Reactions In Body Research Articles

Структурно-функциональное исследование почек рыб при экологическом мониторинге и в аквакультуре

The intense anthropological impact on the ecosystems makes it necessary to monitor the state of populations of different fish species from different points of view. Health of aquatic animals, including fish, is an informative indicator of the quality of the environment, since physical and chemical changes in water, if they go beyond the optimum, cause definite reactions in the fish body. There are summarized the results of studying the kidneys of cyprinid fish species from the natural habitats of the lower reaches of the Volga and Kigach rivers and the Northern Caspian, as well as those cultivated in pond farms. The detected violations of mesonephros were described depending on localization of the pathological process. It has been shown that pathological changes are found in all structures of the kidney: in the interstitial, renal corpuscle, convoluted muscles. A change in the rheological properties of blood, glomerular changes up to atrophy of capillary loops, dystrophic changes in the tubular epithelium were found. An original system for assessing the condition of fish kidneys is proposed. Reactions in the body of hydrobionts are a consequence of the combined effects of environmental factors and natural physiological processes. The changes detected in the organ structure make it possible to assess the environmental impact on fish. Histopathological changes in vital organs, in particular, in mesonephros, are valuable indicators for assessing the consequences of negative environmental influences. Using not only qualitative, but also quantitative characteristics of mesonephros can contribute to introduce the quantitative methods in ecological and morphological studies of fish.

Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry: The Role of Biomarkers and Biomolecules

Biochemistry is a branch of biosciences which deals with the study of chemical reactions that occur in living cells and organisms. It is a subject in which biological phenomenon is analyzed in terms of chemical reactions or metabolic pathways. Biochemistry has been previously named as biological chemistry, chemical biology, clinical chemistry, chemical pathology, physiological chemistry, including medical biochemistry and clinical biochemistry. Medical biochemistry studies the chemical composition and physiological reactions in the human body. Clinical biochemistry is the measurement of chemicals or analytes in body fluids for the diagnosis, monitoring and management of patients with various diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, etc. An increase in the number and availability of laboratory diagnostics has helped in the solution of clinical problems. Particularly important is the contribution of clinical chemistry to the diagnosis and monitoring of diabetes. The importance of lipids and lipoproteins for public health has increased with clinical studies showing the benefit of lipid lowering in cardiovascular diseases. An understanding of clinical chemistry and biochemistry would be useful in the study of medical and allied sciences for the advancement of knowledge in academic and professional courses. This review article is an attempt to understand the scope and significance of basic and applied aspects of biochemistry

Питание окуневых рыб (Percidae) в малом озере бассейна Онежского озера

The article s focuses on studying the fish nutrition, which is one of the ways to identify the patterns of fish onto- and phylogenesis, as well as the patterns of fish abundance and using food resources in the water bodies. Nutrition determines the key physiological and biochemical reactions in the fish body in a qualitative and quantitative sense, which finally affects the growth of both individual organisms and the entire population. The results of these studies are of practical importance in the work of fish protection authorities. Information about the fish feeding in the small water bodies of Lake Onega basin is practically absent in the literature. There are presented the results of the studies carried out within the framework of forecasting and economic and contractual issues of the Northern Water Problems Institute of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences (NWPI KarRC RAS) and Petrozavodsk State University (PetrSU) on assessing the nutrition of perch species (perch, ruff) in the lakes of the Konchezero group (South Karelia) - the lower reaches of the river Shuya belonging to the catchment area of Lake Onega. The work was carried out by the specialists of the NWPI KarRC RAS in 2018–2020. The main hydrological and ichthyological indicators of Lake Urozero have been studied. It is found that in the diet of perch in Lake Urosero there appear larvae Chironomidae, Ephemeroptera and aerial insects, and the latter having the maximum index of relative importance. The diet of ruff caught in Lake Urozero differs widely: along with benthic organisms fish eggs were also present. Ruff’s nutrition is more abundant: the index of filling its stomach averages 225.3 0/000 against 51.2 0/000 in perch. Perch longer than 13 cm is a typical ichthyophag in Lake Urosero. It is typical for the Karelian lakes that the transition of perch to predation is ob-served when reaching the size (on average) 15 cm.

The role of vitamin and mineral complexes in the elimination of oxidative stress and its consequences

A prolonged phase of self-isolation and hypodynamia caused by the coronavirus infection negatively affect most homeostatic reactions in the human body and antioxidant status. The use of vitamin and mineral complexes which contain substances with antioxidant activity are part of a comprehensive correction of antioxidant status and medication-based antioxidant therapy. This direction of general therapeutic practice marks an important approach to overcoming the combined multiple organ pathology, provides effective prevention of morbidity, and contributes to improving the adaptive potential of a person.

The role of vitamin and mineral complexes in the elimination of oxidative stress and its consequences

A prolonged phase of self-isolation and hypodynamia caused by the coronavirus infection negatively affect most homeostatic reactions in the human body and antioxidant status. The use of vitamin and mineral complexes which contain substances with antioxidant activity are part of a comprehensive correction of antioxidant status and medication-based antioxidant therapy. This direction of general therapeutic practice marks an important approach to overcoming the combined multiple organ pathology, provides effective prevention of morbidity, and contributes to improving the adaptive potential of a person.

Molecular Mechanisms of Oxidative Stress in Aging

The paper presents a brief overview of the problems in studying the aging under the influence of oxidative reactions in the Human body. The features of the free radical theory of aging were analyzed, the role of antioxidant enzymes was considered. Aging is a complex of processes and phenomena occurring in the Human body under the influence of various factors, the oxidative metabolism has an important role in this process. The study of the mechanisms of aging opens up the prospect of using this knowledge to find methods to prolong human life.

Reactions in the Body Subjected to Coplanar Non-Concurrent Forces – Validation using Ansys 10.0

Reactions in the Body Subjected to Coplanar Non-Concurrent Forces – Validation using Ansys 10.0

Sardine oil loaded vanillic acid grafted chitosan microparticles, a new functional food ingredient: attenuates myocardial oxidative stress and apoptosis in cardiomyoblast cell lines (H9c2).

Fish oil has been widely recognized as an excellent dietary source of polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids such as EPA and DHA. However, it can undergo oxidation easily resulting in the formation of toxic off flavor compounds such as hydroperoxides. These compounds adversely affect the nutritional quality and may induce several stress reactions in body. To solve this problem, a new antioxidant bio-material, vanillic acid-grafted chitosan (Va-g-Ch), was synthesized and used as a wall material for microencapsulation of fish oil. The sardine oil loaded Va-g-Ch microparticles could be a potential functional food ingredient considering the numerous health benefits of fish oil, chitosan, and vanillic acid. The current study aimed to investigate the possible protective effect of sardine oil-loaded Va-g-Ch microparticles against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity and the underlying mechanisms. In vitro cytotoxicity evaluation was conducted using H9c2 cardiomyocytes. MTT assay revealed that effective cytoprotective effect was induced by a sample concentration of 12.5μg/mL. Results of apoptosis by double fluorescent staining with acridine orange/ethidium bromide and caspase-3 evaluation by ELISA substantiated the above findings. Further, flow cytometric determination of membrane potential, relative expression of NF-κB by PCR, and ROS determination using DCFH-DA also confirmed the protective effect of encapsulated sardine oil against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. NF-κB expression was down-regulated nearly by 50% on cells treated with encapsulated sardine oil. Altogether, the results revealed that sardine oil-loaded Va-g-Ch microparticles demonstrated potential cell protection against doxorubicin-induced oxidative stress.

Oral Aspects of Metabolic Disorders

Metabolism is a complex process that involves a series of chemical reactions in the human body. Alterations in these metabolic processes constitute the disturbances of metabolism causing metabolic disorders. The breakdown of carbohydrate by the oral microorganisms has been the subject of numerous investigations. This review discusses the oral aspects of metabolic diseases.

Biochemistry of ABO Blood Groups: A Review

The ABO blood group polymorphism of humans are known to be determined by the expression of A, B or H (O) antigens which are terminal neutral glycan sequences found in abundance on glycoprotein's and glycolipids. Apart from their matching role in blood transfusion these specific antigens are known to play their important role in regulation of various biochemical and immunological reactions in the body and are with platelets as intrinsic determinants and extrinsically absorbed antigens and exist both on glycosphingolipids and glycoprotein's. Throughout the years there have been many reviews of the ABO blood group system, covering different aspects of this fascinating topic. This article provides a brief introduction to this amazing complex blood group system and our intension is to focus on the biochemistry of ABO blood groups.

Determination of biogenic amines in wines available on the Croatian market

Biogenic amines (BA) are organic nitrogen compounds formed by decarboxylation of amino acids or by amination and transamination of aldehydes and ketones. The most important BA in wine are histamine, putrescine, cadaverine, tyramine, spermidine, spermine, tryptamine and β-phenylethylamine, and their content could vary due to different factors during wine production. They are mainly produced during malolactic fermentation by lactic acid bacteria, but could be also produced by yeasts during alcoholic fermentation. Concentration of BA in wine is important, because they act as moderators in many biological reactions in the human body. Concentrations of histamine, putrescine, cadaverine and tyramine were determined using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) in eight different wines (four white and four red). The highest concentrations of cadaverine (8.228 mg/L) and tyramine (6.452 mg/L) were detected in white wine Vinko, while the highest level of putrescine (8.740 mg/L) was determined in white wine Chardonnay. In red wines putrescin concentration was significantly higher than levels of tyramine and cadaverine. Tyramine concentrations were lower in red than in white wines. Amounts of histamine were below detection limits in all samples, while concentrations of putrescine, cadaverine and tyramine were in agreement with Croatian wine legislation.

Life fingerprints of nuclear reactions in the body of animals

AbstractNuclear reactions are a very important natural phenomenon in the universe. On the earth, cosmic rays constantly cause nuclear reactions. High energy beams created by medical devices also induce nuclear reactions in the human body. The biological role of these nuclear reactions is unknown. Here we show that the in vivo biological systems are exquisite and sophisticated by nature in influence on nuclear reactions and in resistance to radical damage in the body of live animals. In this study, photonuclear reactions in the body of live or dead animals were induced with 50-MeV irradiation. Tissue nuclear reactions were detected by positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of the induced beta+ activity. We found the unique tissue "fingerprints" of beta+ (the tremendous difference in beta+ activities and tissue distribution patterns among the individuals) are imprinted in all live animals. Within any individual, the tissue "fingerprints" of 15O and 11C are also very different. When the animal dies, the tissue "fingerprints" are lost. The biochemical, rather than physical, mechanisms could play a critical role in the phenomenon of tissue "fingerprints". Radiolytic radical attack caused millions-fold increases in 15O and 11C activities via different biochemical mechanisms, i.e. radical-mediated hydroxylation and peroxidation respectively, and more importantly the bio-molecular functions (such as the chemical reactivity and the solvent accessibility to radicals). In practice biologically for example, radical attack can therefore be imaged in vivo in live animals and humans using PET for life science research, disease prevention, and personalized radiation therapy based on an individual's bio-molecular response to ionizing radiation.

Human PON Promoters: From Similarity to Prediction of Polymorphic Positions within Transcription Factor Elements

The human paraoxonases (PON) are a group of anti-oxidative enzymes that catalyze important reactions in body. Some polymorphic variations within the PON genes have been reported to relate with several diseases. In this article, the polymorphisms of the PON upstream regions were evaluated to predict their positions within elements of transcription factors by similarity tools. However, taxonomy studies suggested the PON2 duplication on the chromosome 7 but pairwise alignments did not show vast similarity among the fragments of PON promoters. Multiple sequence alignment (MSA) tool showed the PON1 T-107C and PON3 C-31T positions are conserved within several transcription elements. Based on these tools, the review assumes that the PON upstream regions have no similarity and only two polymorphisms are considered to interact with several transcription factors.

Stress and Coping Strategies

Stress is believed to be a state of the mind as well as the body, created by certain biochemical reactions in the human body as well as psychological responses to situations, and is reflected by a sense of anxiety, tension and depression and is caused by such demands by the environmental forces or internal forces that cannot be met by the resources available to the person. The greater the gap between the demands and the resources, the greater is the degree of stress. Some of the individual strategies for coping with stress include: readjustment of life goals, support from family and friends, planning certain events of life in advance and keeping the body in good physiological shape by proper diet, exercise, yoga, meditation and biofeedback. Some of the organizational strategies for coping with stress include organized health maintenance facilities as a part of the organizational life, matching of employees qualifications with job requirements, job enrichment and job work redesigns, equitable performance appraisal and reward systems, participation in organizational decision making and building team spirit in the sense that there should be no interpersonal conflict within the group. All these strategies or a combination thereof should be applied to make the work environment less stressful to a level which is positive and challenging.

Electron microscopy of Ni-Ti alloys for medical devices

Nickel-titanium alloys (Ni-Ti) have many unique properties that make these alloys excellent prospects for a wide range of applications in medical devices. However, these desirable mechanical properties cannot by utilized for many medical devices if the alloys cause undesirable reactions in the body or corrode from contact with body fluids or tissue.The chemical inertness of Ni-Ti alloys is dependent on a passive film formed on the metal surface. Manufacturing processes, sterilization procedures, and general handling of the devices can have significant effects on the surface condition, and therefore, the corrosion and biocompatible behavior of Ni-Ti alloys.An understanding of the passivation of Ni-Ti alloys, including the effects of mechanical processes, heat treating, and chemical surface alterations, is critical to ensure the benign presence medical devices in the human body.