Reaction Of Trimethylamine Research Articles

Impacts of crystal metal on secondary aliphatic amine aerosol formation during dust storm episodes in Beijing

Trimethylamine (TMA) enters the atmosphere from a variety of sources and is a ubiquitous atmospheric organic base. The atmospheric reaction mechanism of TMA with key atmospheric oxidants is important to predict its distribution and environmental behavior in the particle phase. While previous studies have extensively focused on the production of particle amine salts (i.e. trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO)) using chamber experiments, the atmospheric behavior of TMAO in the environment is still poorly understood. Ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) was collected at two sampling sites in Beijing from March 10 to May 10, 2012. We analyzed the samples for water-soluble ions, crystal metals, TMA, and TMAO. Water-soluble ions (e.g. SO42−, NO3−, NH4+), TMA, and TMAO were measured using ion chromatography, while crystal metal (e.g. Al, Fe, Mn) in PM2.5 was quantified by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Two dust storms (DS) occurred during the sampling period on March 28 and April 28. Mineral dust impacted PM2.5 mass and composition greatly during dust storm days, as it contributed approximately 1.2–4.0 times greater on dust storm days versus non-dust storm days. We found TMAO concentrations were highly associated with aluminum in PM2.5. Further, we applied the density functional theory (DFT) method to confirm that aluminum plays a catalytic effect in the reaction of TMA with ozone (O3). Our work improves understanding of the effect of crystal metals on secondary aliphatic amine aerosol formation in the atmosphere.

Reactive Uptake of Trimethylamine into Ammonium Nitrate Particles

The reaction of trimethylamine (TMA) vapor with a polydisperse distribution of ammonium nitrate particles (20-500 nm dia.) was studied in a flow tube reactor with particle analysis by laser desorption (1064 nm) 70 eV electron ionization (EI) in an ion trap time-of-flight (IT-TOF) aerosol mass spectrometer. When the TMA vapor concentration was very high, essentially complete exchange of TMA for ammonia in the particles was achieved. When the TMA vapor concentration was lower ( approximately 500 ppb for a reaction time of 23 s), partial exchange was observed, and the initial reactive uptake coefficient was estimated to be on the order of 2 x 10(-3) at 20% RH. This value suggests that measurable exchange is possible in the atmosphere when particles are exposed to an amine concentration on the order of 1 ppb for a few hours. The effects of particle size, water content, and amine molecular structure on uptake remain to be elucidated.

Synthesis and characterization of novel oligomeric poly(styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile)–clay complexes

AbstractOligomeric poly(styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile) quaternary ammonium salts were prepared through reactions of trimethylamine with corresponding poly(styrene–acrylonitrile–vinyl benzyl chloride)s, which were synthesized by the free‐radical polymerization of a mixture of styrene, acrylonitrile, and vinyl benzyl chloride. Then, oligomeric poly(styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile)‐modified clays were prepared through the cation exchange of the sodium ions in the clay with the corresponding poly(styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile) quaternary ammonium salts. The poly(styrene–acrylonitrile–vinyl benzyl chloride)s, poly(styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile) quaternary ammonium salts, and their clay complexes were characterized with infrared spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, thermogravimetric analysis, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, X‐ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy studies showed that these novel clay complexes were well intercalated. Furthermore, thermogravimetric analysis data indicated that this series of polymerically modified clays had high enough thermal stability for nanocomposites by melt blending. The thermal treatment of one of these novel clays at 250°C under nitrogen was also conducted. Solubility and infrared studies of this thermally treated clay complex revealed that a novel polyimine/enamine structure clay complex had been formed in the gallery of the clay. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009

Synthesis, characterization and thermal stability of different polystyryl quaternary ammonium surfactants and their montmorillonite complexes

Three polystyryl quaternary ammonium salts have been synthesized from the reactions of trimethylamine with chloromethyl polystyrenes which were prepared by three different methods: free-radical co-polymerization, chloromethylation of polystyrene and anionic polymerization. Then the polystyryl-modified montmorillonites have been obtained from the ion exchange of sodium ions in the montmorillonites with polystyryl quaternary ammonium salts. The polystyryl quaternary ammonium salts have been characterized using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer ( 1H NMR), Fourier-transformed infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The thermal stability of the quaternary ammonium salts and their corresponding modified montmorillonites have been studied by thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). TGA data have shown that the polystyryl ammonium salt and its modified montmorillonites obtained from the reactions of chloromethyl polystyrene which was prepared by anionic polymerization are the most stable ones respectively. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electronic microspectroscopy (TEM) analysis of these polystyryl-modified clays have shown that they are of intercalated structures or partial exfoliation with stacked clay layers.

Synthesis and characterization of novel swelling tunable oligomeric poly(styrene‐co‐acrylamide) modified clays

AbstractThe oligomeric poly(styrene‐acrylamide‐vinylbenzylchloride) (P(St‐AM‐VBC)) quaternary ammonium salts have been prepared from the reactions of trimethylamine with the corresponding P(St‐AM‐VBC)s, which were synthesized by free‐radical polymerization of a mixture of styrene, acrylamide, and vinylbenzylchloride. Then the swelling tunable oligomeric poly(styrene‐co‐acrylamide) modified clays have been prepared through cation exchange of the sodium ions in the clay with the corresponding P(St‐AM‐VBC) quaternary ammonium salts. The P(St‐AM‐VBC) and its modified clays have been characterized by infrared spectra (IR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The solvent‐swelling capacity of poly(styrene‐co‐acrylamide) modified clays have also been tested, and the experimental results have indicated that these clays are novel swelling tunable organic clays. XRD and TEM studies have shown that these novel swelling tunable clays are well‐intercalated or exfoliated. Furthermore, TGA analysis shows that these polymerically modified clays have high thermal stability for nanocomposites by melt blending. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008

2-Phenyl-1-boraadamantane complexes. Synthesis and intramolecular dynamics

The reaction of triallylborane with 3-phenylprop-1-yne at 135–140 °C followed by treatment of the reaction mixture with MeOH afforded 7-benzyl-3-methoxy-3-borabicyclo[3.3.1]non-6-ene (1) in 81% yield. Hydroboration of compound1 with a solution of BH3 in THF yielded the tetrahydrofuran complex of 2-phenyl-1-boraadamantane (2). The reactions of trimethylamine or pyridine with compound2 afforded the trimethylamine (3) or pyridine (4) complexes of 2-phenyl-1-boraadamantane. respectively. Hindered rotation about the C(2)−Ph bond in adduct3 was observed by1H and13C NMR spectroscopy. The activation energy of this process is 58.6 kJ mol−1 (determined by 2D1H−1H EXSY spectroscopy).

Epoxidation of cyclohexene with polymethacrylate-based peroxotungstic catalysts

Amino and ammonium groups have been introduced into polyglycidylmethacrylate (PGMA) resins by reaction of trimethylamine either by opening the epoxide ring of PGMA or by reaction with methyl iodide followed by amination. The aminoalky derivatives were phosphorylated to afford grafted phosphotriamides; when loaded with tungsten species in their peroxo form, these polymeric carriers exhibited excellent properties as catalysts for the epoxidation of cyclohexene with hydrogen peroxide.

Synthesis of Highly Purified Tetramethylammonium Hydroxide Solution

Tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) solution free from Cl ion was synthesized by electrolysis of the corresponding formate and hydrogencarbonate salts in an electrolytic cell with a cation exchange membrane. As formate salt was used as intermediate of TMAH synthesis, the TMAH solution was contaminated by a small amount of formic acid, while the high-purity TMAH solution was obtained as hydrogencarbonate salt was used as intermediate. Reaction of trimethylamine and dimethyl carbonate in equivalent molecule ratio suggested that one of the two methyl groups of dimethyl carbonate was incorporated into methyl carbonate salt. By electrolysis of the hydrogencarbonate salt which was free from methanol by hydrolysis of methyl carbonate salt, the TMAH solution was prepared at high current efficiency. The sufficient current efficiency was obtained as hydrogencarbonate salts were used as counter anions of tetramethylammonium salts. The important factor dominating the current efficiency was pH of anolyte. 18 refs., 5 figs., 4 tabs.

Darstellung und Kristallstruktur des Bis(trimethylammonium)hexasulflds [HN(CH3)3]2S6 / Preparation and Crystal Structure of Bis(trimethylammonium)hexasulfide [HN(CH3)3]2S6

The reaction of trimethylamine, H2S, and sulfur in ethanol yields orange crystals of bis(trimethylammonium) hexasulfide. The com pound crystallizes in the centrosymmetric monoclinic space group P 2/c. The lattice constants are a = 10.310(7), b = 5.752(2), c = 13.348(10) Å, β = 98.41(6)°. The S2 6-chain has a helical all-trans-conformation (sequence of the signs of torsion angles +++ and --- ).

Synthesis of Pure Tetramethylammonium Hydroxide Solution Free from Chloride Ion by the Electrolysis of Its Hydrogen Carbonate

Abstract Tetramethylammonium hydroxide solution free from chloride ion was produced by the electrolysis of tetramethylammonium hydrogen carbonate using a cation exchange membrane as a diaphram. The hydrogen carbonate was prepared by the reaction of trimethylamine and dimethyl carbonate in methanol.

Mass transfer and reaction of trimethylamine in a three‐phase biological reactor

AbstractA model system, consisting of a mixed culture of microorganisms, was used to study the performance of a bench‐scale packed bed bubble column (PBC) bioreactor treating trimethylamine. Three mesophilic bacterial strains were selected, mixed and acclimatized to grow with trimethylamine as the sole carbon source; degradation kinetic constants were determined for a bacterial suspension system. Gas transfer to the liquid phase was modelled in order to characterize solute transport and availability into the biofilm. The overall performance of the system is discussed based on mass transfer considerations.

Reactions of trimethylamine with Mn(II) and Cd(II) chlorides: crystal and molecular structure of [Me 3NH][MnCl 3

Trimethylamine reacts with MCl 2 (M = Mn, Cd) to give the mono-adducts MnCl 2(NMe 3) ( I) and CdCl 2(NMe 3) ( II), respectively. Attempted crystallisation of I from MeCN provides the anionic complexes [Me 3NH][MnCl 3] ( III) and [Me 3NH] 2[MnCl 4] ( IV) both from the same solution. Compound III has been fully characterised via an X-ray crystal structure determination; crystals are orthorhombic, space group Pcmn (non-standard setting of Pnma, No. 62) with cell constants a = 8.938(7), b = 6.474(8), c = 14.396(14) Å, V = 833.0 Å 3, M r 221.4, Z = 4, D c = 1.76 g cm −3. The final R value for 603 unique reflections [ I>2σ( I)] is 0.077. The structure consists of polymeric linear chains of six coordinate Mn atoms linked by triple halogen bridges together with discrete [Me 3NH] + cations. Similar treatment of II with MeCN results in the formation of [Me 3NH][CdCl 3]. Single crystal diffraction data confirm that [Me 3NH][MnCl 3] ( III) and [Me 3NH][CdCl 3] are isomorphous.

Kinetics of oxidation of trimethylamine by hexacyanoferrate(III) in aqueous medium

The reaction of trimethylamine with aqueous hexacyanoferrate(III) gave formyldimethylamine. The rate depends on the first powers of the concentrations of substrate and oxidant; the activation parameters were: E=57.0 kJ mol−1, ΔS≠=−154 JK−1 mol−1. The mechanism involves abstraction of the proton attached to the α-carbon, yielding a radical, whose ESR spectrum gave 9 spectral lines.

The reaction of trimethylamine in liquid hydrogen sulphide: an electrical conductivity study

The electrical conductivity of trimethylamine solutions (2.26 × 10−4 to 2.89 × 10−1 mol L−1) in liquid hydrogen sulphide over the temperature range −72.5 °C to +25.0 °C has been measured. The data indicate that the trimethylamine behaves as a Brønsted base in liquid hydrogen sulphide [1] and is protonated to form trimethylammonium hydrogensulphide. The latter[Formula: see text]behaves as a normal weak electrolyte in a solvent of low to medium dielectric constant [Formula: see text]. The conductance data as a function of temperature also show that trimethylamine exists both as a hydrogen bonded complex with H2S and as an unassociated molecule in liquid H2S.

Reaction of trimethylamine and trimethylphosphine with chlorinated compounds of closo-2,4-C2B5H7: net displacement reactions at boron atoms of closo-carboranes

Reaction of trimethylamine and trimethylphosphine with chlorinated compounds of closo-2,4-C2B5H7: net displacement reactions at boron atoms of closo-carboranes

Investigation of the reaction of trimethylamine with hydrogen halides in cryogenic solutions from their infrared spectra

Investigation of the reaction of trimethylamine with hydrogen halides in cryogenic solutions from their infrared spectra

Nucleophilic catalysis of the aromatization of an arene oxide. Reaction of trimethylamine with 4-carb-o-tert-butoxybenzene oxide

Nucleophilic catalysis of the aromatization of an arene oxide. Reaction of trimethylamine with 4-carb-o-tert-butoxybenzene oxide

Solvent effects on the free energies of the reactants and transition states in the Menschutkin reaction of trimethylamine with alkyl halides

In the reaction of trimethylamine with p-nitrobenzyl chloride, the variation of the free energy of the transition state with solvent is generally larger than the corresponding variation in the sum of the free energies of the reactants, but in the reaction of trimethylamine with methyl iodide the accelerating effect of solvent water is entirely due to a large increase in the free energy of the reactants.

Donor-Acceptor Bonding. VI. The Reactions of Trimethylamine, Dimethylamine, Monomethylamine, and Ammonia with Titanium Tetrachloride and of Trimethylamine with Titanium Trichloride1

Donor-Acceptor Bonding. VI. The Reactions of Trimethylamine, Dimethylamine, Monomethylamine, and Ammonia with Titanium Tetrachloride and of Trimethylamine with Titanium Trichloride¹

Allylic Rearrangements. XXXIV. The Reaction of Trimethylamine with α-Methylallyl Chloride1a,b

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAllylic Rearrangements. XXXIV. The Reaction of Trimethylamine with α-Methylallyl Chloride1a,bWilliam G. Young, Robert A. Clement, and Chin-Hua ShihCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1955, 77, 11, 3061–3067Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1955Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1955https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01616a039RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views125Altmetric-Citations12LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (926 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts