Reactive Functional Groups Research Articles

Recent transformations of vinylidene cyclopropanes (VDCPs).

Methodological studies on the transformations of vinylidene cyclopropanes (VDCPs) have been substantially developed in the past few decades, and significant progress has been achieved in visible light-mediated, non-metal-related, and transition metal-catalyzed processes. In particular, when reactive functional groups are introduced into the backbone of VDCPs, a variety of cascade or sequential transformations can take place to produce more complex cyclic or polycyclic compounds. This review describes the recent advancements in this field.

Vertical Profile Characteristics of Dissolved Organic Matter Biochemistry in the Tropical Reservoir Shaped by Hydrodynamic Forces

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) exerts a crucial role in biogeochemical processes and ascertaining water quality in reservoirs, where it is vulnerable to the dynamic impacts of surface water inflows. However, understanding how DOM quantity and biochemical features responds to hydrodynamic forces in tropical reservoirs remains limited. To enhance our understanding of the vertical profiles of DOM characteristics under varying hydrodynamic forces (strong, moderate, and weak regions) in the Chitian Reservoir (18°43′–18°42′ N, 109°68′–109°70′ E), in December 2023, we investigated the concentrations and biochemical characteristics of water column DOM samples using multispectral techniques, a parallel factor model, and two-dimensional correlation analysis. Our results indicated that DOM concentrations (4.34 ± 0.36 mg/L) are the highest in the reservoir center, whereas total nitrogen (0.52 ± 0.04 mg/L), total phosphorus (0.02 ± 0.03 mg/L), and nitrate nitrogen (1.01 ± 0.07 mg/L) present their highest values in the inlet region. As hydrodynamic force decreases, microbial activity increases, whereas DOM’s humification degree and molecular weight decline. DOM in the Chitian Reservoir comprises humic-like components, including three terrestrial sources (accounting for 85.38%~87.03%) and one microbial source, with dominant characteristics of allochthonous origin. The relative abundance of microbial components decreased from 14.62% to 12.97% with the increasing hydrodynamic force and increased with depth. DOM functional groups in the strong hydrodynamic force region and the reservoir’s upper layer show high consistency and uniformity. Phenolic O–H is the most reactive functional group concerning changes in water depth across all hydrodynamic areas, followed by polysaccharide C–O, owing to its high photoactivity. In contrast, aromatic C–H demonstrates the weakest reactivity. DOM’s spectral features are closely linked to nutrient form concentrations (N and P).

A Comprehensive Review on Bio-Based Polybenzoxazines Emphasizing Their Antimicrobial Property.

Polybenzoxazines (PBzs), a class of high-performance thermosetting polymers, have gained significant attention for their exceptional thermal stability, mechanical properties, and chemical resistance, making them ideal for aerospace, electronics, and biomedical applications. Recent advancements emphasize their antimicrobial potential, attributed to unique structural properties and the ability to incorporate bio-active functional groups. This review highlights the synthesis, antimicrobial mechanisms, and applications of PBzs and their bio-based derivatives, focusing on sustainable materials science. PBzs demonstrate antimicrobial efficacy through mechanisms such as hydrophobic surface interactions and reactive functional group formation, preventing microbial adhesion and biofilm development. The incorporation of functional groups like amines, quaternary ammonium salts, and phenolic moieties disrupts microbial processes, enhancing antimicrobial action. Modifications with metal nanoparticles, organic agents, or natural bio-actives further augment these properties. Notable bio-based benzoxazines include derivatives synthesized from renewable resources like curcumin, vanillin, and eugenol, which exhibit substantial antimicrobial activity and environmental friendliness. Hybrid PBzs, combining natural polymers like chitosan or cellulose, have shown improved antimicrobial properties and mechanical performance. For instance, chitosan-PBz composites significantly inhibit microbial growth, while cellulose blends enhance film-forming capabilities and thermal stability. PBz nanocomposites, incorporating materials like silver nanoparticles, present advanced applications in biomedical and marine industries. Examples include zirconia-reinforced composites for dental restoration and urushiol-based PBzs for eco-friendly antifouling solutions. The ability to customize PBz properties through molecular design, combined with their inherent advantages such as flame retardancy, low water absorption, and excellent mechanical strength, positions them as versatile materials for diverse industrial and medical applications. This comprehensive review underscores the transformative potential of PBzs in addressing global challenges in antimicrobial material science, offering sustainable and multifunctional solutions for advanced applications.

Covalent Plant Natural Product that Potentiates Antitumor Immunity.

Despite the unprecedented therapeutic potential of immune checkpoint antibody therapies, their efficacy is limited partly by the dysfunction of T cells within the cancer microenvironment. Combination therapies with small molecules have also been explored, but their clinical implementation has been met with significant challenges. To search for antitumor immunity activators, the present study developed a cell-based system that emulates cancer-attenuated T cells. The cell-based screening of 232 natural products containing electrophilic reactive functional groups led to the identification of arvenin I, also known as cucurbitacin B 2-O-β-d-glucoside (CuBg), as a plant natural product that activates T cells within the cancer-competitive environment. Chemoproteomic and mechanistic analyses indicated that arvenin I covalently reacts with and hyperactivates MKK3, thereby reviving the mitochondrial fitness of exhausted T cells through the activation of the p38MAPK pathway. In mice, administration of arvenin I enhanced the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy when used alone or in combination with an immune checkpoint inhibitor. These findings highlight the potential of arvenin I as a covalent kinase activator that potentiates antitumor immunity.

Nickel-catalyzed reductive cross-coupling of difluoromethylated secondary alkyl bromides with organohalides.

We present a highly efficient and versatile nickel-catalyzed protocol for the reductive cross-coupling of unactivated CF2H-substituted electrophiles with a wide variety of aryl and alkenyl halides. This novel approach offers high catalytic reactivity and broad functional group compatibility, enabling late-stage fluoroalkylation of drug molecules.

High-Temperature Polymer Components Reimagined: Scalable Syntheses and de novo Routes to Structurally Versatile Precursors

Developing efficient and scalable synthetic protocols for key polymer precursors is crucial to advancing high-performance materials designed to withstand severe thermal environments. In this article, we report on the development of solid, high-yield methods for preparing structurally diverse building blocks, including s-triazine derivatives, phenyl-borosilane alkynyl oligomers, phthalonitrile-based monomers, and novel diamine curing agents on multi-gram to multi-hundred-gram scales. These carefully optimized procedures use readily available starting materials, mild conditions, and well-known synthetic transformations, thus addressing the longstanding challenges associated with their practical upscaling. The resulting library of monomers and oligomers offers a broad range of reactive functional groups (e.g., nitriles, alkynes, borosilane motifs), enabling future combinatorial-like strategies for the formation of advanced co-polymers with enhanced thermal stability, mechanical strength, and tunable properties suitable for high-temperature applications.

A Small-Molecule Approach Enables RNA Aptamers to Function as Sensors for Reactive Inorganic Targets.

Fluorescent light-up aptamer (FLAP) systems are promising (bio)sensing platforms that are genetically encodable. However, FLAP-mediated detection of each distinct target necessitates either in vitro selection or engineering of nucleic acid sequences. Furthermore, an aptamer that binds an inorganic target or a chemical species with a short lifetime is challenging to realize. Here, we describe a small-molecule approach that makes it possible for a single FLAP system to detect chemically unique, non-fluorogenic, and reactive inorganics. We developed functionalized pre-ligands of RNA aptamers that bind benzylidene imidazolinones (Baby Spinach, Broccolli, Squash). Reactive inorganics, hydrogen sulfide (H2S/HS-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), can specifically convert these pre-ligands into native ligands that fluoresce with FLAPs. Adaptation of this platform to live cells opened an opportunity for constructing whole-cell sensors: Escherichia coli transformed with a Baby Spinach-encoding plasmid and incubated with pre-ligands generated fluorescence in response to exogenous H2S/HS- or H2O2. Leveraging the functional group reactivity of small molecules eliminates the requirement of in vitro selection of a new aptamer sequence or oligonucleotide scaffold engineering for distinct molecular targets. Our method allows for detecting inorganic, short-lived species, thereby advancing FLAP systems beyond their current capabilities.

Synthesis of aromatic glycoconjugates as anti-fungal agents against Candida spp. and assessment of their covalent crosslinking capabilities

Covalent drugs are becoming increasingly attractive in drug discovery, as they can enhance potency and selectivity for their molecular targets. Covalent inhibitors have been investigated for several therapeutic applications, including anti-cancer and anti-infection agents. However, there are only a few examples of covalent inhibitors targeting fungal pathogens. We have previously reported aromatic glycoconjugates (AGCs) capable of inhibiting the adhesion of Candida albicans to buccal epithelial cells. In this work, we synthesize novel derivatives of the AGCs to which we have added reactive functional groups, such as acryloyl and vinyl sulfones, and investigated their antifungal efficacy against Candida spp. Although the compounds were ineffective at clinically relevant concentrations, we found that some of the galactose derivatives featuring reactive groups were amongst the most active, so their ability to crosslink nucleophilic side chains was assessed in model reactions.

1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium-Based Ionic Liquid in Biomass Fractionation-Green Solvent or Active Reagent Toward Lignin Compounds?

N,N'-Dialkylimidazolium-based ionic liquids are capable of completely dissolving lignocellulosic biomass at elevated temperatures and are considered as promising green solvents for future biorefining technologies. However, the obtained ionic liquid lignin preparations may contain up to several percent nitrogen. This indicates strong interactions between the biopolymer and the IL cation, the nature of which has not yet been clarified. The present study investigates mechanisms and pathways of the formation of nitrogen-containing lignin compounds. To achieve this goal, eight monomeric lignin-related phenols bearing different functional groups (ketone, aldehyde, hydroxyl, carbon-carbon double bonds) were treated with 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (BmimOAc) under typical conditions of IL-assisted lignocellulose fractionation (80-150 °C). A number of the resulting products were tentatively identified, for all the studied model compounds, by two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. They all possess covalently bonded Bmim residues and occur through the nucleophilic addition of an N-heterocyclic carbene (deprotonated Bmim cation) to electron-deficient groups. The reactivity of lignin functional groups in their interaction with Bmim is greatly affected by the temperature and dissolved oxygen. IL's thermal degradation products act as additional reactive species toward lignin, further complicating the range of products formed. The obtained results made it possible to answer the question posed in this article's title and to assert that N,N'-dialkylimidazolium-based ILs act as active reagents with respect to lignin during the dissolution of lignocellulose.

Hydrolysis of poly(ester urethane): In-depth mechanistic pathways through FTIR 2D-COS spectroscopy

The hydrolysis of thermoplastic poly(ester urethane) (PEU) is convoluted by its block copolymer phase structure and competing hydrolytic sensitivities of multiple functional groups. The exact pathways for water ingress, water interaction with the material and ultimately the kinetics and order of functional group hydrolysis remain to be refined. Additional diagnostics are needed to enable deeper insight and deconvolution of material changes. In combination with GPC results, a promising analytical technique – two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS) – has been reviewed and applied to analyze FTIR spectra of hydrolyzed PEUs aged under various conditions, such as exposure time, temperature, and relative humidity. 2D-COS allows the complex role of water with distinct intermediate steps to be established, plus it emphasizes the initial stages of PEU hydrolysis at more susceptible functional groups. As a complication for the raw material, ATR IR detected some talc on the surface of commercial PEU beads and pressed sheets thereof, which can interfere with water ingress and thereby retards PEU hydrolysis, particularly in its natural form or moderate aging at lower temperatures (e.g., below the melting point of PEU). As aging temperature increases above the melting temperature, even traces of water trapped inside the PEU are sufficient to initiate the hydrolysis, which then progresses strongly with increasing temperatures. Feedback from 2D-COS analysis confirms that PEU hydrolysis starts at esters in the soft-segments before those in the urethane linkage become susceptible. Only when the molecular weight of PEU is below a critical molar mass (Mc) will the hydrolysis occur in parallel in the hard-segments since protective morphological phase structures are then absent. The current observations demonstrate unexpected behavior that may result from 'unknown' additives in polymer degradation, the temporal and group-specific hydrolysis of PEU as a function of locally available water molecules, the order of reactivity of susceptible functional groups, and the importance of changes in molecular weight coupled with the phase structure of the polymer.

De(sulfon)amidative Cyclization: The Synthesis of Dibenzolactams and Dibenzosultams for Organic Light Emitting Diode Materials.

This study addresses a challenge in organic synthetic chemistry: the direct cleavage of amide bonds, which is typically hampered by the thermodynamic stability of the C(Ar)-C(acyl) bond. Previous methods often rely on "CO" extrusion-jointing transition metal-catalyzed process and require activated tertiary amides, limiting their applicability due to incompatibility with reactive functional groups such as halogens. Herein, we report a transition metal-free approach for the deamidative cyclization of biaryl diamides via a radical process, yielding dibenzolactam derivatives. Along this line, we have developed the desulfonamidative cyclization of biaryl disulfonamides to produce dibenzosultams through direct nucleophilic aromatic substitution, demonstrating high selectivity for unsymmetrical structures. Additionally, unsymmetrical sulfamoyl biaryl amides, containing both amide and sulfonamide functionalities, can selectively undergo desulfonamidative coupling with the amide to form dibenzolactams, which offers a complementary synthetic pathway to unsymmetric dibenzolactams. These protocols exhibit excellent compatibility with reactive functional groups, including halogens, providing an innovative synthetic toolbox for the development of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials used in organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). DMAC-PDO, incorporating a dibenzolactam as the acceptor unit, serves as an efficient blue TADF emitter with a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) of 23.4 %.

De(sulfon)amidative Cyclization: The Synthesis of Dibenzolactams and Dibenzosultams for Organic Light Emitting Diode Materials

AbstractThis study addresses a challenge in organic synthetic chemistry: the direct cleavage of amide bonds, which is typically hampered by the thermodynamic stability of the C(Ar)−C(acyl) bond. Previous methods often rely on “CO” extrusion‐jointing transition metal‐catalyzed process and require activated tertiary amides, limiting their applicability due to incompatibility with reactive functional groups such as halogens. Herein, we report a transition metal‐free approach for the deamidative cyclization of biaryl diamides via a radical process, yielding dibenzolactam derivatives. Along this line, we have developed the desulfonamidative cyclization of biaryl disulfonamides to produce dibenzosultams through direct nucleophilic aromatic substitution, demonstrating high selectivity for unsymmetrical structures. Additionally, unsymmetrical sulfamoyl biaryl amides, containing both amide and sulfonamide functionalities, can selectively undergo desulfonamidative coupling with the amide to form dibenzolactams, which offers a complementary synthetic pathway to unsymmetric dibenzolactams. These protocols exhibit excellent compatibility with reactive functional groups, including halogens, providing an innovative synthetic toolbox for the development of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials used in organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). DMAC‐PDO, incorporating a dibenzolactam as the acceptor unit, serves as an efficient blue TADF emitter with a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) of 23.4 %.

Site‐Selective Construction of N‐Linked Glycopeptides through Photoredox Catalysis

AbstractThe glycosylation of peptides and proteins can significantly impact their intrinsic properties, such as conformation, stability, antigenicity, and immunogenicity. Current methods for preparing N‐linked glycopeptides typically rely on amide bond formation, which can be limited by the presence of reactive functional groups like acids and amines. Late‐stage functionalization of peptides offers a promising approach to obtaining N‐linked glycopeptides. In this study, we demonstrate the preparation of N‐linked glycopeptides through a photoredox‐catalyzed site‐selective Giese addition between N‐glycosyl oxamic acid and peptides containing dehydroalanine (Dha) under visible light conditions. Unlike traditional methods that rely on the coupling of aspartic acid and glycosylamine, this approach utilizes the conjugation of N‐glycosylated carbamoyl radicals with Dha, facilitating the straightforward modification of complex peptides.

Site-Selective Construction of N-Linked Glycopeptides through Photoredox Catalysis.

The glycosylation of peptides and proteins can significantly impact their intrinsic properties, such as conformation, stability, antigenicity, and immunogenicity. Current methods for preparing N-linked glycopeptides typically rely on amide bond formation, which can be limited by the presence of reactive functional groups like acids and amines. Late-stage functionalization of peptides offers a promising approach to obtaining N-linked glycopeptides. In this study, we demonstrate the preparation of N-linked glycopeptides through a photoredox-catalyzed site-selective Giese addition between N-glycosyl oxamic acid and peptides containing dehydroalanine (Dha) under visible light conditions. Unlike traditional methods that rely on the coupling of aspartic acid and glycosylamine, this approach utilizes the conjugation of N-glycosylated carbamoyl radicals with Dha, facilitating the straightforward modification of complex peptides.

Selective diesterase-like activity of bioinspired FeIIINiII and FeIIIZnII complexes and their 3-aminopropyl silica composites: A homo- and heterogeneous catalytic study

In this study, the preparation and characterization of two new mixed-valence heterodinuclear complexes [FeIIINiII(BPPAMFF)(μ-OAc)2(H2O)]ClO4 (1) and [FeIIIZnII(BPPAMFF)(μ-OAc)2(H2O)]ClO4 (2) with the bioinspired ligand 2-[(N-benzyl-N-2-pyridylmethylamine)]-4-methyl-6-[N-(2-pyridylmethyl)aminomethyl)])-4-methyl-6-formylphenol (H2BPPAMFF) are reported. These compounds were immobilized in 3-aminopropyl silica (APS) to afford composites APS-1 and APS-2 successfully. The aldehyde-containing ligand provided a reactive functional group, which could serve as a cross-linking group to bind the complexes to the directly amino-modified SiO2 surface. The complexes’ chemical integrity on the APS inorganic platform were probed by spectroscopical techniques, such as FTIR, UV–Vis and EPR. Potentiometric and spectrophotometric titrations allowed the chemical species present in solution to be rationalized, and identified which of them were potentially active in the hydrolytic cleavage of phosphodiester 2,4-BDNPP. Kinetic studies showed that FeIIINiII species (1 and APS-1) presented higher catalytic efficiency (E = kcat/KM) than FeIIIZnII species (2 and APS-2). Catalytic mechanisms were proposed based on a series of kinetic experiments, in which all the catalysts tested behaved as selective phosphodiesterases. In addition, it was also demonstrated that the hydrolase activity of the immobilized catalytic centers, APS-1 and APS-2, was better than the homogeneous processes, where second coordination sphere effects may be involved in directing and stabilizing the transition state.

Synergistic Nanoscale Mn3O4-CoO-Co Heterojunctions for Boosting the Selectivity in Hydrogenation of Nitrostyrenes and Nitroarenes.

Metal-metal oxide interface catalysts are in high demand for advanced catalytic applications due to their multi-component active sites, which facilitate synergistic cooperation where a single component alone cannot effectively promote the desired reaction. Demonstrated herein graphene oxide-supported nanoscale Mn3O4-CoO-Co as highly efficient catalysts for hydrogenation of nitro styrenes/nitro arenes to amino styrenes/arenes under mild reaction conditions (0.5 MPa and 100 °C in 1 : 1 THF/water). Charge relocalization at the Co-CoO-Mn3O4 heterojunction interfaces, primarily driven by Mn3O4, significantly improves reaction selectivity. Replacing Mn3O4 with MnO or using other supported bimetallic CoMnOx catalysts decreases selectivity, leading to the formation of a mixture of products. The catalyst demonstrated remarkable selectivity in converting nitro groups to amines, even in the presence of highly reactive functional groups such as C=C, O-C=O, C=O, C≡N, chalcones, and halides. It also exhibited high yields, multiple reusability, and a broad substrate scope. This study demonstrates how Mn3O4, in synergy with CoO-Co, fine-tunes selectivity, paving the way for the development of advanced metal-metal oxide interface catalysts to enhance both selectivity and efficiency in organic transformations.

Zirconium hydroxide-activated carbon hybrid material for chemical warfare agents detoxification: Implication of water and temperature

In light of the recent threat from chemical warfare agents (CWAs), the scientific community has focused extensively on developing effective and safe decontamination methodology for CWAs based on environmentally benign technology and the avoidance of corrosive and toxic chemicals. Herein, we report the decomposition of CWAs sarin and sulphur mustard on the hybrid material Zirconium hydroxide-granular activated carbon i.e. Zr(OH)4@GAC which is synthesized by utilizing the reactive zirconium hydroxide and high surface area carbon. In-situ zirconium hydroxide was generated in the pores of GAC by varying the precursor concentration i.e. zirconium oxychloride followed by hydrolysis. The morphology, structural, and textural properties of the reactive hybrid material Zr(OH)4@GAC were examined using several analytical techniques including powder x-ray diffraction, TGA, FT-IR, BET, SEM, EDX, and TEM. Furthermore, the degradation capability of Zr(OH)4@GAC was evaluated in the hydrolytic abatement of CWAs sarin and sulphur mustard. Under pristine laboratory conditions, the effectiveness of reactive hybrid material Zr(OH)4@GAC has been attributed due to a combination of defects and diverse surface hydroxyl species of Zr(OH)4, as well as a high surface area carbon matrix. The impact of water content and temperature on CWAs degradation was also investigated by altering the water percentage from 2 to 8 % and the temperature 25 °C to 45 °C. The GC–MS/GC technique was used to observe the kinetics of in-situ degradation of CWAs over Zr(OH)4@GAC The results indicated that the degradation process follows a first-order reaction kinetics. It is observed that higher water content along with elevated temperature enhance CWA decomposition on Zr(OH)4@GAC; conversely, at lower temperature, it slowed down the degradation of CWAs. This significant enhancement in the decontamination capability of hybrid materials Zr(OH)4@GAC towards CWAs was attributed to the synergistic effects of GAC (adsorption capacity) coupled with the reactive functional group of Zr(OH)4.This strategy will pave the way for the development of self-detoxifying adsorbent material for environmental and defence purposes.

NeuroClick: Advanced Software for Designing Blood-Brain Barrier-Permeable Drugs Using Click Reaction Simulations.

NeuroClick is a software tool designed for the in silico execution of azide-alkyne cycloaddition reactions, commonly known as click reactions. We developed this graphical user interface application to expedite the drug discovery process by generating libraries of 1,2,3-triazole compounds. NeuroClick enables users to input reagent SMILES strings, rapidly generating and screening extensive combinatorial libraries at a pace of 10,000 molecules per minute. The software applies stringent criteria to ensure the relevance and accuracy of the generated compounds, excluding molecules without azide groups or those with multiple reactive functional groups to maintain dataset integrity. NeuroClick incorporates advanced filtering options based on Lipinski's rule of five and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability predictors, allowing researchers to identify drug-like molecules with potential central nervous system activity. The software's high-throughput and user-friendly interface significantly enhance the efficiency of early-stage drug development by facilitating the exploration of vast chemical spaces and identifying promising lead compounds for further development. This article provides comprehensive guidance on the installation, usage, and features of NeuroClick, ensuring that users can leverage its full potential in their research endeavors. © 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol: NeuroClick workflow for generating BBB-permeating drugs.

Synthesis and Solvent Free DLP 3D Printing of Degradable Poly(Allyl Glycidyl Ether Succinate).

Digital light processing (DLP) printing forms solid constructs from fluidic resins by photochemically crosslinking polymeric resins with reactive functional groups. DLP is used widely due to its efficient, high-resolution printing, but its use and translational potential has been limited in some applications as state-of-the-art resins experience unpredictable and anisotropic part shrinkage due to the use of solvent needed to reduce resin viscosity and layer dependent crosslinking. Herein, poly(allyl glycidyl ether succinate) (PAGES), a low viscosity, degradable polyester, was synthesized by ring opening copolymerization and used in combination with degradable thiol crosslinkers to afford a solvent free resin that can be utilized in DLP printing. Varying resin formulations of PAGES polymer are shown to decrease part shrinkage from 14 % to 0.3 %. Photochemically printed parts fabricated from PAGES possess tensile moduli between 0.43 and 6.18 MPa and degradation profiles are shown to vary between 12 and 40 days under accelerated conditions based on degree of polymerization and crosslink ratio.

Synthesis and Solvent Free DLP 3D Printing of Degradable Poly(Allyl Glycidyl Ether Succinate)

AbstractDigital light processing (DLP) printing forms solid constructs from fluidic resins by photochemically crosslinking polymeric resins with reactive functional groups. DLP is used widely due to its efficient, high‐resolution printing, but its use and translational potential has been limited in some applications as state‐of‐the‐art resins experience unpredictable and anisotropic part shrinkage due to the use of solvent needed to reduce resin viscosity and layer dependent crosslinking. Herein, poly(allyl glycidyl ether succinate) (PAGES), a low viscosity, degradable polyester, was synthesized by ring opening copolymerization and used in combination with degradable thiol crosslinkers to afford a solvent free resin that can be utilized in DLP printing. Varying resin formulations of PAGES polymer are shown to decrease part shrinkage from 14 % to 0.3 %. Photochemically printed parts fabricated from PAGES possess tensile moduli between 0.43 and 6.18 MPa and degradation profiles are shown to vary between 12 and 40 days under accelerated conditions based on degree of polymerization and crosslink ratio.