Reactive Oxygen And Nitrogen Species Research Articles

Selenomethionine Supplementation Contributes to Reducing Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Markers following Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage

Background. Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) is a temporary response to intense or prolonged exercise that can cause muscle pain, inflammation, and impaired muscle function. Antioxidant supplementation is a proposed strategy to reduce EIMD symptoms by targeting reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) involved in the process. Objective. The study aimed to investigate the effect of Selenomethionine supplementation on malondialdehyde (MDA) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels resulting from Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage (EIMD). Materials and methods. This study used a randomized pretest-posttest control group design, involving a total of 32 male recreational students from the State University of Surabaya (Indonesian: Universitas Negeri Surabaya), (age 19.25 ± 0.76 years, body mass 63.16 ± 3.38 kg, height 167.28 ± 4.54 cm, body fat 19.60% ± 4.57%). The participants were randomly assigned to the selenomethionine group (SEM, 100 µg/day) or placebo group (PLA, corn starch 100 mg/day) for a period of 28 days (4 weeks). On days 1 (baseline) and 29, participants underwent a single bout of EIMD. Blood samples were collected 24 hours post-EIMD to measure MDA and CRP concentrations in plasma. The statistical analysis was conducted using paired sample t-test. Results. The placebo group experienced a significant increase in plasma MDA and CRP concentrations after EIMD compared with baseline values (p < 0.05). However, the SeMet group showed lower plasma MDA and CRP levels than the placebo group. Conclusions. Daily Selenomethionine supplementation for 28 days has been found to reduce oxidative stress by lowering MDA levels in the blood and to decrease inflammation by reducing CRP levels post-exercise-induced muscle damage. This indicates a lower risk of EIMD due to reduced oxidative stress and inflammation.

Unlocking Novel Anticancer Strategies: Bioactive Hydrogels for Local Delivery of Plasma-Derived Oxidants in an In Ovo Cancer Model.

Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) is a tool with the ability to generate reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), which can induce therapeutic effects like disinfection, wound healing, and cancer treatment. In the plasma oncology field, CAP-treated hydrogels (PTHs) are being explored for the local administration of CAP-derived RONS as a novel anticancer approach. PTHs have shown anticancer effects in vitro, however, they have not yet been studied in more relevant cancer models. In this context, the present study explores for the first time the therapeutic potential of PTHs using an advanced in ovo cancer model. PTHs composed of alginate (Alg), gelatin (Gel), Alg/Gel combination, or Alg/hyaluronic acid (HA) combination are investigated. All embryos survived the PTHs treatment, suggesting that the in ovo model could become a time- and cost-effective tool for developing hydrogel-based anticancer approaches. Results revealed a notable reduction in CD44+ cell population and their proliferative state for the CAP-treated Alg-HA condition. Moreover, the CAP-treated Alg-HA formulation alters the extracellular matrix composition, which may help combat drug-resistance. In conclusion, the present study validates the utility of in ovo cancer model for PTHs exploration and highlights the promising potential of Alg-based PTHs containing HA and CAP-derived RONS for cancer treatment.

The Potential of Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasmas for the Direct Degradation of Organic Pollutants Derived from the Food Production Industry.

Specialized chemicals are used for intensifying food production, including boosting meat and crop yields. Among the applied formulations, antibiotics and pesticides pose a severe threat to the natural balance of the ecosystem, as they either contribute to the development of multidrug resistance among pathogens or exhibit ecotoxic and mutagenic actions of a persistent character. Recently, cold atmospheric pressure plasmas (CAPPs) have emerged as promising technologies for degradation of these organic pollutants. CAPP-based technologies show eco-friendliness and potency for the removal of organic pollutants of diverse chemical formulas and different modes of action. For this reason, various types of CAPP-based systems are presented in this review and assessed in terms of their constructions, types of discharges, operating parameters, and efficiencies in the degradation of antibiotics and persistent organic pollutants. Additionally, the key role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) is highlighted. Moreover, optimization of the CAPP operating parameters seems crucial to effectively remove contaminants. Finally, the CAPP-related paths and technologies are further considered in terms of biological and environmental effects associated with the treatments, including changes in antibacterial properties and toxicity of the exposed solutions, as well as the potential of the CAPP-based strategies for limiting the spread of multidrug resistance.

A Nonclinical Safety Evaluation of Cold Atmospheric Plasma for Medical Applications: The Role of Genotoxicity and Mutagenicity Studies.

Atmospheric nonthermal plasma (ANTP) has rapidly evolved as an innovative tool in biomedicine with various applications, especially in treating skin diseases. In particular, the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS), which are generated by ANTP, plays an important role in the biological signaling pathways of human cells. Unfortunately, excessive amounts of these reactive species significantly result in cellular damage and cell death induction. To ensure the safe application of ANTP, preclinical in vitro studies must be conducted before proceeding to in vivo or clinical trials involving humans. Our study aimed to investigate adverse effects on genetic substances in murine fibroblast cells exposed to ANTP. Cell viability and proliferation were markedly reduced after exposing the cells with plasma. Both extracellular and intracellular reactive species, especially RNS, were significantly increased upon plasma exposure in the culture medium and the cells. Notably, significant DNA damage in the cells was observed in the cells exposed to plasma. However, plasma was not classified as a mutagen in the Ames test. This suggested that plasma led to the generation of both extracellular and intracellular reactive species, particularly nitrogen species, which affect cell proliferation and are also known to induce genetic damage in fibroblast cells. These results highlight the genotoxic and mutagenic effects of ANTP, emphasizing the need for the cautious selection of plasma intensity in specific applications to avoid adverse side effects resulting from reactive species production.

Stress enhances expression of calcium‐binding proteins and NMDAR subunit genes in the rat hippocampus

AbstractBackgroundsOxidative stress impairs the function of calcium‐binding proteins and deregulates calcium signaling in living organisms. We have previously explored the overexpression of calcium‐binding protein genes in a reactive oxygen and nitrogen species‐induced in vitro cell model of stress that leads to apoptosis. However, in in vivo models, low levels of stress leads to depressive‐like behavior. Here, we aimed to analyze gene expression of major calcium‐binding proteins (calcineurin, calmodulin, calsyntenin, synaptotagmin, and calreticulin) and N‐methyl‐d‐aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor subunits (glutamate receptor ionotropic [GluN] GluN1, GluN2A, and GluN2B) in the hippocampus of stress‐induced rats.MethodsSix‐week‐old male Wistar rats were assigned to two stress induction groups and a control group without stress (n = 6). Stress was induced by using H2O2 (3% in water) or by immobilization (using a sticky mat) over a period of 30 days. Expression of calcium‐binding protein genes in the hippocampus, antioxidant assays, structural alterations in hippocampal neurons, and depressive‐like behavior were determined.ResultsExpression of genes encoding calcium‐binding proteins calcineurin, calsyntenin, synaptotagmin and NMDA receptor subunit GluN1 was enhanced in both chemical and physical stress‐induced rats compared with control rats (4.25 ± 0.05 vs. 1.03 ± 0.02, p < 0.05, 2.05 ± 0.08 vs. 1.03 ± 0.02, p < 0.005; 2.2 ± 0.4 vs. 1.02 ± 0.03, p < 0.05, 1.98 ± 0.07 vs. 1.02 ± 0.03, p < 0.005; 1.4 ± 0.6 vs. 1.15 ± 0.09, p < 0.05, 1.39 ± 0.05 vs. 1.15 ± 0.09, p < 0.005), respectively. In stress‐induced rats, neurons in the CA2 region of the hippocampus were fewer and appeared disorganized compared with control rats. Furthermore, stress‐induced rats showed decreased mobility and lower sucrose preference in behavioral studies compared with control rats.ConclusionLower levels of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) can also lead to stress in rats by affecting their calcium signaling, buffering capacity in the neurons leading to depressive symptoms.

Nitric oxide water-driven immunogenic cell death: Unfolding mitochondrial dysfunction's role in sensitizing lung adenocarcinoma to ferroptosis and autophagic cell death

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), particularly lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), significantly influences cancer-related mortality and is frequently considered by poor therapeutic responses due to genetic alterations. Cancer cells possess an inclination to develop resistance to individual treatment modalities, thus it is necessary to investigate several pathways simultaneously to obtain insights that will aid in the establishment of improved therapeutic approaches. Exploring regulated cell death (RCD) mechanisms offers promising avenues to augment immunotherapy by reshaping the tumor microenvironment (TME). Here, we investigated the prospective of microwave plasma-infused nitric oxide water (NOW) to initiate immunogenic cell death (ICD) while concurrently modulating autophagy and ferroptosis signaling in LUAD-associated A549 cells. Plasma treatment results in stable NO species nitrite/nitrate (NO2−/NO3−) in the water, altering its physicochemical properties. Analysis of ICD markers reveals increased expression of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) at both protein and mRNA levels post-NOW exposure. Intracellular reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) accumulation suggests NO-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction, triggering autophagy induction. Flow cytometry and western blotting confirm alterations in autophagy regulators Beclin 1 and SQSTM1. Furthermore, NOW treatment induces lipid peroxidation and upregulates ferroptosis-associated genes, as determined by qRT-PCR. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging reveals autophagosome formation and loss of cristae structures, corroborating the occurrence of autophagy and ferroptosis. Our findings propose that NOW may considered as inducer of ICD and the stimulation of other RCD-related proteins may enhance the anti-tumor immunogenicity.

Comparing Redox and Intracellular Signalling Responses to Cold Plasma in Wound Healing and Cancer.

Cold plasma (CP) is an ionised gas containing excited molecules and ions, radicals, and free electrons, and which emits electric fields and UV radiation. CP is potently antimicrobial, and can be applied safely to biological tissue, birthing the field of plasma medicine. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) produced by CP affect biological processes directly or indirectly via the modification of cellular lipids, proteins, DNA, and intracellular signalling pathways. CP can be applied at lower levels for oxidative eustress to activate cell proliferation, motility, migration, and antioxidant production in normal cells, mainly potentiated by the unfolded protein response, the nuclear factor-erythroid factor 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-activated antioxidant response element, and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) pathway, which also activates nuclear factor-kappa B (NFκB). At higher CP exposures, inactivation, apoptosis, and autophagy of malignant cells can occur via the degradation of the PI3K/Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-dependent and -independent activation of the master tumour suppressor p53, leading to caspase-mediated cell death. These opposing responses validate a hormesis approach to plasma medicine. Clinical applications of CP are becoming increasingly realised in wound healing, while clinical effectiveness in tumours is currently coming to light. This review will outline advances in plasma medicine and compare the main redox and intracellular signalling responses to CP in wound healing and cancer.

Biocompatible plasma-treated liquids: A sustainable approach for decontaminating gastrointestinal-infection causing pathogens

Nosocomial infections are a serious threat and difficult to cure due to rising antibiotic resistance in pathogens and biofilms. Direct exposure to cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) has been widely employed in numerous biological research endeavors. Nonetheless, plasma-treated liquids (PTLs) formulated with physiological solutions may offer additional benefits such as enhanced portability, and biocompatibility. Additionally, CAP-infused long-lived reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) such as nitrite (NO2−), nitrate (NO3−), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) can synergistically induce their antibacterial activity. Herein, we investigated those argon-plasma jet-treated liquids, including Ringer’s lactate (RL), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and physiological saline, have significant antibacterial activity against nosocomial/gastrointestinal-causing pathogens, which might be due to ROS-mediated lipid peroxidation. Combining the conventional culture-based method with propidium iodide monoazide quantitative PCR (PMAxx™-qPCR) indicated that PTLs induce a minimal viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state and moderately affect culturable counts. Specifically, the PTL exposure resulted in pathogenicity dysfunction via controlling T3SS-related effector genes of S. enterica. Overall, this study provides insights into the effectiveness of PTLs for inducing ROS-mediated damage, controlling the virulence of diarrheagenic bacteria, and modulating homeostatic genes.

Plasma-deposited reactive species assisted synthesis of colloidal zinc-oxide nanostructures

A surface-wave microwave discharge is applied to deposit reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) into the liquid subsequently used as a medium for laser ablation of a Zn metallic target. It is shown that during laser ablation in plasma-treated liquids the H2O2 concentration decreases, while in deionized water (DIW) significant H2O2 is produced. Meanwhile, the pH—initially adjusted by applying reductive metals—increases in the acidic liquids and decreases in the alkaline ones. During months of storage the pH of colloids stabilize around pH 6, which insures the long-term stability of RONS. It is demonstrated that in DIW metallic Zn NPs are created, which gradually oxidize during storage, while in the plasma-treated liquids ZnO NPs are produced with the mean size of 18 nm. In the alkaline plasma-treated liquid the NPs form large aggregates, which slows the dissolution of NPs. In the acidic and neutral solutions besides NPs nanosheets are also formed, which during storage evolve into nanosheet networks as a result of the dissolution of NPs. The band gap of the colloidal ZnO is found to decrease with the formation of aggregates and nanosheet networks. The ZnO NPs ablated in plasma-treated liquids exhibit a high-intensity visible emission covering the green-to-red spectral region. The photoluminescence spectra is dominated by the orange-red emission—previously not detected in the case of laser-ablated ZnO NPs and attributed to the interstitial Zn and oxygen sites—and the yellow emission, which can be attributed to the OH groups on the surface. It is shown that during months of storage, due to the dissolution of NPs and formation of nanosheets, the intensity of the visible emission decreases and shifts to the blue-green spectral region.

Melanin nanoparticles scavenging reactive oxygen and nitrogen radicals for rheumatoid arthritis treatment

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex and chronic disease that often causes long-term pain and joint swelling in patients, and even causes joint deformity and dysfunction. The pathogenesis of this disease involves abnormal activity of the immune system, causing immune cells to attack the bodys joint tissues, which triggers an inflammatory response. During these inflammatory processes, the accumulation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) is considered to be one of the key factors that aggravate inflammation and damage joint tissues. To address this problem, we designed a method that takes advantage of the targeting properties of melanin nanoparticles. These nanoparticles have excellent biocompatibility, can remain stable in the body, and can be accurately targeted to the site of inflammation. In addition, these nanoparticles also have strong free radical scavenging ability, which can effectively neutralize excessive RONS, reduce the inflammatory response and weaken joint tissue damage. The promise of this treatment strategy is encouraging and offers new hope for patients with RA. By reducing inflammation, protecting joint tissue, and possibly even reversing the disease process to some extent, this melanin nanoparticle holds great promise.

Evaluation of degradation efficacy and toxicity mitigation for 4-nitrophenol using argon and air-mixed argon plasma jets

This paper investigates the effects of argon (Ar) and that of Ar mixed with ambient air (Ar–Air) cold plasma jets (CPJs) on 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) degradation using low input power. The introduction of ambient air into the Ar-Air plasma jet enhances ionization-driven processes during high-voltage discharge by utilizing nitrogen and oxygen molecules from ambient air, resulting in increased reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) production, which synergistically interacts with argon. This substantial generation of RONS establishes Ar–Air plasma jet as an effective method for treating 4-NP contamination in deionized water (DW). Notably, the Ar-Air plasma jet treatment outperforms that of the Ar jet. It achieves a higher degradation rate of 97.2% and a maximum energy efficiency of 57.3 gkW−1h−1, following a 6-min (min) treatment with 100 mgL−1 4-NP in DW. In contrast, Ar jet treatment yielded a lower degradation rate and an energy efficiency of 75.6% and 47.8 gkW−1h−1, respectively, under identical conditions. Furthermore, the first-order rate coefficient for 4-NP degradation was measured at 0.23 min−1 for the Ar plasma jet and significantly higher at 0.56 min−1 for the Ar–Air plasma jet. Reactive oxygen species, such as hydroxyl radical and ozone, along with energy from excited species and plasma-generated electron transfers, are responsible for CPJ-assisted 4-NP breakdown. In summary, this study examines RONS production from Ar and Ar–Air plasma jets, evaluates their 4-NP removal efficacy, and investigates the biocompatibility of 4-NP that has been degraded after plasma treatment.

Essential oil and fenchone extracted from Tetradenia riparia (Hochstetter.) Codd (Lamiaceae) induce oxidative stress in Culex quinquefasciatus larvae (Diptera: Culicidae) without causing lethal effects on non-target animals.

We investigated the larvicidal activity of the essential oil (EO) from Tetradenia riparia and its majority compound fenchone for controlling Culex quinquefasciatus larvae, focusing on reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities, and total thiol content as oxidative stress indicators. Moreover, the lethal effect of EO and fenchone was evaluated against Anisops bouvieri, Diplonychus indicus, Danio rerio, and Paracheirodon axelrodi. The EO and fenchone (5 to 25µg/mL) showed larvicidal activity (LC50 from 16.05 to 18.94µg/mL), followed by an overproduction of RONS, and changes in the activity of CAT, GST, AChE, and total thiol content. The Kaplan-Meier followed by Log-rank (Mantel-Cox) analyses showed a 100% survival rate for A. bouvieri, D. indicus, D. rerio, and P. axelrodi when exposed to EO and fenchone (262.6 and 302.60µg/mL), while α-cypermethrin (0.25µg/mL) was extremely toxic to these non-target animals, causing 100% of death. These findings emphasize that the EO from T. riparia and fenchone serve as suitable larvicides for controlling C. quinquefasciatus larvae, without imposing lethal effects on the non-target animals investigated.

Low-temperature plasma jet suppresses bacterial colonisation and affects wound healing through reactive species.

An argon-based low-temperature plasma jet (LTPJ) was used to treat chronically infected wounds in Staphylococcus aureus-laden mice. Based on physicochemical property analysis and in vitro antibacterial experiments, the effects of plasma parameters on the reactive nitrogen and oxygen species (RNOS) content and antibacterial capacity were determined, and the optimal treatment parameters were determined to be 4 standard litre per minute and 35 W. Additionally, the plasma-treated activation solution had a bactericidal effect. Although RNOS are related to the antimicrobial effect of plasma, excess RNOS may be detrimental to wound remodelling. In vivo studies demonstrated that medium-dose LTPJ promoted MMP-9 expression and inhibited bacterial growth during the early stages of healing. Moreover, LTPJ increased collagen deposition, reduced inflammation, and restored blood vessel density and TGF-β levels to normal in the later stages of wound healing. Therefore, when treating chronically infected wounds with LTPJ, selecting the medium dose of plasma is more advantageous for wound recovery. Overall, our study demonstrated that low-temperature plasma jets may be a potential tool for the treatment of chronically infected wounds.

A Two-Stage Transferred Cold Atmospheric Plasma as a Unique Therapeutic Strategy for Targeting Colon Cancer Stem Cells.

The study examines the induction of apoptosis in colon cancer stem cells (CCSCs) within a 3D culture setting, employing an innovative cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) transmission method known as two-stage transferred cold atmospheric plasma (TS-TCAP). TS-TCAP is a partially or fully ionized non-thermal gaseous mixture that comprises photons, charged and neutral particles, and free radicals, which has gained traction in biomedical applications such as cancer therapy. TS-TCAP impacts CCSCs via a continuous, two-step transport process, facilitating the efficient delivery of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). The key cellular factors of CCSCs impacted by TS-TCAP treatment, encompassing the secretion and expression levels of IL-6 and IL-8, apoptotic cell count, and expression of BAX, BCL-2, and KI-67 proteins, were evaluated using qrt-ELISA, Annexin V, and qrt-PCR procedures, respectively. The outcomes of CCSCs treatment with TS-TCAP reveal a notable rise in the number of apoptotic cells (P<0.0001), diminished secretion, and gene expression of IL-6 and IL-8 (P<0.0001), accompanied by favorable alterations in BCL-2 and BAX gene expression (P<0.0001). Additionally, a notable decrease in KI-67 expression was observed, correlating with a reduction in CCSCs proliferation (P<0.0001). As well, this study underscores the anti-cancer potential of TS-TCAP, showcasing its efficacy in reducing CCSCs survival rates. However, further pre-clinical and clinical trials are necessary to evaluate CAP's efficacy, safety, and potential synergistic effects with other therapies thoroughly. Overall, TS-TCAP presents a promising alternative for CCSCs treatment, pending further investigation and refinement.

Leveraging Plasma-Activated Seawater for the Control of Human Norovirus and Bacterial Pathogens in Shellfish Depuration.

Cold plasma is a promising alternative for water treatment owing to pathogen control and a plethora of issues in the agriculture and food sectors. Shellfish pose a serious risk to public health and are linked to large viral and bacterial outbreaks. Hence, current European regulations mandate a depuration step for shellfish on the basis of their geographical growth area. This study investigated the inactivation of relevant viral and bacterial pathogens of three plasma-activated seawaters (PASWs), and their reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) composition, as being primarily responsible for microbial inactivation. Specifically, F-specific (MS2) and somatic (φ174) bacteriophage, cultivable surrogate (murine norovirus, MNV, and Tulane virus, TV), and human norovirus (HuNoV GII.4) inactivation was determined using plaque counts and infectivity assays, including the novel human intestinal enteroid (HIE) model for HuNoV. Moreover, the kinetic decay of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Vibrio parahaemolyticus was characterized. The results showed the complete inactivation of phages (6-8 log), surrogates (5-6 log), HuNoV (6 log), and bacterial (6-7 log) pathogens within 24 h while preventing cytotoxicity effects and preserving mussel viability. Nitrites (NO2-) were found to be mostly correlated with microbial decay. This research shows that PASWs are a suitable option to depurate bivalve mollusks and control the biohazard risk linked to their microbiological contamination, either viral or bacterial.

DBD plasma as a practical approach to sterilization of dental instruments

Microbe control and decontamination are necessary for medical equipment that will be used again. Several wet and dry sterilizer technologies, like as autoclaves, ovens, UV systems, and chemical agents, have been widely used to eliminate the possibility of cross-infection between contaminated dental instruments or materials and dental patients. The development of a sterilizer device capable of sterilizing dental equipment through non-toxic materials has been shown to significantly decrease the overall procedure time compared to conventional approaches. Therefore, an investigation was conducted to assess the efficacy of a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma device in sterilizing dental instruments under atmospheric pressure conditions. Also, due to Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species (RONS) existence at low temperatures, researchers have been examining the biological effects of cold plasmas for medical applications with promising results. The dental Tweezer, one of the dental tools, was chosen to perform the sterilization process using the DBD plasma device. The Dental Tweezers samples were contaminated with Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, and then the DBD plasma device was used to sterilize them for 1, 2, 3, and 4 min, respectively, to figure out the best time to do this. The DBD plasma device successfully killed E. coli and S. aureus. Based on the findings derived from our present investigation, the cold plasma device has impressively proven its efficiency in sterilization.

Abstract B030: Synergistic antitumor effects of cold atmospheric plasma and temozolomide in glioblastoma: multimodal approaches integrating in-vitro, in vivo, and in silico investigations for novel and enhanced therapeutic advancements

Abstract Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a common and aggressive brain cancer with a median survival rate of 12 to 18 months after diagnosis. Despite standard treatments, including surgery, radiotherapy, and Temozolomide (TMZ), GBM remains highly resistant to therapy due to its infiltrative pattern of invasion, rapid growth, and propensity to relapse [1]. While overall mortality rates remain high, there is a crucial need for a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms and gene mutations involved in GBM and the development of more effective and adaptive therapeutic approaches. Modulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels has been suggested as a therapeutic strategy to selectively target the destruction of cancer cells. To address this, we propose a combination therapy utilizing multi-operational plasma devices, including using cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) jet and plasma discharge tube (PDT) in conjunction with TMZ for GBM treatment. CAP functions by elevating reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) levels and specifically targeting tumor spread. We investigated various plasma devices and their characteristics using optical emission spectroscopy (OES) and measured the electromagnetic potential and emissions of the PDT. The OES of PDT displayed a similar spectrum as the CAP jet, indicating the presence of ROS. In this study, we performed transcriptomic analysis of glioblastoma cells using high throughput deep RNA-Seq with next-generation sequencing (NGS) to quantify genome-wide gene expression changes. Additionally, we examined signaling pathways and predicted structural changes in consequential proteins caused by gene spectrum up or down-regulation. Our results demonstrate that the combination treatment of CAP and TMZ downregulated vital genes involved in MAPK, P53, DNA repair, and cell cycle pathways. The combination of CAP &amp; TMZ showed a significant antitumor effect, inducing apoptosis and damaging essential proteins in GBM cells. In vitro and microscopic studies verified these results, showing nuclear and cell membrane disruption in cancer cells post-plasma treatment. Our findings demonstrate that the combination of CAP/PDT and TMZ effectively sensitizes GBM cells to TMZ, leading to apoptosis. We have previously shown a non-invasive application of CAP jet on the skull of tumor-bearing mice causing ~78% tumor inhibition [2]. Our current study highlights the potential of PDT for non-invasive treatment in vitro, offering a modality for intracranial delivery in in-vivo models. In conclusion, we propose CAP/PDT and TMZ combination therapy as novel non-invasive treatments for GBM in murine models. This approach offers a promising avenue for addressing the dire need for more effective treatments with minimal impact on normal cells. Further investigations and validation in clinical settings are warranted to significantly improve GBM management and patient outcomes.

Effect of acute cadmium exposure on oxidative stress and antioxidant system of the scallop Aequipecten tehuelchus

This study aimed to assess the impact of acute exposure (96 h) to Cd in gills, digestive gland and muscle of the Tehuelche scallop Aequipecten tehuelchus from San José gulf in Patagonia, Argentina. Scallops were exposed to Cd concentrations of 0, 25, 50, 100, 150, 204, 275, 371, and 500 μg/L, and mortality rates were recorded after 96 h of exposure. Surviving organisms were analyzed for the biochemical response through reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), activities of catalase (CAT) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST), metallothioneins (MT), lipid peroxidation (LPO) and liposoluble antioxidants α-tocopherol (α-T) and β-carotene (β-C). The mean lethal concentration (LC50) was 155.8 μg Cd/L, a lower value than other scallops' species, showing that A. tehuelchus has a particular sensitivity to Cd. In the three tissues, at all exposure concentrations, there was no significant response in RONS levels, GST activity or LPO. Nevertheless, CAT activity and α-T levels decreased in the gills but increased in the digestive gland, with no significant response in the muscle. Two-way ANOVA revealed a significant interaction between Cd concentration and tissue on MT, which increased significantly in gills, decreased in digestive gland with 100 compared to 50 μg Cd/L; whereas in muscle a significant increase was observed with 25 μg Cd/L compared to control. The results show a significant effect of Cd in scallop's gills on CAT activity and α-T levels, highlighting this tissue as the primary target against relevant concentrations of metal in seawater. The effect on digestive gland and muscle was minimal. The overall results suggest that Cd toxicity is tissue-specific. This study will help reduce the existence knowledge gap regarding potential impacts of acute exposure to Cd in a bivalve species with high ecological and commercial importance, as well as identifying the most responsive biomarkers associated with Cd stress for monitoring assessment.

Tannic acid and zinc ion coordination of nanase for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease by promoting mucosal repair and removing reactive oxygen and nitrogen species

Colon mucosal overexpression of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) accelerates the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and destroys the mucosa and its barrier. IBD can be alleviated by removing RONS from the inflamed colon. The preparation of strong and efficient nanoantioxidants remains a challenge despite the development of numerous nanoantioxidants. In this paper, Zn-TA nanoparticles with fine hollow microstructure (HZn-TA) were successfully prepared and could be effectively used to treat IBD. In the first step, ZIF-8 nanoparticles were synthesized by a one-pot method. On this basis, HZn-TA nanoparticles were etched by TA, and a multifunctional nanase was developed for the treatment of IBD. RONS, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO), can be eliminated to increase cell survival following Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) stimulation, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In a model for preventing and delaying acute colitis, clearance of RONS has been shown to reduce intestinal inflammation in mice by reducing colon damage, proinflammatory cytokine levels, the spleen index, and body weight. Intestinal mucosal healing can be promoted by HZn-TA nanoparticles, which can upregulate zonula occludens protein 1 (ZO-1) and claudin-1 expression. Based on the results of this study, HZn-TA nanoparticles were able to effectively treat IBD with minimal adverse effects by being biocompatible, multienzyme active, and capable of scavenging RONS. Therefore, we pioneered the application of HZn-TA nanoparticles for the treatment of IBD, which are capable of clearing RONS without significant adverse effects. Statement of significance➢ HZn-TA nanoparticles were successfully prepared and could be effectively used to treat IBD.➢ Intestinal mucosal healing can be promoted by HZn-TA nanoparticles, which can upregulate ZO-1 and claudin-1 expression.➢ HZn-TA nanoparticles were able to effectively treat IBD with minimal adverse effects by being biocompatible, multienzyme active, and capable of scavenging RONS.

Molecular mechanism of cleavage of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein by plasma generated RONS

Recently, it is been shown that cold atmospheric pressure plasmas Cold Atmospheric Plasma effectively inactivate the 2019-nCoV virus. Despite this promising finding, the precise mechanism of this inactivation remains unclear due to the limited number of studies conducted on the subject. Consequently, this paper focuses on the spike protein, a crucial part of the novel coronavirus, and the various reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) generated by the plasma. The study employs reactive molecular dynamics simulation and ReaxFF potential to explore the reactions between the spike protein molecules and different reactive oxygen nitrogen species (including H2O2, OH, O, O3, HOONO, and 1O2). The findings suggest that when a single RONS interacts with the spike protein, 1O2 and HOONO have the most potent ability to sever the spike protein. Additionally, the combined effect of long-lived and short-lived RONS presents a more potent decomposition impact.