Nature Of Reaction Research Articles

A Photochemical Strategy towards Michael Addition Reactions of Cyclopropenes

AbstractThe development of Michael addition reactions to conjugated cyclopropenes is a challenge in organic synthesis due to the fleeting and reactive nature of such strained Michael acceptor systems. Herein, the development of a photochemical approach towards such conjugated cyclopropenes is reported that serves as a strategic entry point to densely functionalized cyclopropanes in a diastereoselective fashion. The process involves the light‐mediated generation of transient cyclopropenyl α,β‐unsaturated esters from vinyl diazo esters, followed by an organic base catalyzed nucleophilic addition of N‐heterocycles to directly access β‐N‐heterocyclic cyclopropanoic esters. With this synergistic approach, various trisubstituted cyclopropanes bearing N‐heteroaryl and N‐heterocyclic rings such as indole, pyrrole, benzimidazole, isatin, pyridinone, and quinolinone were accessed efficiently in good yield and decent to good diastereoselectivities. Further, β‐indolyl cyclopropanoic acids have been synthesized and were successfully evaluated as FABP‐4 inhibitors. Theoretical calculations have been performed to elucidate the mechanism, which was further supported by experimental findings.

Application of UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS to Identify Free Radicals via Spin Trapping with BMPO.

Free radicals play an important role in many chemical and biological processes, but due to their highly reactive and short-lived nature, they evade most analytical techniques, limiting our understanding of their formation and reactivity. Spin trapping molecules can react with free radicals to form radical adducts with lifetimes long enough for analysis. Mass spectrometry is an attractive way to identify radical adducts, but due to their radical nature, they form untraditional oxidized [M]+ and reduced [M+2H]+ ions, which complicates the interpretation of mass spectrometry analysis. This work uses simplified mixtures of radicals generated in both water and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) with spin trap 5-tert-butoxycarbonyl-5-methyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (BMPO), to elucidate the behavior of nitroxide spin traps in electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry (MS) interfaced with liquid chromatography (LC). This study proposes a disproportionation mechanism to explain the formation of the oxidized and reduced BMPO adducts detected by LC-ESI-MS and explores the formation of "di-adducts" through radical recombination. We finally present a framework for differentiating between the different types of ions using collision induced fragmentation mass spectra (MS/MS). This work offers a comprehensive investigation into the behavior of radical adducts in ESI-MS to streamline the identification of organic radicals and advance understanding of radical chemistry.

Transforming Cybersecurity Infrastructure : A Multi-dimensional Approach to Risk, Culture, and Technological Integration

The rapid acceleration of digital transformation has exposed critical limitations in traditional cybersecurity approaches, particularly in their reactive nature and disconnection from broader organizational strategies. This article critically examines current cybersecurity practices in IT infrastructure management, identifying significant gaps in the integration of security measures with business objectives, organizational culture, and emerging technologies. Through a mixed-method analysis of industry practices and empirical data from multiple case studies, The article proposes a comprehensive framework that transcends conventional security paradigms. The article introduces a proactive, risk-based approach that integrates cultural transformation, emerging technologies, and resilience building while fostering strategic partnerships across stakeholder groups. Initial implementation across various organizational contexts demonstrates significant improvements in security posture, incident response times, and overall business alignment. The findings contribute to both theoretical understanding and practical application of integrated cybersecurity management, offering valuable insights for practitioners and researchers in the field of IT security and organizational resilience. This article addresses a critical gap in current literature by providing a holistic approach that aligns cybersecurity initiatives with organizational transformation while considering human factors and technological evolution.

A Photochemical Strategy towards Michael Addition Reactions of Cyclopropenes.

The development of Michael addition reactions to conjugated cyclopropenes is a challenge in organic synthesis due to the fleeting and reactive nature of such strained Michael acceptor systems. Herein, the development of a photochemical approach towards such conjugated cyclopropenes is reported that serves as a strategic entry point to densely functionalized cyclopropanes in a diastereoselective fashion. The process involves the light-mediated generation of transient cyclopropenyl α,β-unsaturated esters from vinyl diazo esters, followed by an organic base catalyzed nucleophilic addition of N-heterocycles to directly access β-N-heterocyclic cyclopropanoic esters. With this synergistic approach, various trisubstituted cyclopropanes bearing N-heteroaryl and N-heterocyclic rings such as indole, pyrrole, benzimidazole, isatin, pyridinone and quinolinone were accessed efficiently in good yield and decent to good diastereoselectivities. Further, β-indolyl cyclopropanoic acids have been synthesized and were successfully evaluated as FABP-4 inhibitors. Theoretical calculations have been performed to elucidate the mechanism which was further supported by experimental findings.

Morphological analysis and cytotoxicity of acrylamide on SPC212 human mesothelioma cells: Do low doses induce proliferation, while high doses cause toxicity?

Acrylamide is broadly utilized in numerous areas with different purposes including being an additive, flocculating, sealing, dry strength improver and polymerizing agent, and so forth. Furthermore, it forms in certain food products at high temperatures. It poses serious hazard since its readily water-soluble and very reactive nature. Besides invivo studies, several invitro studies with various cell lines are carried out to evaluate its toxicity. However, of these cell line studies, there are no mesothelium or mesothelioma cell lines. To fill this lacuna, we aimed at examining various dose range of acrylamide on SPC212 human mesothelioma cell line. First, we executed MTT and neutral red cytotoxicity tests and ascertained IC50 dose. Next, we performed inverted, light (haematoxylin-eosin and May Grünwald), fluorescent (DAPI) and confocal microscope (AO/EB) analyses as well as immunohistochemistry for Bax, Bcl-2 and PCNA proteins. As a result, we found IC50 of acrylamide at 2.65 mM. Starting from 3.13 mM of acrylamide dose, a deep decrease in cell proliferation was observed. Particularly in MTT assay, a proliferative action of acrylamide was detected at 0.39 and 0.78 mM, supported with inverted microscope images. In light microscope analysis, several cellular degenerations, including condensed and kidney-shaped nucleus were evident. In AO/EB staining, cells with apoptotic characteristics augmented dose-dependently, being upheld by a parallel uptick in Bax and a dimunition in Bcl-2 staining. Besides, PCNA decreased at IC50 dose of acrylamide. This is the acrylamide-associated first study conducted on SPC212 mesothelioma cells encompassing advanced morphological analysis. We believe this study to be an incentive for future studies.

Interconnected Stock Markets: Analysing Cointegration and Correlation among Global Stock Indices

This study examines the long-term and short-term relationships among five major global stock indices—NSE NIFTY (India), S&P 500 (USA), FTSE 100 (UK), Hang Seng (Hong Kong), and Nikkei 225 (Japan)—over the period from 2008 to 2023. Using advanced econometric techniques such as Johansen cointegration tests, Engle-Granger residual cointegration test and the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM), the research explores the degree of interconnectedness and cointegration among these indices. The results indicate strong positive correlations between NSE NIFTY, S&P 500, and Nikkei 225, suggesting a growing synchronization of these markets due to global economic integration. Johansen's test reveals the presence of multiple long-term equilibrium relationships, affirming that despite short-term deviations, these markets tend to move together in response to global macroeconomic factors. The analysis further highlights that the S&P 500 and FTSE 100 indices exhibit significant error correction mechanisms, underscoring their leadership role in global market dynamics. In contrast, NSE NIFTY shows a weaker adjustment toward long-term equilibrium, indicating its reactive nature to changes in other global indices, particularly the S&P 500. The study finds that while Hang Seng and Nikkei 225 are connected globally, their short-term linkages appear weaker, likely influenced by regional factors. Overall, the results emphasize the critical influence of the U.S. and Japanese markets on NSE NIFTY, with both long-term cointegration and short-term market dynamics shaping the Indian stock market’s movements. This research offers key insights for investors seeking to understand global stock market interdependencies and manage portfolio risk.

Unraveling the Oxygen Vacancy-Performance Relationship in Perovskite Oxides at Atomic Precision via Precise Synthesis.

Understanding the fundamental effect of the oxygen vacancy atomic structure in perovskite oxides on catalytic properties remains challenging due to diverse facets, surface sites, defects, etc. in traditional powder catalysts and the inherent structural complexity. Through quantitative synthesis of tetrahedral (LaCoO2.5-T), pyramidal (LaCoO2.5-P), and octahedral (LaCoO3) epitaxial thin films as model catalysts, we demonstrate the reactivity orders of active-site geometrical configurations in oxygen-deficient perovskites during the CO oxidation model reaction: CoO4 tetrahedron > CoO6 octahedron > CoO5 pyramid. Ambient-pressure Co L-edge and O K-edge XAS spectra clarify the dynamic evolutions of active-site electronic structures during realistic catalytic processes and highlight the important roles of defect geometrical structures. In addition, in situ XAS and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering spectra and density functional theory calculations directly reveal the nature of high reactivity for CoO4 sites and that the derived shallow-acceptor defect levels in the band structure facilitate the adsorption and activation of reactive gases, resulting in more than 23-fold enhancement for catalytic reaction rates than CoO5 sites.

Nature of Reactive Sites in TS-1 from 15N Solid-State NMR and Ti K-Edge X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopic Signatures Upon Pyridine Adsorption.

Ti-containing zeotypes, notably titanosilicalite-1 (TS-1), are prominent examples of heterogeneous catalysts that have found applications in selective oxidation processes with hydrogen peroxide. Despite extensive characterization studies including using various probe molecules to interrogate the nature and the local environment of Ti sites, their detailed structure (as well as reactivity) remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that using low temperature 15N magic angle spinning (MAS) ssNMR spectroscopy of adsorbed pyridine on TS-1 combined with Ti K-edge XANES on a range of samples (dehydrated, hydrated, contacted with H2O2 and pyridine) provides unique information regarding the Ti sites, highlighting their reactivity and dynamic nature. While dehydrated TS-1 shows only Lewis acid sites, the presence of H2O generates Brønsted acid sites, whose amount correlates with water loading. Moreover, the methodology─based on 15N ssNMR and Ti K-edge XANES─applied to a library of samples with various Ti-loadings and absence of extraframework TiO2 also enables quantification of the amount of Lewis acid sites and to establish a structure-activity descriptor (ratio of pyridine adsorbed on silanols vs titanium). Complementary analysis including computational modeling reveals that the reaction of Ti sites with H2O generates an acidic bridging silanol Ti-(OH)-Si, upon hydrolysis of one Ti-O-Si linkage, where Ti expands its coordination from four to pentacoordinated according to XAS.

Neurofeedback: potential for abuse and regulatory frameworks in the United States.

Neurofeedback is a brain-training technique that continues to develop via ongoing innovations, and that has broadening potential impact. Once confined primarily to clinical and research settings, it is increasingly being used in the general population. Such development raises concerns about the current regulatory mechanisms and their adequacy in protecting patterns of economic and political decision-making from the novel technology. As studies have found neurofeedback to change subjects' preferences and mental associations covertly, there is a possibility it will be abused for political and commercial gains. Current regulatory practices (including disclaimer requirements, unfair and deceptive trade practice statutes and undue influence law) may be avenues from which to regulate neurofeedback influence. They are, however, limited. Regulating neurofeedback will face the line-drawing problem of determining when it induces an unacceptable level of influence. We suggest experiments that will clarify how the parameters of neurofeedback training affect its level of influence. In addition, we assert that the reactive nature of the traditional models of regulation will be inadequate against this and other rapidly transforming technologies. An integrated and proactive regulatory system designed for flexibility must be adopted to protect society in this era of modern technological advancement. This article is part of the theme issue 'Neurofeedback: new territories and neurocognitive mechanisms of endogenous neuromodulation'.

Poly-(aminoethyl piperazine) membranes with ultra-thin selective layers prepared via a rate-retarded interfacial polymerization method

New monomers have been exploring to fabricate interfacial polymerized thin film composite membranes for decades. N-aminoethyl piperazine (AEP), an aliphatic amine with a heterocyclic structure, was used in this work as an amine monomer to synthesize nanofiltration membranes. Due to the high reactivity nature of AEP, a rate-retarded interfacial polymerization method was applied, which was realized by applying ultra-low AEP concentration (0.07 wt%), low reaction temperature (4 °C monomer solutions), and ice-water quench. The resulting AEP membrane had much better performance (3–4 times permeance and closed rejections) compared with the membranes prepared by the hot water post-treatment and the oven heat treatment. At lower monomer concentrations, an NF membrane with a selective layer thickness of only around 20 nm was prepared by the rate-retarded interfacial polymerization method. The membranes had a negatively charged surface with "willow leaf" like morphology. The MWCO was around 200 g mol−1, and the water permeance was up to 22.8 L m−2 h−1 bar−1, which is comparable with the commercial polyamide membrane NF270. Therefore, AEP is a very competitive alternative monomer for NF membrane synthesis.

Synthesis, characterization, in silico and in vitro assessment of 2-aminopyridine nicotinamide cocrystal as a new agent for breast cancer therapy

Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death among women globally, in spite of major advances in diagnosis and treatment. 2-Aminopyridine Nicotinamide (2APNA) cocrystal was synthesized and cocrystal formation was confirmed through powder XRD. Computational investigations in structural fields and spectroscopic parameters were conducted and compared with the experimental results. Comparing the optimized geometrical characteristics, it was observed that molecular properties of 2APNA closely match the previously reported experimental data. FT-IR and FT-Raman spectroscopic analysis revealed the theoretical wavenumbers agree better with recorded data and in UV–visible absorption a single peak was recorded at 247 nm showing n → π* transition. The 2APNA's stability, reactive nature, charge relocations were studied through quantum chemical calculation such as FMO, MEP, NBO, NLO and Mulliken charge analysis. The topological features of cocrystal 2APNA was examined through ELF, LOL and RDG studies. The anti-apoptotic protein BCL-2 was selected as a target in molecular docking analysis and the results expressed 2APNA's binding score as -8.2 kcal/mol. In vitro studies confirmed that 2APNA has 2APNA demonstrated an enhanced cell death in MCF-7 cells with the IC50 concentration of 56.58 µg/mL and decreased the expression of BCL-2, thus resulting in apoptotic cell death. These results indicated that 2APNA possess a potent anticancer property for the treatment of breast cancer.

Evaluation of Micro Hardness of Magnesium Alloy Coated with ZnO and Al2O3

Magnesium and its alloys have wide range of application in automobile and aircraft industries because of their excellent mechanical properties i.e. high strength to weight ratio, availability and good castability etc. However, some challenges occur in using magnesium in aquas service applications, due to its highly reactive nature and low tribological properties such as low wear and corrosion resistance. In this work an experimental study has been done on uncoated and ceramic coated AZ91 alloy to compare hardness and wear properties of both. The coating was applied on varying weight percentage of ZnO and Al2O3ceramic particles. The effect of presence of ceramic particles on the surface of substrate was studied using scanning electron microscope. Micro Vickers hardness test and wear tests were conducted on the samples, and it was found that coating of ceramic particles made the surface harder and wear resistant as compared to the uncoated Mg alloy. Contribution of Al2O3 particles plays an importantrole in increasing the hardness and wear resistance of coated surface. A decrease of 84% in coefficient of friction, increase in wear resistance by 99% and increase in micro hardness by 92% was reported for Al2O3 coated sample as compared to the uncoated surface.

Multi-stage electroporation dynamics induced by ionization wave–substrate interaction in cold plasma jet

The reactive species-independent nature of cold plasma's electric field is pivotal in biomedical applications. This work proposes to connect the plasma fluid model and the asymptotic Smoluchowski model for electroporation, providing a unified framework to investigate the evolution of the electric field in the biological substrate and the multi-stage electroporation response of the human cell. Two common substrates with distinct dielectric properties, namely, the cultivation medium and epidermis, are selected to report three stages of ionization wave (IW)–substrate interaction. The three-stage streamer discharge dynamics (restrike, axial-radial transition, and radial expansion of IW) induce three-stage cell electroporation dynamics (slow charging, fast charging, and electroporation), though the two processes are asynchronous. Specifically, the inner membrane covered the cell nucleus with ultra-short charging time that undergoes only the first two discharge stages in both substrates. Whether the cell membrane is exposed to the third stage of discharge depends on the permittivity of the substrate. The asynchrony can be attributed to the difference in the charging time of the cell membranes and substrates affected by the substrate permittivity. The presented model can provide quantitative insights into the cell electroporation induced by the IW–substrate interaction and theoretical guidance for plasma biomedical applications.

Mechanism of action and impact of thiol homeostasis on efficacy of an enzyme replacement therapy for classical homocystinuria

Homocystinuria (HCU) due to cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) deficiency is characterized by elevated plasma and tissue homocysteine levels. There is no cure, but HCU is typically managed by methionine/protein restriction and vitamin B6 supplementation. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) based on human CBS has been developed and has shown significant efficacy correcting HCU phenotype in several mouse models by bringing plasma total homocysteine below the clinically relevant 100 μM threshold. As the reactive nature of homocysteine promotes disulfide formation and protein binding, and ERT is unable to normalize plasma total homocysteine levels, the mechanism of action of ERT in HCU remains to be further characterized. Here we showed that only a reduced homocysteine serves as a substrate for CBS and its availability restricts the homocysteine-degrading capacity of CBS. We also demonstrated that cells export homocysteine in its reduced form, which is efficiently metabolized by CBS in the culture medium. Availability of serine, a CBS co-substrate, was not a limiting factor in our cell-based model. Biological reductants, such as N-acetylcysteine, MESNA or cysteamine, increased the availability of the reduced homocysteine and thus promoted its subsequent CBS-based elimination. In a transgenic I278T mouse model of HCU, administration of biological reductants significantly increased the proportion of protein-unbound homocysteine in plasma, which improved the efficacy of the co-administered CBS-based ERT, as evidenced by significantly lower plasma total homocysteine levels. These results clarify the mechanism of action of CBS-based ERT and unveil novel pharmacological approaches to further increase its efficacy.

Enhancing the Reactivity of an Aromatic cyclo-P5 Ligand via Electrophilic Activation.

Electrophilic activation of the aromatic cyclo-P5 ligand in [Cp*Fe(η5-P5)] is demonstrated to drastically enhance its reactivity towards weak nucleophiles. Unprecedented functionalized, contracted as well as complexly aggregated polyphosphorus compounds are accessed utilizing [Cp*Fe(η5-P5Me)][OTf] (A), highlighting the great potential of this underexplored mode of reactivity. Addition of carbenes to A affords novel 1,2- or 1,1-difunctionalized cyclo-P5 complexes [Cp*Fe(η4-P5(1-L)(2-Me)][OTf] (L=IDipp (1), EtCAAC (2), IiPr (3 b)) and [Cp*Fe(η4-P5(1-IiPr)(1-Me)][OTf] (3 a). For the first time, the much smaller IMe4 leads to the contraction of the cyclo-P5 ligand and formation of [Cp*Fe(η4-P4(1-IMe)(4-Me)] (4). DFT calculations shed light on the delicate mechanism of this type of reaction, which is reinforced by the experimental identification of key intermediates. Even the comparably weak nucleophile IDippCH2 reacts with A to form [Cp*Fe(η4-P5(1-IDippCH2)(1/2-Me)][OTf] (6 a/b), highlighting its explicitly more reactive nature. Moreover, exposure of A to IDippEH (E=N, P) leads to a unique aggregation reaction affording [{Cp*Fe}2{μ2,η4:3:1-P10Me2(IDippN)}][OTf] (8) and [{Cp*Fe}2{μ2,η4:1:1:1-P11Me2(IDipp)}][OTf] (9), respectively.

Controlled localization of graphene oxide to improve barrier, biodegradation and mechanical properties of PBAT/EVOH

AbstractIncorporating graphene oxide (GO) with controlled localization into poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) (PBAT) blends with poly(ethylene vinyl alcohol) (EVOH) aimed to improve barrier properties, biodegradability, and mechanical strength of PBAT. The PBAT/EVOH/GO nanocomposites containing 0 to 1 wt% of GO were prepared by a reactive mixing process in internal mixer. Microscopic images confirmed that the GO nanoplatelets are mainly localized in PBAT phase and then at the interface, contrary to the thermodynamic affinity of GO toward EVOH. The reactive nature of PBAT/EVOH/GO nanocomposites was confirmed via time‐sweep rheological studies where specific changes were observed in melt viscosity over time. The results of microscopic studies, rheometry, tensile test, and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) confirmed that localizing GO at the interface establishes strong interactions between PBAT and EVOH. By the addition of 0.75 wt% GO, tensile and yield strength were improved by 19% and 45%, respectively. Increasing GO significantly increased the hydrolysis degradation rate of the nanocomposites. Furthermore, the addition of GO considerably decreased the oxygen and water vapor permeability of the blends by up to 40% at 1 wt% GO.

Reduction of Tertiary Carbon Radicals via Asymmetric Hydrogen Atom Transfer (AHAT)†

Comprehensive SummaryIn the past two decades, the development of asymmetric radical reactions has achieved tremendous progress, which has emerged as a powerful tool for the synthesis of chiral molecules in synthetic chemistry. Among the diverse array of radical processes, the transfer of hydrogen atoms to tertiary carbon radicals offers the potential for constructing chiral tertiary carbon centers in a stereoselective fashion. Notwithstanding the challenges associated with the reactive and evanescent nature of radical species, the use of chiral reagents or mediators has enabled the stereocontrol of the asymmetric hydrogen atom transfer (AHAT), which provides novel avenues for advancing the field of asymmetric synthesis. Key Scientists

Novel composite rejuvenators development and comparative analyses of epoxy versus diisocyanate rejuvenators in rejuvenating aged SBS-modified asphalt binders

Currently, many high-grade highways are undergoing expansion and remodeling phases. Utilizing recycled Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene (SBS) modified asphalt mixtures not only increases waste material utilization but also offers significant environmental benefits. In pursuit of high-quality rejuvenation of aged SBS-modified asphalt binders (SBSMA), this research leveraged aromatic oil (AO) as the component rejuvenator and introduced two novel SBS rejuvenators: ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (GDE) and isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI). Furthermore, the study explores the mechanisms and effectiveness of both epoxy and diisocyanate rejuvenators, which are commonly used in SBS rejuvenation, specifically focusing on reconstructing cross-linked network structures within rejuvenated SBSMA. Findings indicate that during rejuvenation with diisocyanate rejuvenators and AO, the amide groups effectively react with carboxyl and ester groups in aged SBS, thus reconstructing the SBS modifiers. The rejuvenated SBS subsequently absorbs AO and light components, leading to swelling and the reconstruction of cross-linked network structures. Nevertheless, the rejuvenation efficacy of epoxy rejuvenators was relatively limited due to their low reactive nature or adverse side reactions that could degrade the rejuvenated SBS molecules, resulting in less effective reconstruction of the network structure. The specific differences in the reconstruction of network structures were reflected that diisocyanate rejuvenators improved the road performance of rejuvenated SBSMA under both high and low temperatures, reaching or even surpassing unaged SBSMA, while the performance of epoxy rejuvenators was closer to that achieved using AO alone. Overall, diisocyanate rejuvenators outperformed epoxy rejuvenators in repairing SBS, significantly enhancing the performance of SBSMA. This study provides valuable insights into achieving high-quality rejuvenation of SBSMA, which can significantly enhance the efficiency and quality of rejuvenation in high-grade roadways.

Resistance to acid, alkali, chloride, and carbonation in ternary blended high-volume mineral admixed concrete

The World Bank study predicts that 4 °C warming will bring high temperatures, sea-level rise, and saltwater intrusion to coastal areas, damaging coastal concrete structures. Increased CO2 from industrialization exacerbates this, necessitating durable, low-carbon concrete. Combined use of fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) as high-volume OPC replacements boosts performance while reducing concrete’s carbon footprint. In this perspective current study examines the durability of concrete against aggressive agents (H2SO4, MgSO4, NaCl, and CO2) causing premature deterioration of concrete structures. Initially, three cost-effective sustainable concrete mix designs were developed, incorporating 50% replacement of OPC with locally available supplementary cementitious materials, specifically FA and GGBFS. These mixes were then evaluated for their mechanical and durability performances. The impact of aggressive ions (SO4 2−, Cl−, and CO3 2−) was studied by examining the changes in mechanical performance and phase assemblages. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques were used to estimate the phase compositions. Ternary blended concrete having 50% OPC+ 30% GGBFS + 20% FA exhibited optimal synergistic performance, enhancing pozzolanic and hydraulic reactions for better resistance to harmful ions. The sorptivity test confirmed that as the GGBFS content increased, the sorption rate decreased, indicating the higher reactive nature of GGBFS to that of FA. Deleterious compounds formed due to the action of SO4 2-, Cl-, and CO3 2- were identified to be ettringite (Ca6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12.32H2O, AFt) and gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O, Gy), Friedel’s salt (Ca4Al2(OH)12Cl2.4H2O, Fs) and polymorphs of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), respectively through TG mass loss curve. These results were corroborated by FTIR analysis, which showed predominant characteristic bands at 662 cm−1 for SO4 2−, 459 cm−1 for Mg–O stretching, 790 cm−1 for Al–OH bending, and 1431-1443 cm−1 for C–O, confirming the presence of the deleterious compounds.

Leveraging predictive analytics to target payer-led medication adherence interventions.

This article examines how predictive analytics can enhance payer initiatives to improve medication adherence. Despite its known impact on health outcomes and costs, medication nonadherence remains a widespread and persistent challenge in health care. Although payers are increasingly involved in addressing nonadherence, traditional approaches typically lead to suboptimal results due to their reactive nature and generic intervention. With improved access to data and more sophisticated machine learning tools, there is a growing opportunity for payers to use predictive analytics to stratify and target members at high risk, predict potential primary and secondary nonadherence, and preemptively intervene with tailored solutions. The potential benefit of this approach includes prevention, not only resolution, of nonadherence and leads to improved health outcomes, reduced health care costs, and increased member satisfaction. The article also discusses potential caveats to consider, such as data sharing, bias mitigation, and regulatory compliance, when implementing predictive analytics in this context.