Reaction Of Carbon Dioxide Research Articles

Research Progress of Dual‐Site Tandem Catalysts in the Preparation of Multi Carbon Products by Electro Reduction of CO2

AbstractThe era of an energy economy driven by “carbon neutrality” is putting forward stricter requirements for the use of carbon resources and the governance of CO2. Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide reaction (CO2RR), driven by renewable energy, is a practical energy storage technology with broad application prospects. It can reduce CO2 into carbon‐based fuels and chemical products. Among them, multi‐carbon (C2+) products have higher energy density and larger market size, and can significantly reduce the global demand for fossil fuels and close the artificial carbon cycle. Introducing additional active sites into Cu‐based catalysts to prepare dual‐site tandem catalysts can regulate the electronic and geometric structure of the catalysts, break linear scale relationships, reduce reaction potential barriers, and bring superb and stable catalytic performance. Various types of dual‐site tandem catalysts are developed, and the understanding of the tandem effect is pushed to a higher level. This paper reviews several typical dual‐site tandem catalysts: atom–atom dual‐site tandem catalysts, atom‐particle dual‐site tandem catalysts, particle–particle dual‐site tandem catalysts, and heterogeneous interface dual‐site tandem catalysts. It then deeply analyzes the reaction mechanism and research progress of these advanced catalysts in CO2RR. In addition, the challenges and opportunities faced by such catalysts are also discussed.

Mechanistic Insights into the Reactivity and Activation Barrier Origins for CO2 Capture by Heavy Group-14 Imine Analogues.

Using M06-2X-D3/def2-TZVP, the [2 + 2] cycloaddition reactions of carbon dioxide with the heavy imine analogues G14=N-Rea (G14 = Group 14 element) were investigated. The theoretical evidence reveals that the nature of the doubly bonded G14=N moiety in heavy imine analogues, G14=N-Rea (L1L2G14=N-L3), is characterized by the electron-sharing interaction between triplet L1L2G14 and triplet N-L3 fragments. Based on our theoretical studies, except for the carbon-based imine, all four heavy imine analogues with Si=N, Ge=N, Sn=N, and Pb=N groups can easily engage in [2 + 2] cycloaddition reactions with CO2. Energy decomposition analysis-natural orbitals for chemical valence analyses and the FMO theory strongly suggest that in the CO2 capture reaction by heavy imine analogues G14=N-Rea, the primary bonding interaction is the occupied p-π orbital (G14=N-Rea) → vacant p-π* orbital (CO2) interaction, instead of the empty p-π* orbital (G14=N-Rea) ← filled p-π orbital (CO2) interaction. The activation barrier of the CO2 capture reactions by G14=N-Rea molecules is primarily determined by the deformation energy of CO2. Shaik's valence bond state correlation diagram model, used to rationalize the computed results, indicates that the singlet-triplet energy splitting of G14=N-Rea is a key factor in determining the reaction barrier for the current CO2 capture reactions.

Impact of CO2 on the Pyrolysis of Mixed Polymer Wastes into Combustible Fuel: A Case Study for Footwear Waste

Plastic waste is a promising resource for producing liquid fuels that can be integrated into existing hydrocarbon infrastructures. However, the heterogeneous nature of plastic-derived liquid fuels limits direct application in internal combustion engines, necessitating their refinement into a usable form. To address these issues, this study explored the enhancement of combustible gaseous fuels derived from plastic waste, footwear waste, as a viable alternative. This approach involves the introduction of carbon dioxide as a reactive feedstock during the pyrolysis process. Analytical techniques were employed to precisely determine the types and compositions of four polymers present in footwear waste. The compositional matrices of the primary pyrogenic products were also identified. However, incorporating carbon dioxide into pyrolysis leads to its interaction with volatile compounds, converting them into lighter gaseous products, particularly carbon monoxide. The homogeneous reactivity of carbon dioxide was further enhanced by the application of heat and a nickel-based catalyst. The gaseous product yield from catalytic pyrolysis in the presence of carbon dioxide increased proportionally with the test temperature. Specifically, the use of carbon dioxide led to a 1.92-fold increase in gaseous product yield at 700 ˚C, in reference to the results from nitrogen. This study demonstrates a technical advancement in pyrolytic valorisation of footwear waste by incorporating carbon dioxide and provides a detailed investigation into its mechanical role in maximising the production of combustible gaseous fuels.

Reactions of carbon dioxide bound to aluminum diimine hydride with borane dimethyl sulfide and ammonia

The reaction of aluminum bis-formate acenaphthene-1,2-diimine complex [(ArBIG-bian)Al(μ-OC(H)O)2Li(Thf)2] (I) (ArBIG-bian = 1,2-bis[(2,6-dibenzhydryl-4-methylphenyl)imino]acenaphthene), prepared by binding carbon dioxide by aluminum diimine hydride [(ArBIG-bian)Al(H)2]–[Li(Thf)4]+, with borane dimethyl sulfide and ammonia was studied. The reaction of I with BH3∙SMe2 (1 : 1) in toluene affords the product of hydroboration of one formate group [(ArBIG-bian)Al(μ-OC(H)O)(OB(H)OCH3)Li(Thf)]2 (II), while the reaction of I with BH3∙SMe2 (1 : 2) is accompanied by reduction of both formate groups and gives complex [(ArBIG-bian)Al(OBOCH3)2OLi2(Thf)2BH4]2 (III), methoxyboroxine (CH3OBO)3 and, presumably, compound [(ArBIG-bian)AlOCH3]. The reaction of I with one equivalent of ammonia in THF gives adduct [(ArBIG-bian)Al(NH3)(μ-OC(H)O)2Li(Thf)2] (IV), in which ammonia is coordinated to the aluminum atom, while the key bonds in I have not undergone ammonolysis. Compounds II–IV were characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and X-ray diffraction (CCDC no. 2255017 (II), 2255018 (III), 2255019 (IV)).

Spatial Structure of Electron Interactions in High-entropy Oxide Nanoparticles for Active Electrocatalysis of Carbon Dioxide Reduction.

High-entropy oxides (HEOs) exhibit distinctive catalytic properties owing to their diverse elemental compositions, garnering considerable attention across various applications. However, the preparation of HEO nanoparticles with different spatial structures remains challenging due to their inherent structural instability. Herein, ultrasmall high-entropy oxide nanoparticles (less than 5nm) with different spatial structures are synthesized on carbon supports via the rapid thermal shock treatment. The low-symmetry HEO, BiSbInCdSn-O4, demonstrates exceptional performance for electrocatalytic carbon dioxide reaction (eCO2RR), including a lower overpotential, high Faraday efficiency across a wide electrochemical range (-0.3 to -1.6V), and sustained stability for over100h. In the membrane electrode assembly electrolyzer, BiSbInCdSn-O4 achieves a current density of 350mAcm-2 while maintaining good stability for 24h. Both experimental observations and theoretical calculations reveal that the electron donor-acceptor interactions between bismuth and indium sites in BiSbInCdSn-O4 enable the electron delocalization to facilitate the efficient adsorption of CO2 and hydrogenation reactions. Thus, the energy barrier of the rate-determining step is reduced to enhance the electrocatalytic activity and stability. This study elucidates that the spatial structure of metal sites in HEOs is able to regulate CO2 adsorption status for eCO2RR, paving the way for the rational design of efficient HEO catalysts.

Customizing pyridinic nitrogen coordination in Ni–N–C for electrocatalytic CO2 reduction towards CO

Nickel anchored N-doped carbon electrocatalysts (Ni–N–C) are rapidly developed for the electrochemical reduction reaction of carbon dioxide (CO2RR). However, the high-performanced Ni–N–C analogues design for CO2RR remains bewilderment, for the reason lacking of definite guidance for its structure-activity relationship. Herein, the correlation between the proportion of nitrogen species derived from various nitrogen sources and the CO2RR activity of Ni–N–C is investigated. The x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectrum combined with the CO2RR performance results show that pyridinic-N content has a positive correlation with CO2RR activity. Moreover, density functional theory (DFT) demonstrates that pyridinic-N coordinated Ni–N4 sites offers optimized free energy and favorable selectivity towards CO2RR compared with pyrrolic-N. Accordingly, Ni–Na–C with highest pyridinic-N content (ammonia as nitrogen source) performs superior CO2RR activity, with the maximum carbon monoxide faradaic efficiency (FECO) of 99.8% at −0.88 V vs. RHE and the FECO surpassing 95% within potential ranging of −0.88 to −1.38 V vs. RHE. The building of this parameter for CO2RR activity of Ni–N–C give instructive forecast for low-cost and highly active CO2RR electrocatalysts.

Highly Selective Electrocatalytic CO2 Conversion to Tailored Products through Precise Regulation of Hydrogenation and C-C Coupling.

The electrochemical reduction reaction of carbon dioxide (CO2RR) into valuable products offers notable economic benefits and contributes to environmental sustainability. However, precisely controlling the reaction pathways and selectively converting key intermediates pose considerable challenges. In this study, our theoretical calculations reveal that the active sites with different states of copper atoms (1-3-5-7-9) play a pivotal role in the adsorption behavior of the *CHO critical intermediate. This behavior dictates the subsequent hydrogenation and coupling steps, ultimately influencing the formation of the desired products. Consequently, we designed two model electrocatalysts comprising Cu single atoms and particles supported on CeO2. This design enables controlled *CHO intermediate transformation through either hydrogenation with *H or coupling with *CO, leading to a highly selective CO2RR. Notably, our selective control strategy tunes the Faradaic efficiency from 61.1% for ethylene (C2H4) to 61.2% for methane (CH4). Additionally, the catalyst demonstrated a high current density and remarkable stability, exceeding 500 h of operation. This work not only provides efficient catalysts for selective CO2RR but also offers valuable insights into tailoring surface chemistry and designing catalysts for precise control over catalytic processes to achieve targeted product generation in CO2RR technology.

Combustion of single micron-sized magnesium particles in carbon dioxide

An experimental system integrating micro-sized single particle generation, ignition, and observation was proposed and constructed for investigating the combustion characteristics of magnesium single particles in carbon dioxide. Defining the onset of combustion using the boiling point temperature allows for precise measurement of combustion time without artificial interference. Results revealed four modes of combustion for magnesium particles (Vapor-phase combustion, surface reaction, Micro explosion and flash-out mode) in carbon dioxide. Vapor-phase combustion is diffusion-controlled (with a D01.76 scaling, where D0 is the initial particle diameter). Additionally, the micro-explosion mode primarily occurs in particles with diameters exceeding 70 μm, and the combustion time is rather insensitive to the particle size (Typically 0.5 ∼ 2.2 ms in this study). The characteristic temperatures of the particles were determined using two-color pyrometry, indicating that the particle combustion temperature decreases with increasing particle size. Magnesium particles typically reach temperatures approximately 800 K higher than normal vapor-phase combustion temperatures before experiencing micro-explosions. Analysis of combustion products shows that the oxide shell formed by the combustion of magnesium particles has a three-layer structure. Both the outer and inner layers are mixed layers of magnesium oxide and solid carbon produced during combustion reactions, and the middle layer is the initial oxidation layer of the particles.

PROSPECTS FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF BIOLOGICAL METHANATION TECHNOLOGIES IN UKRAINE

The search and development of alternative energy sources as a substitute for scarce natural gas is an extremely important task for the Ukrainian economy. Methanation, that is, the reaction of converting carbon dioxide and hydrogen to produce synthetic renewable methane, is one way to solve this problem. The directions and features of methanation technologies implemented today in the world are considered. The structural diagram and production of components of biological methanation technology as the most promising for Ukraine are described. Two concepts of biomethanation are considered: in-situ and ex-situ. In-situ methanation is a combination of anaerobic digestion and biological methanation processes in a single digester. However, when implementing such methanation, difficulties arise due to differences in the optimal conditions for the occurrence of these processes. Ex-situ methanation occurs in separate reactors, where it is possible to autonomously establish optimal conditions for acetogenesis and methanogenesis. Thus, the in-situ concept, compared to the ex-situ concept, is much cheaper and easier to implement, but is still much more difficult to implement the methanation process. The relevance of introducing methanation technologies in Ukraine is due to the active development and implementation of bioenergy technologies using large bioresources existing in the country. A promising direction for the implementation of methanation technologies in Ukraine is the use of biological methanation technologies for the production of biomethane and synthetic renewable methane. Establishing the production of biomethane and synthetic renewable methane will also help solve such pressing problems as accumulating unstable electricity from solar and wind power plants, which can become a powerful stimulator for the development of these areas of alternative energy. In addition, methanation protects the environment from CO2, converting it from a greenhouse gas into a fuel. Bibl. 18, Fig. 2.

Electrochemical Synthesis of Urea: Co-Reduction of Nitrite and Carbon Dioxide on Binuclear Cobalt Phthalocyanine.

Exploration of molecular catalysts with the atomic-level tunability of molecular structures offers promising avenues for developing high-performance catalysts for the electrochemical co-reduction reaction of carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrite (NO2 -) into value-added urea. In this work, a binuclear cobalt phthalocyanine (biCoPc) catalyst is prepared through chemical synthesis and applied as a C─N coupling catalyst toward urea. Achieving a remarkable Faradaic efficiency of 47.4% for urea production at -0.5V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), this biCoPc outperforms many known molecular catalysts in this specific application. Its unique planar macromolecular structure and the increased valence state of cobalt promote the adsorption of nitrogenous and carbonaceous species, a critical factor in facilitating the multi-electron C─N coupling. Combining highly sensitive in situ attenuated total reflection surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (ATR-SEIRAS) with density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the linear adsorbed CO (COL) and bridge adsorbed CO (COB) is captured on biCoPc catalyst during the co-reduction reaction. COB, a pivotal intermediate in the co-reduction from CO2 and nitrite to urea, is evidenced to be labile and may be attacked by nitrite, promoting urea production. This work demonstrates the importance of designing molecular catalysts for efficient co-reduction of CO2 and nitrite to urea.

Investigation and Comparison of Catalytic Methods to Produce Green CO2-Containing Monomers for Polycarbonates

The preparation of CO2-containing polymers with improved degradation properties is still very challenging. An elegant method for preparing these polymers is to use CO2-containing monomers in ring-opening polymerizations (ROP) which are particularly gentle and energy-saving methods. However, cyclic carbonates are required for this which are not readily available. This paper therefore aims to present the optimization and comparison of two synthesis methods to obtain cyclic carbonates for ROP. Within this work, cyclic styrene carbonate was synthesized from readily available raw materials by using a Jacobsen catalyst for the reaction of styrene oxide and carbon dioxide or an organocatalyst for the transesterification of methyl carbonate with 1-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol. The latter performed with 100% selectivity to the desired styrene carbonate, which was succesfully tested in ROP, producing an amorphous thermoplastic polymer with a TG of 185 °C.

Transformation of ambient CO2 in air into cyclic carbonates mediated by a phosphorus-nitrogen PN3-pincer iron complex

The atom-economical reaction of carbon dioxide (CO2) with epoxides possesses the potential to utilize captured CO₂ for synthesizing useful chemicals. Among a wide range of metal complexes employed for this transformation, iron (Fe) stands out because of its low cost, ready availability, and stability. In this work, a pyridine-based pincer PN³-Fe(II) complex was synthesized and used as an efficient catalyst for the CO₂ epoxide cycloaddition. More importantly, this complex enabled the direct capture of CO₂ in the atmosphere and conversion into cyclic carbonates in excellent yields.

Synergy of Ni Nanoclusters and Single Atom Site: Size Effect on the Performance of Electrochemical CO2 Reduction Reaction and Rechargeable Zn−CO2 Batteries

AbstractThe design of bifunctional electrocatalysts toward reduction reaction of carbon dioxide (ECO2RR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in aqueous rechargeable Zn─CO2 batteries (ZABs) still poses a significant challenge. Herein, Ni clusters (Nix) of 0.5 and 0.8 nm in diameter coupled with single Ni site (Ni−N4−C), denoted as Ni−N4/Ni5 and Ni−N4/Ni8, respectively, are synthesized and the size effect of Ni nanoclusters are studied. Ni−N4/Ni5 exhibits an ≈100% Faradaic efficiency (FECO) toward ECO2RR for CO from −0.4 to −0.8 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode, superior to that of Ni−N4−C (FECO = 55.0%) and Ni−N4/Ni8 (FECO = 80.0%). The OER performance of Ni−N4/Ni5 and Ni−N4/Ni8 are superior or comparable to that of commercial RuO2 but outperform that of Ni−N4−C. Theoretical calculation indicates that *COOH of ECO2RR intermediates bond synergistically with Nix clusters and Ni−N4−C single atom site, promoting the activation of CO2 and reducing the energy barrier of the potential determining step of ECO2RR. Such effect is strongly size‐dependent and larger Nix nanoclusters result in too strong binding of *COOH intermediates, impede the formation of *CO. As a bifunctional cathode electrocatalyst of rechargeable alkaline aqueous ZABs, Ni−N4/Ni5 exhibits a peak power density of 11.7 mW cm−2 and cycling durability over 1200 cycles and 420 h.

Enhancing methane formation in carbon dioxide hydrogenation on nickel clusters with zirconium additives: Exploring active sites, reaction pathways, and catalytic mechanisms

This study focuses on the catalytic reaction of carbon dioxide (CO2) hydrogenation using 0.5 wt% nickel (Ni) deposited on silica oxide support (SiO2). Initially, these Ni clusters exhibit limited catalytic activity and selectivity toward carbon monoxide (CO) formation. However, the introduction of zirconium ions (Zr4+) onto the Ni clusters leads to a remarkable improvement in the catalytic efficiency of CO2 hydrogenation and methane (CH4) production. The interaction between Ni and ZrO2 generates interfacial sites that play a multifaceted role. These sites facilitate the binding of acidic CO2 and promote the atomic hydrogen migration from ZrO2 to Ni. Consequently, the creation of interfacial sites on the Ni catalysts directly enhances the rate of CO2 hydrogenation while also increasing CH4 selectivity. The primary intermediate in this process appears to be monodentate formate species, which can undergo direct decomposition to CO or conversion into formic acid intermediates. The formic acid intermediates subsequently undergo hydrogenation, ultimately leading to the production of CH4.

Current Research on CO2 Reduction Technology

The technology of carbon dioxide reduction has become a focus of research in the fields of environmental protection and sustainable development. With the exacerbation of global warming and energy crises, the issue of carbon dioxide emissions has become increasingly severe, exerting immense pressure on human society and the natural environment. In this context, carbon dioxide reduction technology has emerged as one of the important approaches to addressing climate change and energy demands. This technology involves the reaction of carbon dioxide with hydrogen or other reducing agents to produce organic compounds or fuels. Its advent not only promises to reduce carbon dioxide emissions but also to convert carbon dioxide into useful organic compounds or fuels, thereby facilitating the recycling of resources. The development of carbon dioxide reduction technology holds significant implications for addressing climate change and energy demands. By employing this technology, discarded carbon dioxide can be transformed into valuable products, reducing reliance on fossil fuels, lowering greenhouse gas emissions, and providing new energy sources for sustainable development. Furthermore, carbon dioxide reduction technology has the potential to integrate with other fields such as photocatalysis and electrochemistry, further expanding its application scope and reducing costs. This paper aims to provide reference and guidance for further research and industrial application of carbon dioxide reduction technology, promoting its sustainable utilization and environmental friendliness in practical production.

Experimental and kinetic evaluation on cobalt Salen conjugated organic polymers for CO2 cycloaddition reactions and iodine vapor adsorption

The fixing reactions of carbon dioxide with epoxides will not only help to ameliorate the problem of global warming, but also facilitate the synthesis of cyclic carbonates that have a multitude of applications. Herein, a new sequence of Salen cobalt complexes adjusted with different counterions and interconnected with pyrene group were synthesized through Friedel–Crafts alkylation, which were served as conjugated organic polymers (SP-COPs) for taking advantage of catalytic CO2 fixation reactions and iodine adsorption. Further characterizations were carried out through FT-IR, UV, TGA, and SEM to comprehend the intact structure, thermal stability, morphology and other physical and chemical properties. All materials exhibited effective catalytic performance, and in particular, SP-COP-1 with co-catalyst of TBAI achieved 96.2% conversion under ultra-mild conditions. The Ea was obtained to be 46.4 kJ·mol−1 by performing kinetic experiments at different temperatures by fitting the experimental data. The performance of iodine vapor adsorbed by these materials at ambient pressure of 75°C reached 2.8 g·g−1, 2.2 g·g−1 and 2.6 g·g−1 respectively, and the adsorption process is describable in terms of pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order adsorption kinetics.

Reactivity of carbon dioxide during pyrolysis of paper-plastic composite

Reactivity of carbon dioxide during pyrolysis of paper-plastic composite

Improved biocatalytic activity of steapsin lipase in supercritical carbon dioxide medium for the synthesis of benzyl butyrate: A commercially important flavour compound

Enzymatic synthesis of flavours, fragrances and food additives compounds have great demand and market value. Benzyl butyrate is commercially important flavour and food additive compound having global use around 100 metric tons/year and widely used in various industrial sectors. However, industrial synthesis of food additive benzyl butyrate is carried out by conventional chemical process which demands for the green biobased sustainable synthetic process. The present work reports steapsin catalyzed synthesis of benzyl butyrate for the first time in supercritical carbon dioxide (Sc-CO2) reaction medium. All reaction variables are optimized in details to obtain competent conversion of 99% in Sc-CO2 reaction medium. The developed steapsin catalyzed synthesis in Sc-CO2 medium offered almost four-fold higher conversion to benzyl butyrate than organic (conventional) solvent. The steapsin biocatalyst was effectually recycled up to five reaction cycles in Sc-CO2 medium. Moreover, the developed steapsin catalyzed protocol in Sc-CO2 medium was extended to synthesize different TEN industrially significant flavour fragrance compounds that offers 99% conversion and three to five-folds higher conversion than organic (conventional) medium. Thus, the present steapsin catalyzed protocol offered improved synthesis of various commercially significant flavour compounds in Sc-CO2. medium.

Investigation of the Effects of 1,2,4‐Triazole and Thiazole Ring‐Containing Hybrid Molecules on Carbonic Anhydrase I and II

AbstractCarbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible reaction of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate and a proton under physiological conditions. Pharmaceutical research has gained importance since the design of novel compounds that inhibit CA I–II isoenzymes has a promising approach for pharmacological intervention in many diseases. Triazole derivatives have attracted attention due to their chemotherapeutic, antifungal, antiviral, antibiotic, analgesic, and antifungal activities. Therefore, in this study, the effect of 1,2,4‐triazole and thiazole ring‐containing compounds on human carbonic anhydrase I (hCA I) and II (hCA II) isoenzymes were investigated in vitro. For this purpose, hCA I and hCA II isoenzymes were purified by Sepharose‐4B affinity column chromatography. Estimation of inhibition mechanism and drug‐likeness characteristics of compounds were also determined using molecular docking simulation. The inhibitory effects of ten compounds were investigated. Activity vs. concentration graphs were prepared for each compound and IC50 values or AC50 were calculated from these graphs. It was revealed that some of the compounds exhibited selective inhibition on carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes. The studied compounds are considered to be drug candidates.

Bifunctional electrocatalytic reduction performance of nitrogen containing biomass based nanoreactors loaded with Ni nanoparticles for oxygen and carbon dioxide

In the face of increasing energy demand, the approach of transformation that combines energy restructuring and environmental governance has become a popular research direction. As an important part of electrocatalytic reactions for gas molecules, reduction reactions of oxygen (ORR) and carbon dioxide (CO2RR) are very indispensable in the field of energy conversion and storage. However, the non-interchangeability and irreversibility of electrode materials have always been a challenge in electrocatalysis. Hereon, nickel and nitrogen decorated biomass carbon-based materials (Ni/N-BC) has been prepared by high temperature pyrolysis using agricultural waste straw as raw material. Surprisingly, it possesses abundant active sites and specific surface area as a bifunctional electrocatalyst for ORR and CO2RR. The three-dimensional porous cavity structure for the framework of biomass could not only provide a strong anchoring foundation for the active site, but also facilitate the transport and enrichment of reactants around the site. In addition, temperature modulation during the preparation process also optimizes the composition and structure of biomass carbon and nitrogen. Benefit from above structure and morphology advantages, Ni/N-BC-800 exhibits the superior electrocatalytic activity for both ORR and CO2RR simultaneously. More specifically, Ni/N-BC-800 exhibits satisfactory ORR activity in terms of initial potential and half wave potential, while also enables the production of CO under high selective. The research results provide ideas for the development and design of electrode materials and green electrocatalysts, and also expand new applications of agricultural waste in fields such as energy conversion, environmental protection, and resource utilization.