Beneficial Effects of Spatial Remapping for Reading With Simulated Central Field Loss.

PurposePeople with central field loss (CFL) lose information in the scotomatous region. Remapping is a method to modify images to present the missing information outside the scotoma. This study tested the hypothesis that remapping improves reading performance for subjects with simulated CFL.MethodsCircular central scotomas, with diameters ranging from 4° to 16°, were simulated in normally sighted subjects using an eye tracker on either a head-mounted display (HMD) (experiments 1, 2) or a traditional monitor (experiment 3). In the three experiments, reading speed was measured for groups of 7, 11, and 13 subjects with and without remapping of text.ResultsRemapping increased reading speed in all three experiments. On the traditional monitor, it increased reading speed by 34% (8°), 38% (12°), and 35% (16°). In the two HMD experiments, remapping increased reading speed only for the largest scotoma size, possibly due to latency of updating of the simulated scotoma.ConclusionsRemapping significantly increased reading speed in simulated CFL subjects. Additional testing should examine the efficacy of remapping for reading and other visual tasks for patients with advanced CFL.

2-D Equalization With Location Diversity and Pre-Adaptation to Handle Off-Track Variation in Array-Reader-Based Hard Disk Drives

The hard disk drive industry is transitioning into array-reader-based magnetic recording (ARMR) to provide continued growth in recording density. A 2-D equalizer acts to electronically steer the array reader to provide optimal signal pickup from the track, thereby resulting in wider and deeper cross-track profile in error-rate performance. To realize this performance, the equalizer coefficients must be matched to the location of array reader, which are not known precisely due to position errors during write and read. In this paper, we present a 2-D equalization strategy that uses location diversity and pre-adaptation to mitigate the mismatch between the reader location and equalizer coefficients. The data decisions driving the various loops are generated using three 2-D equalizers (i.e., loop equalizer) that cover the range of expected offtrack. A delayed equalization strategy that permits pre-adaptation of the equalizer coefficients is used to mitigate the effect of off-track variation in the 2-D equalizer (i.e., back-end equalizer) that feeds the iterative detector. The proposed approach shows significantly improved read performance in the presence of large offtracks.

Effects of Lighting on Reading Speed as a Function of Letter Size.

We sought to determine under what conditions brighter lighting improves reading performance. Thirteen participants with typical sight and 9 participants with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) read sentences ranging from 0.0 to 1.3 logMAR under luminance levels ranging from 3.5 to 696 cd/m². At the dimmest luminance level (3.5 cd/m²), reading speeds were slowest at the smaller letter sizes and reached an asymptote for larger sizes. When luminance was increased to 30 cd/m², reading speed increased only for the smaller letter sizes. Additional lighting did not increase reading speeds for any letter size. Similar size-related effects of luminance were observed in participants with AMD. In some instances, performance on acuity-limited tasks might be improved by brighter lighting. However, brighter lighting does not always improve reading; the magnitude of the effect depends on the text size and the relative changes in light level.

Reading performances of low vision children after using low vision aid

Introduction/Objective. The objectives of the paper are to assess the causes of low vision (LV) in pediatric population in Montenegro and to evaluate the influence of low vision aids (LVA) on reading performance regarding the speed of reading and the understanding of the read text. Methods. A prospective study was conducted on 40 ?treatable? LV children what represent all registered LV children in Montenegro. All participants read the same text before and after using LVA. Reading rate was calculated as the number of words read per minute. Functional speed of reading was calculated as the ratio of the rate of reading and the understanding of the read text multiplied by 100. Results. The study comprised 40 LV children with the mean age of 12.60 ? 4.06 years (20 boys and 20 girls). The most common cause of LV in children were premature retinopathy (10/40 or 25%), retinitis pigmentosa (8/40 or 20%), optic nerve anomaly (5/40 or 13%), degenerative myopia (4/40 or 10%), macular dysgenesis (4/40 or 10%), Stargardt disease (3/40 or 7%), optic nerve atrophy (2/40 or 5%), and albinism (2/40 or 5%). Nystagmus was found in 11 LV children or 28% of the group. LVA were prescribed to all of them. Reading speed before vs. after LVA use was 36.58 ? 35.60 vs. 73.83 ? 27.05 words/minute (p < 0.001), while functional reading was 26.00 ? 30.43 vs. 59.41 ? 29.34 (p < 0.001). Conclusion. LV children demonstrate a significant improvement in reading performance by using LVA.

RBER Aware Multi-Sensing for Improving Read Performance of 3D MLC NAND Flash Memory

3D-multi-level cell (MLC) NAND flash memory adopts 3D stack technology and stores two bits per cell, leading to improved storage capacities, but sacrificing data reliability. Low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes showing strong error correction capability benefit from their soft decision decoding, which is widely exploited to guarantee data reliability. Nevertheless, adopting LDPC codes can introduce a concern about read performance, because their iterative soft-decision decoding requires Log-Likelihood Ratio (LLR) information, called soft decision information, by applying multi-sensing voltages. This process of obtaining LLR information leads to high sensing and transferring latencies, lowering down 3D-MLC read performance. In particular, when raw bit error rates (RBER) are much higher due to the long retention periods and program/erase (P/E) cycles, this problem becomes more serious. In this paper, we propose a RBER-aware multi-sensing scheme for reducing sensing and transferring latencies, and thus improving read performance. This proposed scheme exploits the variations of RBER in flash pages with the increase of retention time and P/E cycles to dynamically apply sensing voltages. Simulation results show that this scheme significantly decreases the number of required sensing voltages while maintaining LDPC error correction capability, enhancing 3D-MLC read performance.

A near-threshold 10T differential SRAM cell with high read and write margins for tri-gated FinFET technology

In this paper, a new 10T SRAM bit-cell working in the near-threshold region with differential read and write operations is proposed. The cell structure comprises six main body transistors having connections similar to commercial 6T SRAM cell to improve write performance and has a separate read buffer on each side of cell to improve read performance. Efficacy of the proposed bit-cell is tested in 20nm tri-gated FinFET technology with the help of HSPICE simulations in near-VT and super-VT operating regions. Performance characteristics of the proposed bit-cell are compared with other recently reported 10T and 8T differential sensing bit-cells, along with the commercial 6T cell. The proposed bit-cell achieves 6.57%, 33.33% and 51.64% higher RSNM as compared to 10T P-P-N, 8T SRAM-NEW and 6T bit-cells, respectively, in near-VT operating region. The read delay, write delay and static power consumption of the proposed bit-cell are comparable with that of 6T bit-cell in both operating regions. The overall electrical quality of SRAM circuit with the proposed bit cell is enhanced up to 8.192, 1.13 and 2.39 times compared to that of the 10T P-P-N, 8T SRAM-NEW and 6T bit-cells, respectively, in near-VT operating region. The proposed bit-cell can operate with a 38.8%, 30% and 5.54% lower VDD as compared with 6T, 8T SRAM-NEW and 10T P-P-N bit-cells, respectively, under equal read data stability conditions. Influence of process variation on bit-cell stability is studied through 10,000 Monte Carlo simulations. The study shows that the proposed bit-cell meets the required six sigma value (6σ) for all operations even at VDD =0.5V. Variations in the bit-cell performance metrics for temperature rise from −40°C to 100°C are also studied.

“As real as it gets”: A Grounded Theory Study of a Reading Intervention in a Juvenile Correctional School

The well-documented statistics regarding the academic struggles of incarcerated youth are disconcerting, and efforts to improve reading performance among this population are greatly needed. There is a dearth of research that provides rich and detailed accounts of reading intervention implementation in the juvenile corrections setting. The present study attempted to address this gap in the research base by developing a grounded theory of literacy intervention implementation in one juvenile correctional school. Qualitative methods were used for data collection (i.e., individual and focus group interviews) and analysis (i.e., grounded theory). Study participants included representatives from all facets of the facility, including education (both students and adults), security, and administration, to allow for a comprehensive examination of the context. The context affected the faculty, staff, and students in different ways and influenced the commitment to and implementation of the intervention. Additionally, teachers’ experience and background seemed to influence their perception of the program. Individual student characteristics affected their motivation for participation. There were many contextual factors, some that contributed to the success of the intervention, and others that impeded its success. It is important that interventions being considered for implementation in challenging or atypical settings account for the contextual variables that can affect outcomes. In the current study, influential factors identified were related to the physical environment, leadership, teachers, security personnel, and the students’ backgrounds.

Improvements in reading accuracy as a result of increased interletter spacing are not specific to children with dyslexia

Recently, increased interletter spacing (LS) has been studied as a way to enhance reading fluency. It is suggested that increased LS improves reading performance, especially in poor readers. Theoretically, these findings are well substantiated as a result of diminished crowding effects. Empirically, however, findings on LS are inconclusive. In two experiments, we examined whether effects of increased LS are specific to children with dyslexia and whether increased LS affects word or sentence processing. In the first experiment, 30 children with dyslexia and 30 controls (mean age=9years 11months) read sentences in standard and increased LS conditions. In the second experiment, these sentences were read by an unselected sample of 189 readers (mean age=9years 3months) in either a sentence or word-by-word reading condition. The first experiment showed that increased LS affected children with dyslexia and controls in similar ways. Participants made fewer errors in the increased LS condition than in the standard LS condition. Reading rates were not affected. There were no indications that the effect of LS was related to reading ability, not even for a subgroup of readers. Findings of the second experiment were similar. Increased LS resulted in fewer errors, not faster reading rates. This was found only when complete sentences were presented, not when sentences were read word by word. Three main conclusions can be drawn. First, increased LS appears to affect reading accuracy only. Second, the findings do not support claims that increased LS specifically affects poor readers. And third, the effect of LS seems to occur at the interword level. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.

Asymmetric Error Rates of Cell States Exploration for Performance Improvement on Flash Memory Based Storage Systems

Recent studies show that a multilevel cell flash cell in different states suffers from diverse error patterns in varying degrees. That is, the error rates of each page are highly dependent on the data content. Consequently, pages with different data will exhibit quite different error rates. However, existing technologies equipped with one uniform error correction code (ECC) scheme for all pages in a flash memory do not take the different error rates of pages into consideration. In this paper, we propose to exploit the asymmetric error rates of flash memory exhibited by the flash pages with different data for performance improvement. Before a page is programmed, its specific error rates, called content-dependent bit error rates (CDBERs), are estimated according to the content of the page. The margin between the CDBER of a page and the maximal error rates correctable by the uniform ECC code is exploited for performance improvement. On one hand, a faster and suitable write operation is selected to speed up the progress of programming while the increased speed induced CDBER does not exceed the maximal correctable error rates. On the other hand, a light-weight ECC scheme can be chosen for a faster read operation since the page decoding process of a light-weight ECC scheme incurs less time overhead. Finally, a state mapping scheme, which further reduces the CDBER through mapping high error rate states to the low error rate states of a page, is proposed. Simulation results show that the proposed approaches lead to significant write and read performance improvement.