Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition Concept Research Articles

Investigation of The Effects of BD35 (Biodiesel/Diesel Blend) and Propanol Usage in Combustion Characteristics in A Dual Fuel Diesel Engine

This study investigates the changes in the combustion characteristics of a diesel engine modified to operate in reactivity controlled compression ignition mode using propanol as low reactivity fuel and BD35 as high reactivity fuel. In the study, BD35 fuel, a blend of 35% biodiesel and 65% petroleum-derived diesel, was sprayed directly into the cylinder as a high reactivity fuel, while propanol was sprayed into the intake manifold at low pressure as a low reactivity fuel for reactivity controlled compression ignition. Four different low reactivity fuel premixed ratios of 0%, 15%, 30% and 45% propanol were used in the experiments. The experiments were carried out under 60% engine load and 2400 (rpm) constant engine speed conditions. According to the data obtained, it was found that the maximum in-cylinder pressure value increased with the increase in the premixed ratio and a significant increase occurred especially when 45% premixed ratio was used. Although the use of propanol as low reactivity fuel in the test engine under the reactivity controlled compression ignition concept was observed to cause a decrease in the indicated mean effective pressure, the rate of decrease in the indicated mean effective pressure was found to slow down as the premixed ratio increased. Finally, it was found that the in-cylinder gas temperature decreased significantly with increasing the propanol premixed ratio. When all the findings are analyzed, it has shown an important way to understand the effects of propanol as low reactivity fuel and BD35 as high reactivity fuel on engine performance at high load in diesel engines modified to operate in reactivity controlled compression ignition mode.

Developments in the RCCI engines powered by several alternative fuel types: An overview

The perspective on internal combustion engines (ICEs) has changed because of the step-by-step decrease in oil reserves, environmental concerns, and many other reasons. However, the use of these engines will continue in the coming years. The development of ICEs has accelerated in recent years. As a result, studies on systems that can improve performance and reduce pollution in engines are carried out by many researchers. The basis of the studies carried out in this context is the change in the combustion mode. In other words, the emergence of different combustion modes is given importance by researchers. Among these, many studies have been made on the implementation of the reactivity-controlled compression ignition (RCCI) combustion mode. RCCI engine uses two different fuels. These fuels are low-reactivity (alcohol, gasoline, etc.) and high-reactivity (diesel, biodiesel, etc.) fuels. In addition, the fact that different alternative fuel types can be employed in these engines has made them popular all over the world. This review presents the results of the effects of parameters such as fuel ratio, different injection strategies, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rate, compression ratio, and piston geometry on the performance, emissions, and combustion behavior of RCCI engines using both conventional and alternative fuels. This study has been compiled to provide an overview of the current status of the RCCI concept and to offer benefits to researchers.

Large eddy simulation of spray and combustion characteristics of biodiesel and biodiesel/butanol blend fuels in internal combustion engines

Biofuel is a crucial renewable and environmentally friendly energy source for addressing greenhouse gas emissions and other energy-related issues. Biodiesel and butanol, among alternative biofuels, possess complementary physical and chemical properties, offering multiple possibilities for their use in existing internal combustion engines. However, biodiesel’s distinctly different physical and combustion properties from conventional diesel fuels make its combustion process substantially different. The complex composition of biodiesel presents significant challenges in accurately simulating its spray combustion characteristics. This paper presents a systematic evaluation of six single-component surrogate fuel models and a five-component model for the prediction of biodiesel spray characteristics under various conditions using large-eddy simulation (LES). The results show that single-component surrogate fuel models can only predict the gaseous penetration of biodiesel but not the liquid-phase penetration. A five-component fatty acid methyl ester surrogate fuel model is proposed, demonstrating an accurate simulation of biodiesel spray evaporation characteristics under different conditions. Based on the five-component evaporation model, LES is utilized to examine three strategies of biodiesel/butanol-fueled internal combustion engines: direct injection of pure biodiesel in conventional diffusion-controlled combustion (CDC) engines, direct injection of biodiesel–butanol blend in CDC engines, and biodiesel/butanol reactivity-controlled compression ignition (RCCI) engines. The simulation results are validated against engine experiment results, showing that the five-component model can successfully predict spray and combustion characteristics in internal combustion engines. The RCCI concept can significantly reduce NOx emissions; however, CO and UHC emissions are higher than in the CDC engines due to incomplete combustion in the fuel-lean butanol/air mixture.

Optimization of the exergy efficiency, exergy destruction, and engine noise index in an engine with two direct injectors using NSGA-II and artificial neural network

Direct Dual Fuel Stratification (DDFS) strategy is a novel Low Temperature Combustion (LTC) strategy that has comparable thermal efficiency to the Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) strategy, while it offers more control over the combustion process and the rate of heat release. The DDFS strategy uses two direct injectors for the low- and high-reactivity fuels (gasoline and diesel) to benefit from the RCCI concept. In this study, the injection strategy of the injectors of a gasoline/diesel DDFS engine was optimized from the thermodynamic perspective to maximize exergy efficiency and minimize exergy destruction and an engine noise index. An artificial neural network was developed with 576 samples from a CFD code to predict the DDFS mode behavior, and the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) was used to obtain the Pareto Front and the optimal solutions. Compared to the base case, the exergy efficiency of the optimal cases increased by up to 2%, exergy destruction and Peak Pressure Rise Rate (PPRR) reduced by about 2.3%, and 2 bar/deg, respectively, in the optimal solutions. NOX and soot emissions were reduced by 40% and 35%, respectively, in the best-case scenarios.

RCCI combustion with renewable fuel mix – Tailoring operating parameters to minimize exhaust emissions

This article demonstrates a feasible approach towards minimizing negative impact of combustion, which comprises low net carbon emissions operation of internal combustion engines while achieving ultra-low engine-out exhaust emissions. Ultra-low emission operation was achieved by combining Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) combustion concept and the use of an advanced fuel mix featuring low carbon life cycle emissions. This fuel mix consists of hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) as a representative of high reactivity renewable fuel and a methane rich (greater than95% by volume) natural gas (MRNG) being a model fuel representing biomethane. Comprehensive mapping and identification of optimal operating regions of a small-swept volume engine was performed using an experimental setup comprising advanced real-time acquisition and control systems, developed specifically for robust RCCI engine operation. Combustion process was tailored to comply with limits of mechanical stresses of engine components, favourable thermodynamic parameters and ultra-low engine-out emissions. Combustion and thus engine operation was optimized based on a sensitivity analysis of the rate of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and energy share supplied by MRNG, which are the main influencing parameters to control NOx and soot emissions in RCCI combustion concept. Experimental results demonstrate that it is possible to simultaneously achieve ultra-low engine-out emissions of NOx, PM and PN with an innovative fuel mix resulting in a significant decrease in life-cycle carbon emissions compared to conventional fuels on an account of higher CO and THC emissions, what is a known disadvantage of RCCI concept.

Simulation of Combustion Process of Diesel and Ethanol Fuel in Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition Engine

Reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) engine give advantages over conventional diesel engine with the promising engine power and good control on NOx and soot emission. The trend of the RCCI concept is still new and Is very important to control the ignition in order to control the combustion progress and emission. The objective of this study is to provide data on the combustion characteristics and emission of diesel as high reactive, and ethanol as the low reactive fuel in the RCCI engine. The engine speed and injection timing were varied. Simulation work was conducted by using the Converge CFD software based on the Yanmar TF90 diesel engine parameter. Results show that operating the engine at low speed resulting in better engine performance and low carbon emissions due to the sufficient oxygen contents. For the high-speed engine, advancing the injection timing improves the fuel and air reactivity and steeper the equivalence ratio gradient, which result in a complete combustion process.

Reactivity controlled compression ignition engine: Pathways towards commercial viability

Reactivity-controlled compression ignition (RCCI) is a promising energy conversion strategy to increase fuel efficiency and reduce nitrogen oxide (NOx) and soot emissions through improved in-cylinder combustion process. Considering the significant amount of conducted research and development on RCCI concept, the majority of the work has been performed under steady-state conditions. However, most thermal propulsion systems in transportation applications require operation under transient conditions. In the RCCI concept, it is crucial to investigate transient behavior over entire load conditions in order to minimize the engine-out emissions and meet new real driving emissions (RDE) legislation. This would help further close the gap between steady-state and transient operation in order to implement the RCCI concept into mass production. This work provides a comprehensive review of the performance and emissions analyses of the RCCI engines with the consideration of transient effects and vehicular applications. For this purpose, various simulation and experimental studies have been reviewed implementing different control strategies like control-oriented models particularly in dual-mode operating conditions. In addition, the application of the RCCI strategy in hybrid electric vehicle platforms using renewable fuels is also discussed. The discussion of the present review paper provides important insights for future research on the RCCI concept as a commercially viable energy conversion strategy for automotive applications.

The effect of direct water injection on a diesel-gasoline reactivity controlled compression ignition engine

Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) combustion is a promising method to achieve ultra-low nitrogen oxide and soot emissions. However, the main problem of this strategy is the limited operating range, which is mainly caused by high pressure rise rate. In this study, the possibility of using direct water injection as an approach to decrease pressure rise rate is appraised. To that end, a Lagrangian-Eulerian approach is used to simulate a gasoline-diesel RCCI engine with the use of OpenFOAM. The effects of water injection timing and the mass ratio of injected water to diesel fuel on the engine performance are investigated. The study also includes the injection of water into a Homogenous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) engine to compare the effect of direct water injection on RCCI and HCCI methods. According to the results, the optimal case with the water injection timing of −10°ATDC and mass ratio of 3 achieves a 29% reduction in maximum pressure rise rate at the cost of a 1.4% decrease in engine power and a 1% increase in overall emissions. Sensitivity analysis shows that direct water injection has the most impact on maximum pressure rise rate and the lowest impact on gross indicated efficiency. A trade-off between maximum pressure rise rate and emissions can be achieved by adjusting spray angle or water injection timing in the RCCI concept. However, in the HCCI strategy, direct water injection invariably results in significantly increasing overall emissions regardless of the spray angle and water injection timing.

Impact of injection settings on gaseous emissions and particle size distribution in the dual-mode dual-fuel concept

Reactivity controlled compression ignition concept has been highlighted among the low temperature combustion strategies. However, this combustion strategy presents some problems related to high levels of hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions at low load and high-pressure rise rate at high load. Therefore, to diminish these limitations, the dual-mode dual-fuel concept has been presented as an excellent alternative. This concept uses two fuels of different reactivity and switches from a dual-fuel fully premixed strategy (based on the reactivity controlled compression ignition concept) during low load to a diffusive nature during high load operation. However, the success of dual-mode dual-fuel concept depends to a large extent on the low reactivity/high reactivity fuel ratio and the injection settings. In this study, parametric variations of injection pressure and injection timing were experimentally performed to analyze the effect over each combustion process that encompasses the dual-mode dual-fuel concept and its consequent impact on gaseous and particles emissions, including an analysis of particle size distribution. The experimental results confirm how the use of an adequate injection strategy is indispensable to obtain low exhaust emission and a balance between the different pollutants. In the fully premixed reactivity controlled compression ignition strategy, the particles concentrations were dominated by nucleation mode; however, the increase in injection pressure and the advance of the diesel main injection timing provided a simultaneous reduction of nitrogen oxide and solid particles (accumulation mode). During the highly premixed reactivity controlled compression ignition strategy, the accumulation-mode particles increased, and their concentrations were higher when the diesel main injection timing advanced and injection pressure decreased, as well as there was a slight increase in nitrogen oxide emissions. Finally, in the dual-fuel diffusion strategy, the concentrations of accumulation-mode particles were higher and there was a considerable increase of these particles with the advance of the diesel main injection timing and the reduction of the injection pressure, while the nitrogen oxide emissions decreased.

Experimental investigation of iso-butanol/diesel reactivity controlled compression ignition combustion in a non-road diesel engine

As non-road engine emission control programs are developed largely in number of countries around the world, adopting a high efficiency and low emission combustion techniques has become essential. Flexible fuel operation using in-cylinder blending technique is a primary option for using higher octane fuel in a non-road diesel engine to mitigate emissions and fossil fuel dependency. In the present study, iso-butanol/diesel dual fuel reactivity controlled compression ignition concept is preferred considering the benefits of iso-butanol over other alcohol fuels and better combustion control over other low temperature combustion concepts. An experimental investigation is performed on a suitably modified single cylinder non-road diesel engine for the entire load range (0–100% engine full load) focusing on the effect of operating parameters (iso-butanol mass fraction, diesel injection timing, diesel injection pressure, diesel mass in split injection, and intake air temperature) on the dual fuel combustion, performance and emission characteristics. The reactivity controlled compression ignition combustion is analyzed at each load condition and the best operating points are selected based on brake thermal efficiency and emissions. The results indicated that increase in iso-butanol mass fraction with advanced start of injection of direct injected diesel fuel showed a 99% reduction in oxides of nitrogen and a 91% reduction in smoke emissions with 4.5% increase in brake thermal efficiency. Further the drawback in dual fuel combustion, hydrocarbon emission is reduced by 65% with an increase of intake air temperature from 303 K to 338 K. Also, both hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions are reduced with increase in diesel injection pressure and mass of diesel fuel injected in first injection due to the enhanced mixture formation.

Experimental investigation on the efficiency of a diesel oxidation catalyst in a medium-duty multi-cylinder RCCI engine

Reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) combustion is one of the most promising low temperature combustion (LTC) techniques, as it is able to provide ultra-low NOx and soot emissions together with higher thermal efficiency than conventional diesel combustion (CDC) in a wide range of operating conditions. However, the unburned hydrocarbon (UHC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emission levels are orders of magnitude higher than CDC, which can result in a major problem for implementing the RCCI concept in real engines. In this sense, the high levels of UHC and CO emissions together with the low exhaust temperatures during RCCI operation could compromise the diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) conversion efficiency.The objective of this work is to evaluate the efficiency of a conventional DOC in oxidizing the UHC and CO emissions from RCCI combustion. To do this, a medium-duty multi-cylinder diesel engine equipped with its original after treatment system has been used. First, the DOC conversion efficiency is evaluated under some steady-state conditions. Later, the influence of the thermal inertia on the DOC response has been evaluated by means of transient tests. In this sense, different engine load-speed steps as well some simplified conditions from the worldwide harmonized vehicle cycle (WHVC) and the supplemental engine transient cycle (SET) are evaluated. In steady-state conditions, with DOC-inlet temperatures of 200–300 °C, the results show conversion efficiencies of 100% for CO and 85–95% for HC. At 10% and 25% load, the DOC-outlet UHC levels are unacceptable considering the EURO VI regulation, while at 50% load the tailpipe emissions fulfill the emissions standard. The results in transient conditions are more promising thanks to effect of the thermal inertia, showing 100% conversion efficiency for CO and greater than 90% for UHC during large periods of engine operation.

Benefits of E85 versus gasoline as low reactivity fuel for an automotive diesel engine operating in reactivity controlled compression ignition combustion mode

This work shows the capabilities of E85 fuel to be used as low reactivity fuel in a high compression ratio light-duty diesel engine (17.1:1) running under reactivity controlled compression ignition concept. To do this, experimental steady-state engine maps are obtained in a single-cylinder engine with diesel-E85 fuel combination. The engine mapping was performed following the same procedure used in previous works with other fuel combinations to allow the results comparison. Considering the mechanical and emissions limits imposed during the engine mapping, it was found that with diesel-E85 the combustion concept is limited to the region defined from 2 to 7 bar at 1000 rpm, and from 1.5 to 9 bar indicated mean effective pressure at 3000 rpm. This operating region was satisfied with nitrogen oxides, soot and pressure rise rate levels below 0.4 g/kWh, 0.01 g/kWh and 10 bar/CAD, respectively. The reactivity controlled compression ignition maps with diesel-E85 were obtained taking as reference the total fuel energy used in a previous work to map the engine with diesel-gasoline. The direct comparison of both combustion concepts (diesel-E85 and diesel-gasoline) revealed that E85 allows to extend the engine map around 2 bar indicated mean effective pressure towards the high load region. Moreover, the minimum load achieved at high engine speeds was decreased down to 1.5 indicated mean effective pressure. Finally, the differences in terms of emissions and performance between both reactivity controlled compression ignition concepts are highlighted by doing the difference between the maps of several variables.

Exploring the limits of the reactivity controlled compression ignition combustion concept in a light-duty diesel engine and the influence of the direct-injected fuel properties

This experimental work investigates the operational limits of the reactivity controlled compression ignition combustion concept in a light-duty single-cylinder diesel engine using the stock compression ratio (17.1:1) with specific constraints. In addition, the effects of using different direct-injected fuels on engine-out emissions and performance are analyzed. First, an engine mapping was performed using diesel and gasoline as direct-injected and port-injected fuels, respectively. The operational limits of the reactivity controlled compression ignition concept have been found to be confined in the region defined from 2 to 5 bar indicated mean effective pressure at 1000 rev/min and from 4 to 8 bar indicated mean effective pressure at 3000 rev/min. In that portion of the map, nitrogen oxides and smoke emissions were below 0.4 g/kW h and 0.1 filter smoke number simultaneously, and the engine mechanical limits were respected. Later, the effects of the direct-injected fuel properties have been evaluated at the points that define the frontiers of maximum and minimum engine load in the baseline engine map (diesel/gasoline). To do this, three additional fuels based on diesel-gasoline mixings at different ratios (90%–10%, 70%–30% and 50%–50%), also known as dieseline, were used as direct-injected fuel instead of 100% diesel. To isolate the effects of each direct-injected fuel, the same engine settings were used for the comparison. The results show that, as the reactivity gradient between the high and low reactivity fuel diminishes, the sequential autoignition achieved in reactivity controlled compression ignition due to local combustion reactions switches to a more kinetically controlled homogeneous charge compression ignition-like combustion process. Finally, all the fuels were found to be capable of operating inside the emissions restrictions imposed by doing little modifications on the baseline calibration. However, no clear potential was found versus using 100% diesel as high-reactivity fuel.

Biodiesel/biokerosene: BioTfuel demonstration unit opens at Dunkirk

This experimental work investigates the operational limits of the reactivity controlled compression ignition combustion concept in a light-duty single-cylinder diesel engine using the stock compression ratio (17.1:1) with specific constraints. In addition, the effects of using different direct-injected fuels on engine-out emissions and performance are analyzed. First, an engine mapping was performed using diesel and gasoline as direct-injected and port-injected fuels, respectively. The operational limits of the reactivity controlled compression ignition concept have been found to be confined in the region defined from 2 to 5 bar indicated mean effective pressure at 1000 rev/min and from 4 to 8 bar indicated mean effective pressure at 3000 rev/min. In that portion of the map, nitrogen oxides and smoke emissions were below 0.4 g/kW h and 0.1 filter smoke number simultaneously, and the engine mechanical limits were respected. Later, the effects of the direct-injected fuel properties have been evaluated at the points that define the frontiers of maximum and minimum engine load in the baseline engine map (diesel/gasoline). To do this, three additional fuels based on diesel-gasoline mixings at different ratios (90%–10%, 70%–30% and 50%–50%), also known as dieseline, were used as direct-injected fuel instead of 100% diesel. To isolate the effects of each direct-injected fuel, the same engine settings were used for the comparison. The results show that, as the reactivity gradient between the high and low reactivity fuel diminishes, the sequential autoignition achieved in reactivity controlled compression ignition due to local combustion reactions switches to a more kinetically controlled homogeneous charge compression ignition-like combustion process. Finally, all the fuels were found to be capable of operating inside the emissions restrictions imposed by doing little modifications on the baseline calibration. However, no clear potential was found versus using 100% diesel as high-reactivity fuel.

A RCCI operational limits assessment in a medium duty compression ignition engine using an adapted compression ratio

Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition concept offers an ultra-low nitrogen oxide and soot emissions with a high thermal efficiency. This work investigates the capabilities of this low temperature combustion concept to work on the whole map of a medium duty engine proposing strategies to solve its main challenges. In this sense, an extension to high loads of the concept without exceeding mechanical stress as well as a mitigation of carbon oxide and unburned hydrocarbons emissions at low load together with a fuel consumption penalty have been identified as main Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition drawbacks. For this purpose, a single cylinder engine derived from commercial four cylinders medium-duty engine with an adapted compression ratio of 12.75 is used. Commercial 95 octane gasoline was used as a low reactivity fuel and commercial diesel as a high reactivity fuel. Thus, the study consists of two different parts. Firstly, the work is focused on the development and evaluation of an engine map trying to achieve the maximum possible load without exceeding a pressure rise rate of 15bar/CAD. The second part holds on improving fuel consumption and carbon oxide and unburned hydrocarbons emissions at low load. Results suggest that it is possible to achieve up to 80% of nominal conventional diesel combustion engine load without overpassing the constraints of pressure rise rate (below 15bar/CAD) and maximum pressure peak (below 190bar) while obtaining ultra-low levels of nitrogen oxide and soot emissions. Regarding low load challenges, it has developed a particular methodology sweeping the gasoline-diesel blend together with intake temperature or exhaust gas recirculation maintaining constant the combustion phasing and ultra-low nitrogen oxide and soot emissions. As a result a drastic decrease carbon oxide and unburned hydrocarbons emissions is obtained with a slight fuel consumption improvement.

The combustion behavior of diesel/CNG mixtures in a constant volume combustion chamber

The stringent emissions and needs to increase fuel efficiency makes controlled auto-ignition (CAI) based combustion an attractive alternative for the new combustion system. However, the combustion control is the main obstacles in its development. Reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) that employs two fuels with significantly different in reactivity proven to be able to control the combustion. The RCCI concept applied in a constant volume chamber fuelled with direct injected diesel and compressed natural gas (CNG) was tested. The mixture composition is varied from 0 - 100% diesel/CNG at lambda 1 with main data collection are pressure profile and combustion images. The results show that diesel-CNG mixture significantly shows better combustion compared to diesel only. It is found that CNG is delaying the diesel combustion and at the same time assisting in diesel distribution inside the chamber. This combination creates a multipoint ignition of diesel throughout the chamber that generate very fast heat release rate and higher maximum pressure. Furthermore, lighter yellow color of the flame indicates lower soot production in compared with diesel combustion.

Reactivity-controlled compression ignition drive cycle emissions and fuel economy estimations using vehicle system simulations

In-cylinder blending of gasoline and diesel to achieve reactivity-controlled compression ignition has been shown to reduce NOX and soot emissions while maintaining or improving brake thermal efficiency as compared with conventional diesel combustion. The reactivity-controlled compression ignition concept has an advantage over many advanced combustion strategies in that the fuel reactivity can be tailored to the engine speed and load, allowing stable low-temperature combustion to be extended over more of the light-duty drive cycle load range. A multi-mode reactivity-controlled compression ignition strategy is employed where the engine switches from reactivity-controlled compression ignition to conventional diesel combustion when speed and load demand are outside of the experimentally determined reactivity-controlled compression ignition range. The potential for reactivity-controlled compression ignition to reduce drive cycle fuel economy and emissions is not clearly understood and is explored here by simulating the fuel economy and emissions for a multi-mode reactivity-controlled compression ignition–enabled vehicle operating over a variety of US drive cycles using experimental engine maps for multi-mode reactivity-controlled compression ignition, conventional diesel combustion, and a 2009 port-fuel injected gasoline engine. Drive cycle simulations are completed assuming a conventional mid-size passenger vehicle with an automatic transmission. Multi-mode reactivity-controlled compression ignition fuel economy simulation results are compared with the same vehicle powered by a representative 2009 port-fuel injected gasoline engine over multiple drive cycles. Engine-out drive cycle emissions are compared with conventional diesel combustion, and observations regarding relative gasoline and diesel tank sizes needed for the various drive cycles are also summarized.

인젝터 특성에 따른 2중 연료의 RCCI 연소에 관한 실험적 연구

Abstract : This study describes the characteristics of combustion and exhaust emission in the special engine applying a fuel reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) concept with two different energizing type (solenoid and piezoelectric) injectors for diesel injection. A diesel-gasoline mixed dual-fuel reactivity controlled compression ignition concept is demonstrated as a promising method to achieve high thermal efficiency and low emission in internal combustion engines for transportation vehicles. For investigating the combustion characteristics of RCCI, engine experiments were performed in a light-duty diesel engine over a range of injection timing and mixing rate of gasoline in mass. It was investigated that by increasing the nozzle hole diameter, increasing the combustion pressure and the net indicated mean effective pressure. NO x and soot can be reduced by advancing start of injection in 84 mixing rate of gasoline in mass. The resulting operation showed that light duty engine could achieve 48 percent net indicated efficiency and 191[g/kW-hr] net indicated specific fuel consumption with lower levels of nitrogen oxides and soot.