Reaction Products Research Articles

Small Molecule Activation by 4‐N,N‐Dimethylaminopyridine‐Stabilized Bis(silyl)germylenes

AbstractThe synthesis, characterization, and reactivity of DMAP⋅Ge(SitBu3)Si(TMS)3 1 a and DMAP⋅Ge[Si(TMS)3]2 1 b are reported (DMAP = 4‐N,N‐Dimethylaminopyridine). These germylenes were isolated in moderate yields by the reaction of DMAP⋅GeCl2 with NaSitBu3⋅(THF)2 and KSi(TMS)3⋅(THF)1.2 or 2 equivalents of KSi(TMS)3⋅(THF)1.2, respectively, at low temperature (TMS = Trimethylsilyl). Exposure of 1 a to dihydrogen forms the tetravalent germanium hydride species GeH2(SitBu3)Si(TMS)3 2 a. Additionally, the reactivity of 1 a,b towards the substitution of 2,6‐dimethylphenyl isocyanide (CNXyl) 3 a,b, the alkyne cycloaddition of diphenylacetylene (PhCCPh) 4 a,b, and the substitution of DMAP for NHC using 1,3,4,5‐tetramethylimidazol‐2‐ylidene (IMe4) 5 a,b was investigated (NHC = N‐heterocyclic carbene). Reaction products were characterized by multinuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), infrared (IR) spectroscopy, mass spectrometric analysis, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction (SC‐XRD) study.

Optimization design of a two-step microreactor with spiral structure for high-performance catalytic reactions

Abstract In order to enhance the efficiency of diphenyldimethoxysilane preparation in microreactors, this study utilized the computational fluid dynamics simulation based on the finite element method to explore the impact of the internal structural parameters of the spiral two-step microreactor (STMR) on the reaction outcomes, with the aim of optimizing its structure for high-performance catalytic reactions. By designing a microreactor based on the Archimedean spiral shape and introducing two ribbed obstacles, the structure was optimized through adjusting the relevant ratios. The effects of different-sized structures and obstacles within the reaction zone and non-reaction zone on the product concentration and reaction results were discussed. The results demonstrate that lower obstacle heights and smaller aspect ratios (P = 2:7, R = 5:6) are beneficial for improving the reaction efficiency and product concentration. This study offers a theoretical foundation for microreactor design and is anticipated to further drive the development of microreactor technology.

Thermally induced transformation tert-butyl peroxyethyl esters of carboxylic acids

The features of thermolysis of tert-butyl peroxyethyl esters of carboxylic acids (CH₃)₃COOCH(CH₃)OC(O)R are investigated. Based on the identification of reaction products and the analysis of kinetic parameters, the fact of simultaneous transformation of four bonds (O–O, C–O, C–C and C–H) in a molecule with the formation of two molecules was proved for the first time [RC(O)OH and CO] and two free radicals [(CH₃)₃CO• and •CH₃], which, under experimental conditions, do not enter into a cross-break reaction, but detach the hydrogen atom from the solvent. Evidence of the coordinated (simultaneous) transformation of four bonds is the low (compared with the energy of bond dissociation) values of the activation energy and the pre-exponential multiplier, as well as negative values of the activation entropy.

Unlocking glycerol Potential: Novel pathway for hydrogen production and Value-Added chemicals

In the global fight against climate change, the bio-based supply chain represents an interesting solution as it offers the potential to produce high-value-added products and bioenergy through the utilization of waste and by-products. In this work, a new route is proposed for the conversion of bio-based glycerol to H2/CO2 and high value-added liquid and solid products. The innovative process used pure or crude glycerol or ethanol-glycerol mixture along with water and sodium metaborate as reagents at 300 °C under discontinuous conditions. The gas stream consists mainly of hydrogen, followed by biogenic CO2 (31–54 %), CO (4–13 %) and CH4 in traces. The presence of water in the tested crude glycerol improved the hydrogen selectivity to 55 %. Characterization of the liquid reaction products revealed the synthesis of products such as 1,2-propanediol, propanoic acid, acetic acid, cyclopentenones and cyclic diglycerol. In the solid phase, an aliphatic hydrocarbon resin with oxygenated carbon along the saturated chain and an aromatic cluster were also characterized by NMR, FTIR and TG analyses. Based on these findings, the global reaction route to the general reaction products was proposed.

Atmospheric Degradation of CH2═C(CH3)C(O)O[CH2]4CH3 by •OH Radicals: Reactivity, POCP, and Carbonyl Formation.

Relative rate studies of the gas-phase reaction of amyl methacrylate, CH2═C(CH3)C(O)O[CH2]4CH3, with •OH radicals were performed at (298 ± 2) K and 1000 mbar. The experiments were conducted in an atmospheric Pyrex chamber coupled to in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The rate coefficient obtained from the average of several experiments was kAMMA+•OH = (8.10 ± 1.98) × 10-11 cm3 molecule-1 s-1. Additionally, product studies were conducted under conditions similar to those of the kinetic experiments by using in situ FTIR spectroscopy. Pentanal, butanal, and hydroxyacetone were identified as the main reaction products. The initial pathway for the degradation of amyl methacrylate with •OH radicals occurs via addition of •OH to the >C═C< bond or hydrogen abstraction from the alkyl chain of the ester. The likelihood of hydrogen atom abstraction is 25%, while the addition of hydroxyl radicals to the double bond occurs with a probability of 75%. Based on these outcomes, a degradation mechanism is postulated. Furthermore, the atmospheric implications of the studied reaction were evaluated by estimating the tropospheric lifetime of amyl methacrylate toward •OH radicals as τOH = 3.43 h. Additionally, the Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP) of 84 was calculated for the reaction studied. Carbonyl compounds found as reaction products can exert a substantial influence on both air quality and public health.

Partial upgrading of heavy oils by catalytic aquathermal visbreaking with dispersed iron oxide catalysts

The impact of water and red mud-like Fe oxide catalysts on aquavisbreaking (AVB) of heavy-oils was studied under various circumstances. Vacuum residue (VR) was employed as a good substitute for low-viscous bitumen grades. The reaction products were separated into SARA fractions using open-column liquid chromatography (OCLC), and boiling point groups were classified using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). In addition, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to study the structural features of VR and its derivatives. It was observed that the thermal visbreaking of VR led to a severe coke formation with asphaltene (ASP) to coke selectivity over 130 %, while the addition of water and Fe catalyst could increase the conversion of ASP to liquid oil products while inhibiting coke formation, resulting in improved conversion of ASP. Furthermore, the structural properties of spent catalysts recovered after reactions were analyzed using X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to identify the active phase, confirming that the Fe precursor is converted to a 20–30 nm Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 during VR AVB. Moreover, the addition of carbon additives to AVB further improved the dispersion of ASP and catalyst particles, contributing to the decrease of the selectivity for ASP conversion to coke by 50 %.

Synergetic enzymatic reactive crystallization of cefaclor catalyzed by PGA

In the context of the severe global carbon emission crisis, green and sustainable enzymatic reactions are garnering widespread attention in the industry. However, these processes still face numerous challenges, such as limitations imposed by reaction equilibrium, product decomposition, and inhibition. Product removal via crystallization has the potential to address these issues. More importantly, crystal product properties can be directly manipulated during enzymatic reactive crystallization (ERC), such as polymorphic purity, size, and morphology in a single batch. In the synthesis of cefaclor catalyzed by penicillin G acylase (PGA), primary and secondary hydrolysis greatly limited the efficiency of the reaction. Thus, ERC was performed to combine the advantages of green enzymatic reactions and controllable direct crystallization. Initially, a supersaturated solution of the substrate was established, and cefaclor crystals were seeded to the enzymatic reaction system at a proper time. Subsequently, operating parameters were adjusted to facilitate selective crystallization of cefaclor. It is noteworthy that both immobilized and free enzymes were examined in our research. Ultimately, cefaclor crystals with purity exceeding 99% were obtained directly. The yield of cefaclor reached as high as 88%. It is believed that this method held significant promise for the green and efficient production of high-purity cefaclor and demonstrated considerable potential for application in more similar pharmaceutical scenarios.

Research Progress of Maillard Reaction and its Application in Processing of Traditional Chinese Medicine

The Maillard reaction, also known as the ‘non-enzymatic browning reaction’, involves a reaction between reducing sugars and amino compounds, including amino acids and proteins. The Maillard reaction has been increasingly used in the production of traditional Chinese medicine and food. This study thoroughly examines the mechanism of the reaction, the factors that influence it and the techniques used for extracting, separating and purifying Maillard reaction products (MRPs) in food and Chinese medicine processing. Additionally, the article explores the physiological functions of MRPs, highlighting their antioxidant, hepato-protective, antibacterial, immune-boosting, anti-mutagenic, anti-inflammatory, health-promoting, detoxifying and antiviral effects. MRPs have diverse outcomes because of various influencing factors; they can contain trace amounts of potentially harmful constituents, such as acrylamide, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and advanced glycosylation products. The study also includes a comparative analysis of common methods used for the separation and purification of concentrated MRPs. These methods consist of ultrafiltration, macroporous resin, gel chromatography, ion exchange chromatography and dialysis. Results indicate that each method has advantages and disadvantages, and thus careful consideration should be placed on specific applications. Furthermore, a future outlook for the research and development of Maillard reaction and its products is proposed. Given that the physiological activities of MRPs are diverse, thorough qualitative and quantitative analysis of the reaction mechanisms, influencing factors and pharmacologically active ingredients is needed. This study offers valuable insights into the advancement of MRPs for industries involved in food and traditional Chinese medicinal material processing. These insights can be effectively utilised in healthcare and clinical practice, offering innovative ideas for scientific and technological professionals involved in research and development.

Unveiling graphite anodic expansion: Insights from electrochemical techniques, mass spectrometry, and kinetic modelling

Anodic expansion of graphite at different pH has been studied by coupling a mass spectrometer to an electrochemical cell. The mass spectrometry technique permits to follow the electrochemical gasification of graphite as well as the reaction products formed from the electrolyte. The current and mass spectrometry signals suggest that the neutral medium is the least aggressive for expansion. In addition, chronoamperometric expansion of graphite at different potentials has been carried out using the neutral medium. This experimental approach permits to get detailed information about the reaction mechanism that produces graphene-oxide based materials. The effect of potential and electrolyte concentration have been studied, and it has been observed that the degree of oxidation of the graphene oxide material obtained can be controlled. In addition, a kinetic model based on a phase-moving boundary has been used to describe the chronoamperometric experiments. Two types of graphene oxide materials have been obtained with the anodic synthesis and have been classified as few-layer graphene oxide (FLGO) and graphene oxide quantum dots (GOQDs). The physicochemical and electrochemical properties of both products have been studied.

Выбор критериев для сокращения неизвестных в методе Ньютона–Рафсона в задаче нахождения равновесного состава железной руды и топлива

Finding the equilibrium composition of a multicomponent system is required in various industries associated with chemical reactions. Reduction of the unknowns in the original nonlinear equation is possible if most of the unknowns receive values equal to zero as a result of the solution. This situation is typical to solve the problem of finding an equilibrium composition of iron ore and fuel, where the unknowns are the number of moles of all possible reaction products from given simple substances. The dependence of algorithmic complexity on the number of unknowns to solve a SLAEs is expressed through the function O(N3). Therefore, reduction of the unknowns will speed up the computational process. Thus, the solution to the problem of selecting criteria to reduce the number of the unknowns at each iteration of the Newton-Raphson method as applied to the problem of finding the equilibrium composition of iron ore and fuel is relevant. The matrix dimensionality reduction has been achieved using four strategies. The first three strategies involve finding a minimum threshold (removing values that most quickly tend to zero), after which the number of unknowns will decrease. The fourth strategy is associated with reducing the dimension of the original matrix. The results of numerical experiments to reduce the unknowns and speed up calculations are presented. Criteria have been found under which the calculation speed increases by 2–4 times and variables whose value is not equal to zero are not reduced. The criteria to reduce the unknowns implemented in the T-Energу software package make it possible to solve the problem of finding the equilibrium composition of iron ore and fuel 2–4,2 times faster. In this case, the obtained solution for the components of the equilibrium composition with the reduction of the unknowns corresponds to the complete solution with an accuracy of 10–3. Due to acceleration at the same time, it is possible to construct equilibrium compositions over a temperature range with a temperature step that is 4 times smaller.

Spatial distribution of corrosion products from a bridge pier

AbstractThis paper studies the spatial distribution of corrosion by-products by a bridge pier within a conductive medium. An electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique was used to investigate an uncoated metallic bridge pier submerged in static distilled water. An equivalent circuit model, derived from EIS results, served as the foundation for the study. Further, the role of diffusion was analysed, considering its significance in characterising the transfer of particles from the pier into the surrounding water. This exploration revealed the complex interaction between the diffusion processes of various corrosion by-products as a function of distance. In addition, by evaluating the spatial distribution of iron (II) corrosion by-products and modelling nanoparticle diffusion, the research examined the impact of diffusion and concentration on corrosion particle transmission. The findings, analysed via Nyquist and Bode plots, demonstrate significant differences between theoretical and empirical diffusion coefficients. Results indicated that under natural corrosion conditions, the primary product of the corrosion reaction, iron (II), disperses into the medium when oxidation occurs. The elevated resistivity due to the presence of iron (II) underscores the diffusion effect, leading to corrosion product precipitation and reaching saturation level. Additionally, the results demonstrated ideal values for the diffusion coefficient, which are crucial for advanced corrosion modelling. The results emphasised the need for empirical data to improve corrosion prediction models and informed maintenance strategies for submerged structures.

Copper‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Unsymmetrical ortho‐Br Substituted Benzophenones

AbstractThe asymmetric hydrogenation of benzophenones, catalyzed by low‐activity earth‐abundant metal copper, has hitherto remained a challenge due to the substrates equipped with two indistinguishably similar aryl groups. In this study, we demonstrated that the prochiral carbon of the ortho‐bromine substrate exhibits the highest electrophilicity and high reactivity among the ortho‐halogen substituted benzophenones, as determined by the Fukui function (f+) analysis and hydrogenation reaction. Considering that the enantiodirecting functional bromine group can be easily derivatized and removed in the products, we successfully achieved a green copper‐catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of ortho‐bromine substituted benzophenones. This method yielded a series of chiral benzhydrols with excellent results. The utility of this protocol has been validated through a gram‐scale reaction and subsequent product transformations. Independent gradient model based on Hirshfeld partition (IGMH) and energy decomposition analysis (EDA) indicate that the CH⋅⋅⋅HC multiple attractive dispersion interactions (MADI) effect between the catalyst and substrate enhances the catalyst's activity.

Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties of Oleylamine as a Sour Saline Corrosion Inhibitor Under Laminar Flow at 40 °C

In this study, the synthesis of a long-chain aliphatic amino compound and its sour corrosion inhibition properties were reported. Oleylamine was obtained through the reaction of 4-(Aminomethyl) pyridine with 1-chloro-octadecane. The identification and characterization of reaction products were carried out through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Oleylamine was tested as a sour corrosion inhibitor for steels. Different concentrations of oleylamine (0, 5, 10, 25, and 100 ppm) in a sour saline electrolyte were analyzed. The dynamic anticorrosive behavior of oleylamine on carbon mild steel (AISI 1018) surfaces was evaluated using a laminar flow of 100 rpm and tested with potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. After electrochemical testing, the surface of the steel specimens that were used was characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The electrochemical results of the anticorrosive efficiency of oleylamine for steel showed an exponential behavior as a function of inhibitor concentration. At a concentration of 20 ppm of the inhibitor, the anticorrosive efficiency did not show any significant changes. However, at 100 ppm of the inhibitor, an efficiency of over 95% was achieved. After the electrochemical tests, the surface of the steel samples with the inhibitor revealed the formation of an inhibitor layer that prevented the corrosion of the steel.

Investigation of the main regularities of glycolysis of polycarbonate plastic during catalysis by basic agents

This research focuses on analyzing how different primary catalysts affect the glycolysis of plastic made from bisphenol A (PC) polycarbonate. It was found that the process of chemical decomposition of PC under the influence of ethylene glycol (EG) leads to the formation of products with high added value: bisphenol A (PC monomer, BPA), BPA, and ethylene carbonate or ethylene glycol co-ethers (BPA monohydroxyethyl ether, MHE-BPA; BPA bishydroxyethyl ether, BHE-BPA). A quantitative assessment of the yields of the reaction products was also carried out. The yield of products at 100% PC conversion was 33% for BPA, 50% for MHE-BPA, and 17% for BHE-BPA. The effectiveness of using various alkalis depending on the type of metal was also compared within the context of this investigation.

Phase‐separated Droplets Can Direct the Kinetics of Chemical Reactions Including Polymerization, Self‐replication and Oscillating Networks

AbstractPhase‐separated compartments can localize (bio)chemical reactions and influence their kinetics. They are believed to play an important role both in extant life in the form of biomolecular condensates and at the origins of life as coacervate protocells. However, experimentally testing the influence of coacervates on different reactions is challenging and time‐consuming. We therefore use a numerical model to explore the effect of phase‐separated droplets on the kinetics and outcome of different chemical reaction systems, where we vary the coacervate volume and partitioning of reactants. We find that the rate of bimolecular reactions has an optimal dilute/coacervate phase volume ratio for a given reactant partitioning. Furthermore, coacervates can accelerate polymerization and self‐replication reactions and lead to formation of longer polymers. Lastly, we find that coacervates can ‘rescue’ oscillating reaction networks in concentration regimes where sustained oscillations do not occur in a single‐phase system. Our results indicate that coacervates can direct the outcome of a wide range of reactions and impact fundamental aspects such as yield, reaction pathway selection, product length and emergent functions. This may have far‐reaching implications for origins of life, synthetic cells and the fate and function of biological condensates.

Study on the Interaction Dynamics of Magnesium and Molten Cast Iron: A Chill Casting Perspective

AbstractThis study presents a reassessment of the role of magnesium in the production process of cast iron. Through detailed experimentation involving an interrupted reaction process employing a chill casting approach in a copper mold, several reaction products that emerged during the high-temperature interaction between magnesium and cast iron were thoroughly examined. Two cast irons with different chemical compositions, notably different sulfur contents, were used to describe the contribution of magnesium during desulfurization and nodularization. The designed approach successfully revealed that rapid deoxidation and desulfurization reactions of cast iron involving liquid magnesium take place before following its ignition characteristics. Furthermore, the behavior of dissolved carbon concerning the remaining magnesium and magnesium-containing reaction products in molten iron is also empirically identified. Specifically, large graphite flakes and an indication of solidification behavior shifting are circumstantially detected in the magnesium-rich regions, which, to a certain extent, can provide additional insight into the role of magnesium during graphite nucleation.

Impact of Cavity Length Non-uniformity on Reaction Rate Extraction in Strong Coupling Experiments.

Reports of altered chemical phenomena under vibrational strong coupling, including reaction rates, product distributions, intermolecular forces, and cavity-mediated vibrational energy transfer, have been met with a great deal of skepticism due to several irreproducible results and the lack of an accepted theoretical framework. In this work, we add some insight by identifying a UV-vis measurement artifact that distorts observed absorption peak positions, amplitudes, and consequently, chemical reaction rates extracted in optical microcavities. We predict and characterize the behavior of this artifact using the Transfer Matrix (TM) method and confirm its presence experimentally. We then present a correction technique whereby an effective molar absorption coefficient is assigned to an absorbing species within the cavity. These revelations have important implications for many existing examples of cavity-modified chemistry and establishing best practices for carrying out robust future investigations.

Four ecofriendly spectrophotometric methods for the determination of perindopril through derivatization with sulphophtalein dyes: application to tablet analysis

Nowadays, there is a need to expand the bank of spectrophotometric methods for the determination of perindopril in dosage forms for the purposes of routine pharmaceutical analysis, which would be simple, express, «green» and inexpensive. In the present work, perindopril in tablets was quantified via a direct simple, «green», and non-extracting spectrophotometric approach based on the formation of ion-pair complexes with sulphophtalein dyes. The absorbances of the colored reaction products were registered at 405 nm (bromocresol green, BCG), 397 nm (bromocresol purple, BCP, and bromothymol blue, BTB) and 598 nm (bromophenol blue, BPB). To achieve the highest intensity of absorbance, optimum conditions were established by the screening of many experimental factors such as optimal concentration and volume of dyes, and the time consumed for the reaction. Beer’s law was obeyed in the ranges of 0.44–3.96 µg/mL (BCG), 3.00–7.00 µg/mL (BCP), 4.00–12.00 µg/mL (BTB) and 0.44–3.52 µg/mL (BPB). All four methods were validated in accordance with ICH guidelines, confirming specificity and linearity, accuracy and precision, limits of detection and quantification, robustness. These validated methods provide a reliable and green approach for the quantitative analysis of perindopril in tablets, contributing to safer and more sustainable laboratory practices in pharmaceutical analysis.

Drug eluting stents trigger the secretion of inflammatory proteins in an experimental in vitro study

Abstract Introduction Ischemic cardiovascular diseases commonly appear following the occlusion of one or more of the coronary arteries. Drug eluting stents (DES) constitute the gold standard to help to keep open the arteries and maintain the blood flow. After their placement into the coronary arteries, they stay in direct contact with the blood stream, disturbing the physiological conditions and interacting with several cells and proteins within the surrounding blood and vessel wall. Besides the beneficial effects of DES, their clinical application is also associated with complications, such as (late) stent thromboses. Previous studies have shown that thrombosis and inflammation are tightly linked with each other by activating inflammatory cells and secreting cytokines and chemokines to further promote an inflammatory surrounding. However, the influence of DES and their components on the inflammatory cascade and their corresponding players was not investigated yet. Methods To investigate the inflammatory secretome in response to DES, we performed an in vitro study with isolated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Therefore, PBMCs were isolated from the whole blood of four healthy volunteers. In total, 63 stents were used in the study, including Medtronic Resolute Onyx (n=37), Abbott XIENCE Sierra (n=5), Boston Scientific SYNERGY (n=4), Terumo Ultimaster (n=3), and Biotronik Orsiro (n=14). We measured the secretion of cytokines and chemokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-8, and IL-12, as well as ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and MCP-1 by commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results Our results showed that DES significantly increase the secretion of the cytokines IL-1β (p=0.0005), and IL-6 (p=0.0002), as well as the chemokine IL-8 (p=0.0010). Additionally, we also detected an elevation of the reaction product ICAM-1 (p=0.0003). Further analyses resulted in a reduced secretion of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-8, and ICAM-1 into the cells’ supernatants in response to Resolute Onyx stents, in comparison to the other stents. Moreover, multiple regression analysis revealed a high dependency of the inflammatory reaction on the elution drug, the polymer type and the stent’s length. Additionally, the material of the stent platform, as well as the polymer thickness further have impact on the cytokine and chemokine response of PBMCs. Conclusion Our study indicate that DES by themselves trigger an inflammatory reaction of blood cells by the secretion of cytokines and chemokines. Furthermore, we provided first insights into the composition of the inflammosome in response to DES. A triggered inflammation may increase the vulnerability for complications and the failure of the DES. As these complications were already observed in clinical studies, our results would potentially provide predictions about the application of certain DES designs and may help to choose the appropriate stents in the clinical setting.

Microwave-Assisted Conversion of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural into 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid over CuCo Oxide.

A series of CuCo bimetallic catalysts were prepared via the co-precipitation method for the catalytic transformation of biomass-derived 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) into 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA). FDCA acts as a precursor for biodegradable biopolymer polyethylene furanoate production, thereby achieving a carbon-neutral approach. Out of all the synthesized catalysts, CuCo(1:1) showed remarkable catalytic activity and yielded 70.67% FDCA while achieving 100% HMF conversion in 5 minutes at 50 ℃ temperature in the presence of tert-butyl hydroperoxide as an oxidant. Synergistic effects of the catalyst, such as adsorbed oxygen, relative oxygen vacancy, lesser pore size, and pore volume, were key factors attributed to the catalyst's excellent activity. The synthesized catalyst showed good recyclability with a minimal decrease in FDCA yield up to 5 cycles. Pre and post-characterization of catalysts such as BET, TEM, FE-SEM, XRD, H2-TPR, CO2 TPD, ICP-OES, and XPS were done to correlate the catalyst's properties with its activity. In addition, the effect of reaction parameters such as stirring speed, temperature reaction time, catalyst weight, base, and oxidant was studied to achieve optimum reaction conditions. The reaction products were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively using HPLC and HR-MS.