Reactive Protocols Research Articles

FA-AODV: Flooding Attacks Detection Based Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol for VANET

Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANET) is anticipated to be the most effective way of increasing performance and safety in transportation in the near future. VANETs are the sub-branch of Ad-Hoc Networks which provide safety and comfort features together with related services for the vehicle operators. RREQ flood attack mostly encountered in the literature for security of VANET. Due to the nature of the reactive protocols, the AODV routing protocol is quite open to attack types such as flood attack. Flood attacks occur in the network layer. The impact of flood attacks is not about victim nodes, it can be also affect the whole network. A malicious attack that could be carried out in VANET could cause accidents that would cause a serious disaster. A malicious node could penetrate into the IP addresses on a Flood Attack based User Datagram Protocol (UDP) to breakdown the data communication between two vehicles. The main purpose of this paper is to detect and prevent the flood attack, during the operation of the routing protocol and to decrease the end-to-end delay on the network.

Agreement between multiparametric MRI (PIVOT), Doppler ultrasound, and near-infrared spectroscopy-based assessments of skeletal muscle oxygenation and perfusion

Skeletal muscle perfusion and oxygenation are commonly evaluated using Doppler ultrasound and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) techniques. However, a recently developed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequence, termed PIVOT, permits the simultaneous collection of skeletal muscle perfusion and T2* (an index of skeletal muscle oxygenation). PurposeTo determine the level of agreement between PIVOT, Doppler ultrasound, and NIRS-based assessments of skeletal muscle perfusion and oxygenation. MethodsTwelve healthy volunteers (8 females, 25 ± 3 years, 170 ± 11 cm, 71.5 ± 8.0 kg) performed six total reactive hyperemia protocols. During three of these reactive hyperemia protocols, Tissue Saturation Index (TSI) and oxygenated hemoglobin (O2Hb) were recorded from the medial gastrocnemius (MG) and tibialis anterior (TA), and blood flow velocity was recorded from the popliteal artery (BFvpop) via Doppler Ultrasound. The other three trials were performed inside the bore of a 3 T MRI scanner, and the PIVOT sequence was used to assess perfusion (PIVOTperf) and oxygenation (T2*) of the medial gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior muscles. Positive incremental areas under the curve (iAUC) and times to peak (TTP) were calculated for each variable, and the level of agreement between collection methods was evaluated via Bland-Altman analyses and Spearman's Rho correlation analyses. ResultsThe only significant bivariate relationships observed were between the T2* vs. TSI iAUC and PIVOTperf vs. BFvpop values recorded from the MG. Significant mean differences were observed for all comparisons (all P ≤ 0.038), and significant proportional biases were observed for the PIVOTperf vs. tHb TTP (R2 = 0.848, P < 0.001) and T2* vs. TSI TTP comparisons in the TA (R2 = 0.488, P = 0.011), and the PIVOTperf vs. BFvpop iAUC (R2 = 0.477, P = 0.013) and time to peak (R2 = 0.851, P < 0.001) comparisons in the MG. ConclusionsOur findings suggest that the PIVOT technique has, at best, a moderate level of agreement with Doppler ultrasound and NIRS assessment methods and is subject to significant proportional bias. These findings do not challenge the accuracy of either measurement technique but instead reflect differences in the vascular compartments, sampling volumes, and parameters being evaluated.

Blunted Microvascular Reactivity in Psoriasis Patients in the Absence of Cardiovascular Disease, as Assessed by Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging.

Psoriasis is associated with accelerated rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging (LSCI) is a novel, non-interventional technique for the dynamic assessment of microvascular endothelial dysfunction, which represents an early precursor of CVD. We investigated whether skin microvascular reactivity is impaired in psoriasis and whether an association exists with large artery stiffening. Skin microvascular reactivity was assessed with LSCI combined with post-occlusive reactive hyperaemia protocol in psoriasis patients and controls in the absence of established CVD. Arterial stiffness and central hemodynamics were assessed throughout a whole 24 h period with the Mobil-O-Graph device. Most LSCI indices of microvascular reactivity were impaired in psoriasis patients (n = 90) compared to controls (n = 45) [baseline flux; occlusion flux; peak-to-baseline magnitude; baseline cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC); percentage increase in CVC, p &lt; 0.001 for all comparisons]. In multivariate analysis, psoriatic disease predicted the above markers independently of classical CVD risk factors. Augmentation index, peripheral pulse pressure, and central systolic/diastolic blood pressure correlated with LSCI microvascular responses in the study population (n = 135). Pulse wave velocity significantly correlated with nearly all LSCI parameters, while the association with baseline flux was independent of CVD risk factors and psoriatic disease in multivariate analysis (beta = 0.096, p = 0.039). This study provides evidence of altered skin microvascular responses in psoriasis by use of LSCI, and interaction with macrovascular dysfunction, before the establishment of overt CVD. A non-interventional approach of skin microcirculation with LSCI might be used as an early indicator of vascular health in psoriasis.

Functional Assays Evaluating Immunosuppression Mediated by Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells.

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are heterogenous populations of immature myeloid cells that can be divided into two main subpopulations, polymorphonuclear (PMN) MDSCs and monocytic (M) MDSCs. These cells accumulate during chronic inflammation, characterizing an array of pathologies such as cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, and infectious and autoimmune diseases, and induce immunosuppression. The suppressive effects of MDSCs on the immune system are studied mainly when focusing on their features, functions, and impact on target cells such as T cells, natural killer cells, and B cells, among others. Herein, we describe methods for the analysis of MDSC immunosuppressive features and functions, measuring different mediators that contribute to their activities and how they impact on T cell function. The protocols described are a continuation to those in a companion Current Protocols article by Reuven etal. (2022), which uses a generated single-cell suspension and isolated cells to test their activity. © 2022 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Evaluating MDSC suppressive features Alternate Protocol 1: Dichlorofluorescein diacetate-based reactive oxygen species detection Support Protocol 1: Detection of nitric oxide secretion Support Protocol 2: Measurement of arginase activity Basic Protocol 2: Evaluating MDSC suppressive function Alternate Protocol 2: In vitro effects of MDSCs on expression of T cell receptor complex during activation Support Protocol 3: Effect of MDSCs on interferon γ production Basic Protocol 3: Effect of MDSCs on T cell proliferation Basic Protocol 4: Effect of MDSCs on T cell cytotoxic activity Alternate Protocol 3: In vivo cytotoxicity assay Basic Protocol 5: Analysis of MDSC differentiation.

Skin microcirculation dynamics are impaired in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and no cardiovascular comorbidities.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Microvascular endothelial dysfunction contributes to the development of vascular injury and subsequent CVD. We hypothesised that RA patients exhibit blunted microvascular reactivity regardless of CVD risk factors and investigated potential associations with coronary microvascular perfusion and surrogate markers of CVD. This case-control study recruited RA patients and non-RA individuals in the absence of cardiovascular comorbidities. Skin microvascular reactivity was dynamically assessed using laser speckle contrast imaging coupled with post-occlusive reactive hyperaemia protocol. Applanation tonometry was applied to assess subendocardial viability ratio, an index of myocardial microvascular perfusion, and central arterial stiffness [carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV), augmentation index]. Peripheral arterial stiffness (carotid PWV, β-stiffness index) and carotid atherosclerosis (intima-media thickness) were assessed with carotid ultrasound software. Skin microvascular responses before and following reperfusion [baseline flux, occlusion flux, time-to-peak, peak magnitude, peak-to-baseline magnitude, baseline cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC), and percentage increase in CVC] were significantly impaired in RA patients (n=35) compared to controls (n=35). Presence of RA independently predicted altered microvascular reactivity in multivariate analysis. Skin microcirculation dynamics significantly correlated with coronary microvascular perfusion and peripheral arterial stiffness, yet not carotid atherosclerosis, even after adjustment for CVD risk factors. Patients with RA present impaired microvascular reactivity regardless of CVD risk factors at a preclinical stage preceding CVD. Assessment of skin microvascular dysfunction may reflect a state of generalised vasculopathy, including myocardial microvascular abnormalities, and serve as a non-invasive surrogate indicator of CVD risk in RA.

Research Reactivity and Distress Protocols for Youth Trauma-related Research: A Scoping Review

Objective: To explore literature regarding youth with Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), their potential reactivity to research, and research trauma mitigation protocols.&#x0D; Methods: A systematic scoping review was conducted in APA PsychInfo, CINAHL, Embase, and OVID Medline. 2 reviewers screened each article for 12 eligible studies. Quantitative and qualitative studies measuring maltreatment and trauma research responses were eligible. Youth were defined as individuals aged 10-19.&#x0D; Results: No study utilized the ACEs questionnaire with research-related stress measures. Among those that included research reactivity measures, various forms of childhood and youth victimization were considered. The majority of participants did not report feeling upset, with many reporting benefits to participation. Information on protocols for managing distress was available for 11 studies, the most common being the provision of a resource helpsheet and/or referral system. &#x0D; Implications: There is no indication of distress following ACEs-related research, with few studies measuring across the research experience. One study measured follow-up for distress and further action. Additional research may be indicated to assess the effectiveness of these protocols in this population with a follow-up assessment.

A Software Defined Networking-based Routing Algorithm for Flying Ad Hoc Networks

Flying Ad-Hoc Networks (FANET) are wireless mobile ad-hoc networks composed of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) as communicating nodes. As with any computer network, routing is an essential problem that has to be solved efficiently for high performance. FANETs present unique challenges with respect to routing, due to their structures. FANET systems have high dynamicity as the nodes move at very high speeds and UAVs can behave in accordance with various mobility models. The nodes usually have line of sight between them, but FANET systems frequently operate on large topologies with low node density. Hence, the structure of the topology changes rapidly, and the frequency of link disconnections between UAVs increases. Traditional topology-based and position-based routing algorithms do not work well in the face of this problem. In this study, we propose a novel SDN-based Routing Protocol which comprises both proactive and reactive components in order to improve the performance. Software Defined Networking technology is used as the network management architecture. To investigate the performance of the proposed protocol against legacy MANET routing protocols, a comparison study was conducted in terms of throughput, end-to-end delay, and control packet overhead. Simulation results show that the proposed SDN-based Routing Protocol performs better than the selected legacy protocols.

V2X Communication for Message Transmission and Warning Detection

Currently, the way that smart cars operate is that they have sensors all around the vehicle to identify and learn about adjacent objects. However, the precision of these sensors frequently has a relatively short range. Reliable long-distance data collection is becoming increasingly important as autonomous driving systems gain in popularity. The suggested remedy for this problem is a gadget that would be mounted on every moving vehicle. This gadget would transmit data about the car (size, speed, acceleration, position, heading, etc.) and receive data about nearby cars with comparable equipment. This eliminates the need for intelligent vehicles to guess what other vehicles are doing around them. Vehicles can instead get this information directly from other vehicles on the road and spend more resources monitoring/tracking non-vehicular objects and feed their information directly to an intelligent system for further complex decision making. This report mainly consists of collecting data for M2M communication and analyzing data for V2V based protocols; establishing simple V2V communication with software tool and sample data; code for V2V communication using CCA with the help of AoDV; design and simulation of hardware architecture in its application. The simulation is performed on an open-source software which is created on its latest release. The test cases run is in a simulated environment of nodal communication representing clusters of vehicles on the radar interacting with each other. These nodes have reactive protocols such as Co- operative Collision Avoidance (CCA) and Ad-Hoc On Demand Distance Vectoring (AoDV). These aim at providing early warning and message routing using unicast and multicast. The results presented in this report show that the through-put, network-life, energy consumed and distance between the nodes are crucial factors that help route message passing between nodes in a given Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). The results obtained from the project discuss WSN communication using AoDV and CCA, along with this the hardware application is built on the idea to transfer vehicle information such as acceleration and displacement using the ESP-32 control module to establish communication that validates the message transmission between these modules in offline mode.

IMPAIRED SKIN MICROCIRCULATION DYNAMICS IN PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS: ASSOCIATION WITH ARTERIAL STIFFNESS AND CORONARY MICROVASCULAR PERFUSION

Objective: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by excess cardiovascular risk. Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging (LSCI) is a novel and highly reproducible technique for the real-time evaluation of skin microcirculation. However, relevant data using non-invasive laser techniques remain far too limited in RA, especially in patients free from cardiovascular risk factors with relatively suppressed inflammatory load. Design and method: We assessed skin microvascular function in a well-characterized sample of RA patients free from hypertension and cardiovascular diseases with low levels of systemic inflammation, compared to non-RA individuals. Microvascular function was dynamically evaluated using LSCI coupled with a post-occlusive reactive hyperaemia protocol. Applanation tonometry with the Sphygmocor device was applied to assess a) subendocardial viability ratio (SEVR) or Buckberg index as a functional marker of microvascular myocardial perfusion, b) carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) as a marker of macrovascular dysfunction. Results: We studied 35 patients with RA at remission or low disease activity, and 35 controls matched for cardiovascular risk factors. Skin microvascular responses were impaired in RA patients compared to controls, specifically baseline flux [46.8(18.9) vs 36.4(13.9) LSPUs, p &lt; 0.001], occlusion flux [12.4(13.5) vs 7.0(3.6) LSPUs, p = 0.001], time-to-peak [7.0(0.4) vs 11.0(8) sec, p &lt; 0.001], peak magnitude [113.1(25.4) vs 99.1(32.5) LSPUs, p = 0.017], peak-to-baseline magnitude [136.5(75.2) vs 172.1(65.9) %, p = 0.014], baseline cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) (0.54 ± 0.15 vs 0.44 ± 0.14 LSPUs/mmHg, p = 0.006), and percentage increase in CVC [139.5(75.3) vs 172.1(67.3) %, p = 0.011]. Moreover, SEVR was lower in RA patients compared to controls (140.6 ± 21.8 vs 157.2 ± 25.2%, p = 0.046), whereas PWV did not significantly differ. SEVR strongly and significantly correlated with nearly all LSCI indices (baseline and occlusion flux, peak magnitude, peak-to-baseline magnitude, baseline CVC, and percentage CVC increase). PWV significantly correlated only with baseline flux, occlusion flux, and time-to-peak. Conclusions: Microcirculation dynamics appear impaired even in RA patients with relatively low inflammatory load, regardless of cardiovascular risk factors. Importantly, we showed for the first time an association between impaired skin microvascular dynamics assessed with LSCI and microvascular myocardial perfusion using SEVR. Further studies need to evaluate the prognostic potential of LSCI in terms of cardiovascular risk in RA.

AODVMO: A Security Routing Protocol using One-Time Password Authentication Mechanism based on Mobile Agent

Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocols is one of the most popular reactive protocol used for Mobile Ad hoc Network and is a target of many Denial-of-Service attack types. In this article, we propose a solution for Initialization and Providing the OTP based on Mobile Agent (IPOM). We also propose a Security Routing Protocol using One-Time Password Authentication Mechanism based on Mobile Agent (AODVMO) by extending the original AODV protocol and integrating IPOM solution. Analysis results confirm that AODVMO can prevent almost current routing protocol attack types, such as Blackhole / Sinkhole, Grayhole, Whirlwind, and Wormhole types. Using NS2, we evaluate the packet overhead for providing OTP, the security performance on random waypoint network topology under Blackhole attacks and the effect of security mechanism to the original protocol. Simulation results show that the proposed solution works well, the performance of AODVMO is good under Blackhole attacks, and slightly reduced when integrating the security mechanism in scenarios without attacks.

Sulodexide Significantly Improves Endothelial Dysfunction and Alleviates Chest Pain and Palpitations in Patients With Long-COVID-19: Insights From TUN-EndCOV Study.

ObjectiveNon-respiratory long-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) symptoms are mainly related to a long-lasting endothelial dysfunction and microcirculation impairment. We hypothesized that Sulodexide, a purified glycosaminoglycan mixture with a beneficial endothelial effect in arterial and venous peripheral diseases, may be effective in a subset of patients with long COVID-19.Approach and ResultsWe conducted a multicenter prospective quasi-experimental study. A total of 290 patients from the TUN-EndCOV study with long-COVID-19 symptoms and endothelial dysfunction were included. The endothelial function was clinically assessed using a post-occlusive reactive hyperemia protocol with finger thermal monitoring device. Endothelial quality index (EQI) was assessed at inclusion and at 21 days later. The study population was assigned to a sulodexide group (144 patients) or a no-medical treatment group (146 patients). Clinical characteristics were similar at inclusion in the two groups. Fatigue, shortness of breath, and chest pain were the most common symptoms, respectively, 54.5, 53.8, and 28.3%. At 21 days, the sulodexide group improved significantly better than the no-medical treatment group in chest pain (83.7 vs. 43.6%, p < 10−3), palpitations (85.2 vs. 52.9%, p = 0.009), and endothelial function [median delta-EQI 0.66 (0.6) vs. 0.18 (0.3); p < 10−3]. Endothelial function improvement was significantly correlated with chest pain and palpitations recovery (AUC, i.e., area under the curve = 0.66, CI [0.57– 0.75], p = 0.001 and AUC = 0.60, CI [0.51– 0.69], p = 0.03, respectively).ConclusionSulodexide significantly improves long-lasting post-COVID-19 endothelial dysfunction and alleviates chest pain and palpitations.

A Comparative Study of Routing Protocols for Minimum Path Cost Matric in MANETS

The Routing is the process of transmitting data packets from one node to another another node from source to destination The Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANETs ) doesn't have any fixed network structure or any centralized process to administer. The selection of the route is important for performance of packet transfer from source to destination. These routing protocol are classified as inter domain routing and Intra domain routing protocol. The routing protocols have been classified into Non Reactive , Reactive and Hybrid protocols. In the present paper we proposes to compare reactive routing protocols videlicet Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocols, Temporarily Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA) and Associativity Grounded Routing (ABR) protocol.The Routing in MANETs is a one of the robustly and demanding task and has entered a great quantum of mindfulness from experimenters around the globe. To overcome this problem, a colorful number of routing classes have been introduced and the number is still rising day by day fastly. It's relatively hard to decide which protocols or routing classes may do well under an quantum of different network scripts similar as network volume and network topology etc. The study and performance of the above mentioned protocol has also been tabulated in the present two tables . The protocols are based on minimum power and temporary configuration of topology. The table 1 gives comparison of the main characteristics of routing protocols and Table2. provide comparison of various reactive routing protocol.

A Hybrid Routing Approach Comparison with AODV Protocol Regarding Speed for Disaster Management in MANET

The Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is a wireless, systematic, autonomous network that can be used in various situations without the need for central control. A disaster is a sudden event that disrupts normal activities. MANET can play an important role in a disaster situation. Situations where normal communication is already interrupted. The MANET route discovery is one of the most important aspects of data transfer in a disaster. Proactive and reactive routing protocols are used as standard in various uses of MANET due to their ease of construction and operation. Their combination makes it a way to get better route discovery and efficiency because long-term route contracts do not provide better performance on heavy traffic and load, especially in a disaster. Because the hybrid method is very useful for rapid convergence of network with low memory and power management. This study introduces a hybrid approach that combines proactive and reactive protocols for route discovery and link breakage. The simulation model was used for the proposed hybrid method. The results after the simulation show that hybrid approach offers better performance during packet delivery ratio, network load, end-to-end delay and throughput as compared to the AODV routing protocols.

Cooperative NOMA-Enabled SWIPT IoT Networks With Imperfect SIC: Performance Analysis and Deep Learning Evaluation

In this article, we propose a cooperative nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA)-enabled simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) Internet of Things (IoT) networks, where one information source harvests energy from a multiantennas power beacon (PB) to serve two IoT users via the help of multiple energy-limited relay nodes. To improve the performance of far IoT user, we propose reactive and proactive relay selection protocols together with time-power energy harvesting mechanism under imperfect successive interference cancellation. Closed-form expressions for the outage probability (OP), throughput, and energy efficiency (EE) of the proposed system are obtained, from which the asymptotic analysis for the throughput is also carried out. To further enhance the system performance, we propose a low-complexity method to optimize the outage and throughput performance subject to power allocation, time, and power splitting parameters. Toward real-time configurations in IoT networks, we design a deep learning framework for the sum-throughput and EE predictions with low computation complexity and high accuracy. The influences of antennas setting at PB, time-switching ratio, power-splitting ratio, power allocation factor, and the number of relays on the system OP, throughput, and EE are evaluated and discussed along with numerical results.

Hybrid Energy Efficient Secured Attribute based ZRP Aiding Authentic Data Transmission

The modern furtherance in mobile Ad-hoc networks with evolving technology is challenging the researcher’s calibre in several aspects concerning routing MANETS with dynamic structure rely on the routing factor for reliable transmission. Routing protocols dictate the performance of networks in Wireless environments. Practitioner’s research introduces routing protocols falling into categories like Proactive, Reactive and Hybrid routing protocols. Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP), a multicast routing protocol is gaining attention as it fusions the features of both proactive and Reactive protocols. Our work addresses the energy consumption issues and security breaches in the routing process of ZRP, thereby furnishing with a Hybrid Approach. The proposed Model leverages transmission efficiency by periodically reducing the number of unwanted nodes consuming energy and providing additional security instances using ABE-based encryption. Various Qualities of Service (QoS) parameters like throughput, end-to-end delay (E2ED), load balancing, energy consumption, and delivery ratio have shown that the hybrid technique is effective compared to the traditional ZRP.

Route Discovery Using Hybrid Approach for Disaster Management in MANET

A disaster situation is an event that alters in the normal execution of activities. A mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is a self-controlled, autonomous wireless network used in an uncertain environment with decentralized control. In disaster, when communication between nodes is not performed properly, MANET can impart an important role of communication between nodes in uncertain situations. In MANET, routing is considered one of the most salient aspects of data transfer in a disaster situation. Proactive and reactive protocols are used as standard in various applications of MANET owing to the simplicity in their design and performance. Combining three routing protocols makes a hybrid approach to get better performance inefficient route discovery and maintenance. This is because reactive routing protocols, sometimes, do not provide better performance in heavy traffic and load, especially in a disaster. This is because the hybrid approach is very useful for fast convergence with low memory and power management. This paper introduces an improved hybrid routing protocol (IHRP) approach that combines two reactive and one proactive routing protocol to provide efficient route discovery and maintenance mechanisms. The simulation environment is used for the proposed approach. Results after simulation illustrate that it provides better performance in data packet delivery, routing load, throughput, and end-to-end delay data packet delivery, routing load, throughput, and end-to-end delay than the Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) and Zone-based Routing Protocol (ZRP). The contrasting results between the IHRP and existing protocol indicate that the IHRP outperforms and increases the performance from 9% to 12%.

Predictability of Internet of Things Traffic at the Medium Access Control Layer Against Information-Theoretic Bounds

Most of the existing Medium Access Control (MAC) layer protocols for the Internet of Things (IoT) model the traffic generated by each IoT device via random arrivals such as those in a Poisson process. Under this model, since it is implied that IoT device traffic cannot be predicted, only reactive MAC-layer protocols in which the network responds to the current traffic are viable. In contrast, recent work has demonstrated that the traffic generated by an individual IoT device can be predictable, thus enabling predictive network protocols at the MAC layer. In this paper, we investigate information-theoretic bounds on the predictability of IoT traffic of individual devices. To this end, first, we compare the performance achieved by the following state-of-the-art forecasters on individual IoT device traffic: Logistic Regression, Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), 1-Dimensional Convolutional Neural Network (1D CNN), and Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) as well as MLP under feature selection based on Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Auto-Correlation Function (ACF). Second, we quantify the gap between the performance of these forecasters against information-theoretic bounds as follows: For IoT devices that generate a fixed number of bits at each generation instance, we measure the gap between the forecasting accuracy and the information-theoretic bound established by Fano’s inequality on the probability of correct prediction. Our empirical results show that existing forecasting schemes perform close to the information-theoretic bound in this case. For IoT devices that generate a variable number of bits, we measure the gap between the Mean Square Error (MSE) and the estimation-theoretic counterpart to Fano’s inequality. Our empirical results show that the performance of existing forecasting schemes is far from the information-theoretic bound in this case. This work thus motivates the machine learning community to develop forecasting schemes that approach information-theoretic bounds. Furthermore, this work is expected to impact the development of predictive MAC-layer protocols that exploit these bounds.

On-demand based wireless with hybrid cryptography in MANET

The self-configuring ability of nodes in Mobile Adhoc Network (MANETs) made it popular among critical applications like military use or natural emergency recovery. Most of the proposed protocols assume that all nodes in the network are cooperative, and do not address any security issue. To adjust such trend, it is vital to address its potential security issues. The main objective of this paper is to define the path for security and to further improve delay, energy, throughput, routing overhead, packet delivery ratio and at the same time to create energy enhanced way with excellent security. In this paper, performance analysis of hybrid cryptography with reactive protocol Elliptic Curve Cryptography - Ad hoc On- Demand Distance Vector Routing (ECC-AODV) designed for MANET. In this design there is a two key encryption technique based on elliptic curve based theory that can be used to create faster, smaller, and more energetic and efficient cryptography. Network Simulator (NS2) is used to implement and test the proposed system.

Relationship Between Psychosocial Stress and Blood Pressure: The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study.

IntroductionVarious domains of psychosocial stress have been significantly related to blood pressure. However, ambiguity is present in how these relationships are defined in the literature.ObjectiveTo add to the existing literature and examine the relationship between psychosocial stress (financial strain and job strain) and other cofactors on blood pressure.MethodsThis secondary analysis is designed to analyze the relationship between levels of job and financial stress and blood pressure outcomes among participants in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Family Heart Study 2004–2008. The descriptive, cross-sectional design uses data from a subset of study participants, 350 White and 195 Black (n = 545), 338 female (62%), and all aged 18–56 years. Psychosocial stress was measured using the Singh Stress Scale. Resting systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure values obtained on a stress reactivity protocol day in the primary study, as well as calculated mean arterial pressure (MAP) were used for this analysis. Multivariate linear regression analyses were used to explore the relationship between psychosocial stress and blood pressure.ResultsIn this young cohort, self-report of either financial strain or job strain was associated with lower blood pressure levels than those of participants who reported neither stressor. Differential sex and race effects appear to contribute to these results. Blood pressure levels were not significantly associated with self-report of both stressors.ConclusionUnderstanding the effects of various forms of stress on blood pressure may inform more precise HTN risk-factor screening and interventions to improve BP management.

Self-Conscious Affect Is Modulated by Rapid Eye Movement Sleep but Not by Targeted Memory Reactivation–A Pilot Study

The neurophysiological properties of rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) are believed to tune down stressor-related emotional responses. While prior experimental findings are controversial, evidence suggests that affective habituation is hindered if REMS is fragmented. To elucidate the topic, we evoked self-conscious negative affect in the participants (N = 32) by exposing them to their own out-of-tune singing in the evening. Affective response to the stressor was measured with skin conductance response and subjectively reported embarrassment. To address possible inter-individual variance toward the stressor, we measured the shame-proneness of participants with an established questionnaire. The stressor was paired with a sound cue to pilot a targeted memory reactivation (TMR) protocol during the subsequent night's sleep. The sample was divided into three conditions: control (no TMR), TMR during slow-wave sleep, and TMR during REMS. We found that pre- to post-sleep change in affective response was not influenced by TMR. However, REMS percentage was associated negatively with overnight skin conductance response habituation, especially in those individuals whose REMS was fragmented. Moreover, shame-proneness interacted with REM fragmentation such that the higher the shame-proneness, the more the affective habituation was dependent on non-fragmented REMS. In summary, the potential of REMS in affective processing may depend on the quality of REMS as well as on individual vulnerability toward the stressor type.