Reaction Patterns Research Articles

Arts and psychomotor therapies in personality disorder treatment: An appropriate therapeutic entrance to personal development: A commentary.

Personality disorders (PD) are based not just on maladaptive ideas about self and others, they also are grounded on embodied patterns of behaviors and reactions to interpersonal stressors. There is growing interest in working with the body and through the body so to address automatisms that lead to suffering and dysfunctional social action. In this issue of the Journal of Clinical Psychology: In-Session the use of art and psychomotor therapies for these patients was explored by seven different clinical perspectives. Patients described presented with different PD and associated symptoms. The arts and psychomotor therapies deployed in personality disorder treatment are: (visual) art therapy, music therapy, drama therapy, dance (movement) therapy, and psychomotor therapy making psychotherapeutic use of the different modalities: art, music, play, role-play, performance, improvisation, dance, body awareness and movement. Interventions provide kinesthetic, sensory, perceptual, and symbolic opportunities to invite alternative modes of meaning-making, accessing own needs and wishes, and communicating them to others. In this commentary we summarize some of the different topics covered by the clinical-based papers, including working mechanisms of arts and psychomotor therapies, the importance of bottom-up emotion regulation processes, how to treat trauma in the presence of a PD, how to integrate art and psychomotor therapies in a fine-grained formulation and how to understand the process of change. Although there is a need for more empirical research, we hope this issue makes a solid case that clinicians can effectively include art and psychomotor therapies when treating the full range of PD.

Enantioselective Cascade Reactions of Aminocatalytic Dienamines and Trienamines Initiated by a Cycloaddition Reaction.

Cycloadditions are widely accepted as a group of reactions that rapidly generate molecular complexity. Being highly atom economic and often predictable, these reactions can generate up to four stereogenic centers and two C-C (or C-X) bonds in one reaction step. During the last two decades, asymmetric aminocatalysis has shown to be a successful strategy for controlling stereoselectivity and enabling reactivity of cycloaddition reactions. By increasing the conjugation of the carbonyl species employed, dienamines and trienamines can be catalytically formed. Not only can these facilitate the cycloaddition, often accompanied by high levels of stereocontrol, but they also leave a residual enamine or carbonyl (by hydrolysis) in the cycloadduct. This residual functionality can engage in further intramolecular reactions generating complex cyclic systems in a one-pot cascade manner. In this regard, asymmetric aminocatalysis can add another layer of complexity to the already complex nature of cycloadditions. In this review, we will present the general concept of such reactivity patterns of dienamines and trienamines, and hereafter showcase examples in the literature. We aspire that the chemical community can use these concepts to design new enantioselective aminocatalytic cascade reactions to access enantioenriched, complex compounds, and perhaps use these in complex molecule synthesis.

Comparison of MIB‐1‐Specific Membrane Staining in Hyalinising Trabecular Tumor Using Mainstream Automated Immunohistochemical Staining Platforms

ABSTRACTBackgroundMIB‐1, a monoclonal antibody against Ki‐67, exhibits specific membrane staining in the immunohistochemistry of hyalinising trabecular tumor (HTT). This specific staining pattern is crucial in diagnosing HTT. Although manual immunohistochemical staining remains the established method for MIB‐1 staining, this process is complicated, inconsistent, and prone to false negatives.MethodsThis study aimed to explore whether the classical reaction pattern can be replicated by utilizing the current mainstream automated immunohistochemical staining platforms. Furthermore, we examined the effect of different conditions on staining efficiency and their value in clinical diagnosis assistance.ResultsSpecimens obtained from eight and six cases of HTT and non‐HTT, respectively, from a single center were stained using the manual staining method and the Dako Autostainer Link 48 (AS48), Dako Omnis, Ventana BenchMark ULTRA, and Leica BOND‐III automated immunohistochemical staining platforms. The Autostainer Link 48 was found to be the most stable staining platform, while the BenchMark ULTRA with primary antibody incubation at room temperature (RT) and the Omnis platform with antigen retrieval at pH 9.0 were able to reproduce membrane‐positive staining for MIB‐1 in the HTT specimens.ConclusionsOur results offer crucial reference value for clinical diagnostic assistance.

Iodine(III)-Mediated Photochemical C-H Azolation.

A systematic radical polarity analysis framework is formulated herein for the projection of radical reactivity patterns. An iodine(III)-mediated photochemical C-H azolation reaction has been envisaged and developed based on the set of empirical guidelines. The synthesis features an environmentally benign reagent, mild reaction conditions, an operationally simple protocol, and a broad substrate scope. The inclusive demonstration of reactivity for ether, thioether, amide, benzylic, and allylic C-H bonds promises wide-ranging synthetic utility.

Hydrogen-Bond-Assisted Catalysis: Hydroxylation of Paclitaxel by Human CYP2C8.

Paclitaxel (PTX, or Taxol), a chemotherapeutic agent widely employed in the treatment of various cancers, undergoes metabolic transformations through the cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP3A4 and CYP2C8. CYP3A4 catalyzes the aromatic hydroxylation reaction of PTX, whereas CYP2C8 demonstrates a distinct reactivity pattern, producing 6α-hydroxypaclitaxel via alkane hydroxylation. Despite the significant impact of PTX metabolism on its anticancer efficacy, the detailed mechanisms underlying these transformations have remained largely unclear. In this study, we employed hybrid quantum mechanics and molecular mechanics (QM/MM) calculations to elucidate the mechanism of PTX metabolism by human CYP2C8. Our QM/MM results reveal that the hydroxylation of PTX by CYP2C8 follows an atypical rebound mechanism. Either of the two hydrogen atoms at the C6 position of PTX can be abstracted, leading to a common radical intermediate. Although the subsequent rebound barrier is unusually high, stereochemical scrambling is unlikely, as the rebound barrier for the formation of the 6α-hydroxylated PTX─the actual product─is significantly lower than that for the 6β-hydroxylated metabolite. Thus, product selectivity is determined by the non-rate-determining rebound step. Furthermore, the hydroxyl group at the C7 position of PTX plays a catalytic role by facilitating the hydrogen abstraction and rebound steps. Our study also confirms a pronounced stability of the transition state in the high-spin sextet spin state, enabled by the enzyme's specific substrate positioning.

Modifying the Methodology of Letter Cancellation Test for Digital Representation

Standard tools of attention diagnosis have seen only a few attempts of modernization. A theoretical and methodological analysis revealed data contradictions both in assignment and criteria. Digital versions of cognitive diagnostic material could be more objective due to modern hardware and software methods that register psychophysiological indicators. This research was an attempt to digitalize a standard letter variant of letter cancellation test. It involved a theoretical and methodological analysis of attention studies and diagnostic methods. The authors developed new stimulus material for digital attention tests and studied them using oculography. The research involved 90 people (33 men and 57 women) aged 16–70 y.o. The oculography revealed a set of oculomotor reactions that made it possible to describe the peculiarities of attention process and its stages, as well as to establish such a phenomenon as inattention blindness. The experiment also revealed some stable patterns in search strategies and oculomotor reactions that occurred during the testing. While searching for a target stimulus in a limited time, respondents usually employ two basic strategies: 1) they read elementary units of information to integrate them into a single image; 2) they stick to symbolic content with subsequent selective processing to select the target stimulus from the information flow. In this research, however, the participants also used additional strategies: 3) they completely ignored the target word; 4) they reduced the volume of the target stimulus (incomplete response) with its complete detection by oculomotor reactions; 5) they combined elements mechanically; 6) they turned to confabulation.

Pattern of Adverse Drug Reactions and Performed Monitoring Laboratory-Tests in Patients Receiving Anti Tuberculosis Treatment in an Endemic Region, Zabol

Background: Efficient anti TB treatment considered crucial globally. Anti TB drugs can cause various adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Clinical and laboratory monitoring will decrease rate of these ADRs, improve patient safety as well as drug adherence and treatment outcome. Methods: In this cross-sectional study total of 136 newly diagnosed TB patients were included. All patients received standard anti-TB 4 drug regimen. Predesigned data collection forms were used to gather patient’s lab data as well as clinical symptoms they experienced during treatment course. Monthly follow up visits or phone calls were also performed by investigators and all health issues were recorded. Results: The majority of our patients aged over 70-year-old. About 54% of them were female. We recorded at least one ADR in 80.8% of patients, and hepatic-gastrointestinal (GI) ADRs ranked first (64.7%). Although ADRs were more common in women and patients over 70-year-old, but there was no statistically significant relationship between sex or age and rate of ADRs (P> 0.05). We also observed that recommended baseline laboratory tests for monitoring anti TB treatment was not performed in any of our patients, except complete blood count (CBC) that was performed in 11 cases. This led to diagnoses of anemia and thrombocytopenia in one case. Conclusion: The majority of our patients experienced ADR. Recommended drug monitoring tests that could guarantee safe and effective treatment were not performed routinely in our TB management centres. These facts highlighted the importance of improving surveillance system for TB management based on national standards.

Clones reactive to apoptotic cells and specific chemical adducts are prevalent among human thymic B cells

IntroductionThymus resident B cells were described more than 40 years ago. In early human life, these cells are found predominantly in the medulla and overwhelmingly display an unswitched IgM+ phenotype. The reactivity of thymic IgM B cells, however, is still unclear.MethodsHere, we generated 120 IgM-producing B cell clones from 3 separate thymus specimens obtained from infant, adolescent, and adult donors. Using flow cytometry and a unique high-dimensional ELISA platform, we investigated the clones’ reactivity to apoptotic cells as well as to common chemical adducts exposed on modified amino acids and other macromolecules.ResultsRegardless of the age, approximately 30-40% of thymic IgM B cells reacted to apoptotic cells. Further, 30-40% displayed reactivity to at least one adduct, including malondialdehyde, Homocysteine, and NEDD 8. Four distinct reactivity patterns were identified through this profiling. Notably, a significant association was observed between reactivity to apoptotic cells, and to one or more adducts, suggesting that the same determinants were recognized in both assays. Additionally, thymic IgM B cells reactive to adducts were more likely to recognize intra-nuclear or intra-cytoplasmic structures in Hep-2 cells as revealed by immunofluorescence staining.Conclusion/DiscussionCollectively, our findings suggest that thymic IgM B cells actively uptake apoptotic bodies and cellular debris in the medulla by binding specific chemical adducts. This mechanism could underpin their antigen-presenting function and further support their role in T-cell negative selection.

Reactivity of Diruthenium Bisborylene Complexes: Formation of B-C and B-H Bonds via Borylene Ligand Coupling.

Thermal or photoinduced isomerization of diruthenium bridging bisborylene complexes [{Cp*(H)2Ru}2(μ-BAr)2] (1a, Ar = Ph; 1b, Ar = 3,4,5-F3C6H2) led to nido-ruthenacarboranes 2a and 2b with newly formed B-C and B-H bonds. The reaction mechanism was analyzed by deuterium-labeling experiments and density functional theory calculations. Additionally, 2-fold B-H coupling between borylene and two hydrido ligands of 1a can be achieved, assisted by Lewis base IPr2Me2 to generate a dinuclear bridging borylene complex [(Cp*Ru)2(μ-H)2(μ-BPh)] (3). Our results provide new reactivity patterns for borylene-based functionalizations.

Sharing a Stage in the Arena of Agency

Abstract Exactly five hundred years ago today, Erasmus engaged with Martin Luther in a debate on free will that continues to inspire, even if it evokes a notion of freedom that is no longer ours in every respect. Emphasising the need for a common-sense reading of Holy Scripture that did not require making conjectures about the existence of hidden forms of divine justice inconsistent with our own, Erasmus confronted Luther with the fact that his “necessitating” notion of grace was not in any way representative of earlier theological positions acknowledging the notion of free will. Refusing to be drawn towards an interpretation of grace that denied human beings the ability to activate the full spectrum of their natural reaction patterns, Erasmus stayed clear of translating earlier theological positions on grace in terms of an overruling of human agency. His theology continued to inspire later generations to work on their moral development rather than to act out of fear for divine retribution. Despite his name as a sceptic and a rhetorician, Erasmus’ decidedly this-worldly interpretation of religious doctrine not only reveals his argumentative agility and deep theoretical insight; it also prompts a universalist approach in theology that consistently favours a predisposition towards the humane.

Detection of novel pathogenic variants of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae in California

AbstractFusarium wilt, caused by the soilborne fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae (FOL), is an economically important disease of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) throughout the world. Four pathogenic races of FOL are reported, though only race 1 is known to exist in the United States. Recently, Californian lettuce growers have expressed increasing concern about Fusarium wilt, as some race 1‐resistant cultivars have exhibited susceptibility, and some susceptible cultivars have displayed reduced disease severity. To determine whether such changes in disease patterns are responses to potentially novel variants, we collected infected plants from commercial fields in the Salinas Valley and Santa Maria regions, isolated the fungus, and conducted a series of pathogenicity tests using a set of FOL race differential cultivars over 2 years (2022 and 2023) in controlled conditions. Pathogenicity tests revealed two new FOL variants that elicited novel disease reaction patterns on the set of differential cultivars that have not been previously described. Isolates Fol621 and Fol621s were less aggressive on race 1‐susceptible Banchu Red Fire, designated Variant‐1. Isolate VSP‐0916 incited severe Fusarium wilt on race 1‐resistant Costa Rica No. 4, designated Variant‐2. Moreover, VSP‐0916 exhibited high aggressiveness and the ability to induce disease in other race 1‐resistant cultivars. This study is the first documentation, to our knowledge, of the occurrence of FOL‐inciting Fusarium wilt on race 1‐resistant lettuce in the United States. Our work provides valuable information critical for the development of Fusarium wilt management strategies, including broad‐spectrum resistance breeding efforts against multiple FOL races.

Safety of Hepatitis B Virus Screening in Blood Donors from the Hospital Foundation of Hematology and Hemotherapy of the State of Amazonas (HEMOAM) in the Brazilian Amazon

Background: Hepatitis B is an infectious disease of worldwide importance and of great interest to transfusion medicine. The Amazon region has areas of high endemicity, outlining a worrying scenario for transfusion and epidemiological safety. Objective: To analyze the profiles of serological and molecular markers for HBV of blood donors from HEMOAM. Methods: Blood donors with different patterns of reactivity in serological and molecular screening for HBV were tested for viral load by the qPCR method at the reference center for liver diseases in the state of Amazonas. Results: A total of 230,591 donors were tested, with 3104 (1.34%) found reactive for HBV and 2790 (89.9%) found reactive for isolated anti-HBc. Viral load was not detected in 100% of donors reactive only to HBsAg, while 100% of donors with positive anti-HBc and positive HBsAg or HBV NAT demonstrated a detectable viral load. We also detected one case of occult hepatitis B (0.03%) only with reactive HBV NAT and five donors (0.2%) with positive anti-HBc and HBV NAT. Conclusions: With this result, the great importance of the anti-HBc test for the unsuitability of blood donors was verified, as well as the fundamental introduction of the HBV NAT test in screening for hepatitis B in Brazilian blood banks, as this was the only way to detect the viral infection burden in asymptomatic donors who previously would not be treated, which contributed to the maintenance of the endemicity of hepatitis B in the Brazilian Amazon.

Transfusion reaction patterns by blood component

Abstract Introduction/Objective Blood transfusion is becoming safer by continuous improvement of donor screening, patient identification, blood management, and infectious disease screening. This study was conducted to examine the rate and characteristics of transfusion reactions in the setting of universal leukoreduction of cellular products as well as pathogen reduction and/or irradiation of apheresis platelets. Methods/Case Report Data from the blood bank database for a 5-year period from 1/1/2019 to 12/31/2023 was collected. Transfusion reaction data as reported to National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) was analyzed. Results (if a Case Study enter NA) A total of 134,552 transfusions and 491 transfusion reactions were reported over the study period, resulting in the overall transfusion reaction rate of 0.36%. Allergic reaction was the most common reaction (38%), followed by febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction (FNHTR, 30%), delayed serologic transfusion reaction (DSTR, 14%), transfusion-associated circulatory overload (TACO, 10%), and transfusion-associated dyspnea (TAD, 4%). Platelets had the highest rate of transfusion reaction at 0.61% (n=167 of 27,180), red blood cells (RBC) at 0.35% (n=289 of 82,963), plasma at 0.13% (n=24 of 19,114), and cryoprecipitate at 0.06% (n=3 of 5295). The most common reaction associated with platelet transfusion was allergic reaction (64%, n=107), while FNHTR was the most common reaction associated with RBC transfusion (37%, n=106). By severity, 9 (2%) reactions were life-threatening, 21 (4%) were severe, 374 (75%) were non-severe, and 87 (18%) were not determined. Of life-threatening reactions, allergic reactions were the most common (5 of 9), while TACO was the most common severe reaction (9 of 21). Platelets were the most commonly implicated component in life- threatening reactions (4 allergic and 2 TACO), and RBCs were more commonly implicated in severe reactions. Conclusion Platelet transfusions were associated with a higher rate of transfusion reactions and life-threatening allergic reactions compared to other blood components.

Divalent Lanthanide Hydride Complexes

Molecular hydride complexes have attracted recent attention, and divalent lanthanides as central atoms in particular are very interesting. They open up possibilities of combining hydride reactivity and lanthanide reactivity. To date, only Yb(II), Eu(II) and Sm(II) as well as a mixed‐valent Dy(II)/Dy(III) hydride complexes have been isolated and characterised but the known examples are still low in numbers. In this contribution the development of divalent lanthanide chemistry is summarised, and structural features, reactivity patterns in stoichiometric and catalytic reactions as well as spectroscopic details are outlined.

Access to Alkenyl Cyclobutanols by Ni‐Catalyzed Regio‐ and Enantio‐selective syn‐Hydrometalative 4‐exo‐trig Cyclization of Alkynones

Enantioselective synthesis of (spiro)cyclobutane derivatives poses significant challenges yet holds promising applications for both synthetic and medicinal chemistry. We report here a nickel‐catalyzed asymmetric syn‐hydrometalative 4‐exo‐trig cyclization of alkynones to synthesize alkenyl cyclobutanols with a tetrasubstituted stereocenter. This strategy features a broad substrate scope, delivering a variety of trifluoromethyl‐containing rigid (spiro)carbocycle skeletons in good yields and high enantioselectivities (up to 84% yield and 98.5:1.5 er). The synthetic utility is demonstrated through stereospecific transformations into fused spirocycles. Experimental and computational mechanistic studies indicate that the reaction is initiated by an active Ni–H species, with carbonyl‐directed hydrometalation as the key for regioselective control. This catalytic method provides a general solution for regioselective hydrofunctionalization of alkynes and represents an efficient reaction pattern for assembling highly strained enantioenriched bioisosteres.

Access to Alkenyl Cyclobutanols by Ni-Catalyzed Regio- and Enantio-selective syn-Hydrometalative 4-exo-trig Cyclization of Alkynones.

Enantioselective synthesis of (spiro)cyclobutane derivatives poses significant challenges yet holds promising applications for both synthetic and medicinal chemistry. We report here a nickel-catalyzed asymmetric syn-hydrometalative 4-exo-trig cyclization of alkynones to synthesize alkenyl cyclobutanols with a tetrasubstituted stereocenter. This strategy features a broad substrate scope, delivering a variety of trifluoromethyl-containing rigid (spiro)carbocycleskeletons in good yields and high enantioselectivities (up to 84% yield and 98.5:1.5 er). The synthetic utility is demonstrated through stereospecific transformations into fused spirocycles. Experimental and computational mechanistic studies indicate that the reaction is initiated by an active Ni-H species, with carbonyl-directed hydrometalation as the key for regioselective control.This catalytic method provides a general solution for regioselective hydrofunctionalization of alkynesandrepresents an efficient reaction pattern for assembling highly strained enantioenriched bioisosteres.

Assessment and Monitoring of Adverse Drug Reactions at a Tertiary Care Hospital

Background: Incidences of adverse drug reactions were reported through spontane-ous reporting at an ADR monitoring unit in a tertiary care hospital. Aims: This study was conducted to describe the distribution pattern of adverse drug reaction (ADR). Objective: The objective of this study was to monitor and report the adverse drug reactions (ADRs) occurring in a tertiary care hospital and to evaluate the incidence, causality, severity, and preventability of adverse drug reactions. Methods: A prospective, observational study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Punjab for 6 months. All patients admitted to the hospital above 18 years of age were included in the study. Results: A total of 103 ADRs were observed over the study period of 6 months. The majority of them were females (60), comprising of 58.25%. The therapeutic class of drug associated with most of the ADRs was antibiotics 18 (17.5%). Maximum number of ADRs occurred in the gen-eral medicine ward with frequency of 27 (26.2%) and were of type b 58 (56.3%). Causality was assessed using the Naranjo scale, and most of the ADRs came out to be probable 64 (62.1%) in nature. Severity was assessed using Hartwig’s severity assessment scale, and most of the cases, 66 (64.1%), were moderate in intensity. ADR preventability was assessed using the Schumock and Thornton preventability scale, and it was observed that most of the cases, 82 (79.6%), were not preventable. Conclusion: This study seeks to strengthen the ADR database through analysis of spontaneous reporting patterns of ADRs from various clinical departments of a tertiary care teaching hospital, thereby increasing awareness and improving the reporting culture among health care practition-ers. It can be concluded that continuous medication monitoring and a well-organized and com-mitted pharmacovigilance system led by a clinical pharmacist in a hospital setting would un-doubtedly lower the incidence of adverse drug reactions.

Comparison of patch testing Brazilian (Green) propolis and Chinese (poplar-type) propolis: Clinical epidemiological study using data from the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK).

Propolis types differ regarding their chemical composition. To compare patch test results based on Brazilian (Green) propolis with data based on Chinese (poplar-type) propolis, and to evaluate the specifications of raw materials used for the PT preparations. In the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK), 1290 consecutive patients were patch tested with Brazilian (Green) propolis (NH400, SmartPractice Europe). Patch test reactivity was compared with results obtained with Chinese (poplar-type) propolis (NA71, SmartPractice Europe) by calculating frequencies and corresponding 95% confidence intervals. Data on the specifications of raw materials used for NH400 and NA71 were obtained from the manufacturer. Positive reactions to NH400 were found in 303 (23.5%) patients with unclear clinical relevance in most cases. Patients reacting to NH400 were less often sensitised to fragrances and colophony, but more often to nickel sulphate and cobalt chloride than patients reacting to NA71. The NH400 batch used contained high levels of aerobic bacteria, and was not purified by ethanolic extraction. Pattern of concomitant reactivity along with raw material properties suggests that the high frequency of positive reactions to NH400 may primarily result from bacterial contamination or impurities in the PT preparation rather than from propolis constituents.

Structural Insights and Reaction Profile of a New Unspecific Peroxygenase from Marasmius wettsteinii Produced in a Tandem-Yeast Expression System.

Fungal unspecific peroxygenases (UPOs) are gaining momentum in synthetic chemistry. Of special interest is the UPO from Marasmius rotula (MroUPO), which shows an exclusive repertoire of oxyfunctionalizations, including the terminal hydroxylation of alkanes, the α-oxidation of fatty acids and the C-C cleavage of corticosteroids. However, the lack of heterologous expression systems to perform directed evolution has impeded its engineering for practical applications. Here, we introduce a close ortholog of MroUPO, a UPO gene from Marasmius wettsteinii (MweUPO-1), that has a similar reaction profile to MroUPO and for which we have set up a directed evolution platform based on tandem-yeast expression. Recombinant MweUPO-1 was produced at high titers in the bioreactor (0.7 g/L) and characterized at the biochemical and atomic levels. The conjunction of soaking crystallographic experiments at a resolution up to 1.6 Å together with the analysis of reaction patterns sheds light on the substrate preferences of this promiscuous biocatalyst.

Navigating cross-reactivity and host species effects in a serological assay: A case study of the microscopic agglutination test for Leptospira serology.

Serology (the detection of antibodies formed by the host against an infecting pathogen) is frequently used to assess current infections and past exposure to specific pathogens. However, the presence of cross-reactivity among host antibodies in serological data makes it challenging to interpret the patterns and draw reliable conclusions about the infecting pathogen or strain. In our study, we use microscopic agglutination test (MAT) serological data from three host species [California sea lion (Zalophus californianus), island fox (Urocyon littoralis), and island spotted skunk (Spilogale gracilis)] with confirmed infections to assess differences in cross-reactivity by host species and diagnostic laboratory. All host species are known to be infected with the same serovar of Leptospira interrogans. We find that absolute and relative antibody titer magnitudes vary systematically across host species and diagnostic laboratories. Despite being infected by the same Leptospira serovar, three host species exhibit different cross-reactivity profiles to a 5-serovar diagnostic panel. We also observe that the cross-reactive antibody titer against a non-infecting serovar can remain detectable after the antibody titer against the infecting serovar declines below detectable levels. Cross-reactivity in serological data makes interpretation difficult and can lead to common pitfalls. Our results show that the highest antibody titer is not a reliable indicator of infecting serovar and highlight an intriguing role of host species in shaping reactivity patterns. On the other side, seronegativity against a given serovar does not rule out that serovar as the cause of infection. We show that titer magnitudes can be influenced by both host species and diagnostic laboratory, indicating that efforts to interpret absolute titers (e.g., as indicators of recent infection) must be calibrated to the system under study. Thus, we implore scientists and health officials using serological data for surveillance to interpret the data with caution.