Sulfation Reaction Research Articles

Pollution characteristics and transformation mechanisms of secondary inorganic components during winter heavy pollution in Handan city in 2018–2020

The mechanism of secondary transformation of nitrate and sulfate under different relative humidity (RH), and different atmospheric oxidizing conditions is still controversial. This study focuses on the winter heavy pollution process in Handan city from 2018 to 2020, and the following results were obtained: The average concentration of PM2.5 showed a decreasing trend from year to year, but the SNA (SO42−, NO3− and NH4+) showed an increasing trend from year to year, and the concentration of nitrate exceeded that of sulfate. During the haze formation period from 2018 to 2020, a significant disparity was observed in NO2 and SO2 emissions, with NO2 emissions surpassing those of SO2. Mobile sources were found to contribute more emissions than fixed sources, particularly during the haze persistence period (HP). However, sulfate conversion outweighed nitrate conversion. HighRH and photochemical reactions induced by ozone favored the formation of nitrate and sulfate, which formated heavy haze. When 40% ≤ RH ≤ 70%, atmospheric oxidants (Ox = O3 + NO2) concentration was the highest, nitrogen oxidation ratio (NOR) and sulfur oxidation ratio (SOR) increased rapidly, and nitrate was mainly generated by photochemical reactions during daytime. When RH > 70% and the concentration of Ox was low, RH will weaken the photochemical intensity. Therefore, the liquid-phase oxidation reaction of N2O5 contributed significantly to atmospheric nitrate at night, and the liquid-phase oxidation reaction of sulfate was faster than the gas-phase one. Local emissions contributed significantly to particulate matter pollution during heavy pollution in 2018–2020, and the main sources were secondary conversion, coal combustion, biomass burning, and road dust.

Effect of Lithium Mica Slag on the Internal Sulfate Attack of Cement Mortar

Lithium mica slag is a byproduct acquired via the sulfate method of lithium extraction, and it contains a certain quantity of soluble sulfates. The improper storage of lithium mica slag not only takes up a large amount of land resources, but also poses a threat in terms of environmental pollution. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the mechanism by which SO42− dissolves in lithium mica slag, along with the impacts of internal sulfate attacks on mortar specimens with 10%, 20%, and 30% lithium mica slag contents. Testing was carried out in terms of the expansion, mass change, flexural and compressive strengths, porosity, composition, and contents of the products. It was determined that a significant quantity of SO42− was generated in mortar specimens with lithium mica slag. The mortar specimens mixed with lithium mica slag produced more ettringite (AFt: 3CaO·Al2O3·3CaSO4·32H2O), which is the product of internal sulfate attacks. This demonstrates that there was an internal sulfate reaction in the mortar specimens mixed with lithium mica slag. The internal sulfate reaction in mortar samples with lithium mica slag was finished in the later stages. It is noteworthy that the reaction did not lead to any cracking or damage; instead, it later allowed for a retention of strength that was equivalent to the strength of mortar specimens without lithium mica slag. In addition, the partial replacement of cement with lithium mica slag not only reduced the environmental pollution caused by soluble sulfates in lithium mica slag, but also reduced the use of cement and, thus, lowered costs.

Effects of Ultrafine Fly Ash against Sulphate Reaction in Concrete Structures.

In this study, Afşin Elbistan C-type fly ash (FA) was used, which protects against the sulphate reaction that damages concrete. The detrimental effects of post-reaction decrease with increasing fly ash fineness. The study used 10%, 30%, and 50% weight substitutes of cement. The fly ash was ground in a ball mill for 0, 10, 20, 30, 45, and 60 min, and Blaine fineness values of 1555, 1632, 2347, 2589, 2766, and 3433 cm2/g were obtained, respectively. The effect of the samples on the sulphate resistance was investigated by exposing the samples to 5% or 10% added sulphate solutions, and the compressive strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity of the concrete were tested. The compressive strength values obtained decreased with the increase in sulphate content, and the increase in the grinding time and the amount of substituted FA increased the compressive strength values. It was observed that weight loss increased with increasing sulphate content and decreased with the addition of FA with a high Blaine fineness. It was determined that as the Blaine fineness value increased, the sulphate content, FA substitution amount, and ultrasonic pulse speed decreased. This study was carried out to determine the effects of fly ash used at different fineness and replacement ratios on the performance and strength of concrete after exposure to external influences such as sulphate. The use of fly ash instead of cement will reduce the use of waste materials and natural resources and prevent environmental pollution. The cost of cement and concrete will be reduced.

Simultaneous extraction of metals from nickel concentrate via NH4HSO4 roasting−water leaching process and transformation of mineral phase

Low-temperature NH4HSO4 roasting−water leaching process was proposed to extract Ni, Cu and Co from Jinchuan nickel concentrate simultaneously. The effects of some factors on the metal extraction in the process of sulfation roasting and water leaching were systematically investigated. The results showed that 95.7% Ni, 98.9% Cu and 96.8% Co were extracted under optimized roasting and water leaching conditions. The transformation evolution of mineral phases was determined through the means of DTA−TG, XRD, SEM and EDS. The valuable metals were effectively extracted by being transformed to water-soluble metal−ammonium complexes under the sulfation reaction of NH4HSO4 and decomposed SO3 and NH3. Iron impurities in the leach solution can be removed by elevating leaching temperature to combine iron ions with ammonium ions to form NH4[Fe3(SO4)2(OH)6] precipitate. The volatiles collected in the roasting process were determined to be (NH4)2SO4 and (NH4)2SO3, which can be used as reagents for sulfation roasting.

A new type of sulfation reaction: C-sulfonation for α,β-unsaturated carbonyl groups by a novel sulfotransferase SULT7A1.

Cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) are cytosolic enzymes that catalyze the transfer of sulfonate group to key endogenous compounds, altering the physiological functions of their substrates. SULT enzymes catalyze the O-sulfonation of hydroxy groups or N-sulfonation of amino groups of substrate compounds. In this study, we report the discovery of C-sulfonation of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl groups mediated by a new SULT enzyme, SULT7A1, and human SULT1C4. Enzymatic assays revealed that SULT7A1 is capable of transferring the sulfonate group from 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate to the α-carbon of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl-containing compounds, including cyclopentenone prostaglandins as representative endogenous substrates. Structural analyses of SULT7A1 suggest that the C-sulfonation reaction is catalyzed by a novel mechanism mediated by His and Cys residues in the active site. Ligand-activity assays demonstrated that sulfonated 15-deoxy prostaglandin J2 exhibits antagonist activity against the prostaglandin receptor EP2 and the prostacyclin receptor IP. Modification of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl groups via the new prostaglandin-sulfonating enzyme, SULT7A1, may regulate the physiological function of prostaglandins in the gut. Discovery of C-sulfonation of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl groups will broaden the spectrum of potential substrates and physiological functions of SULTs.

Chemical composition and ecogeochemical assessment of water in quarry lakes of the Zavitinskоyе and Ermakovskoye beryllium deposits (Russia)

The study presents the results of research on the chemical composition of water in quarry lakes of the lithium-beryllium Zavitinskоyе and fluorite-beryllium Ermakovskoye deposits located in the Eastern and Western Transbaikalia, respectively. Currently, the mines are abandoned, and the quarry lakes are actively used by the population of nearby villages for domestic and recreational purposes. It was found that the water in the quarries of these deposits is brackish and fresh, belonging to the sulfate-magnesium-calcium and hydrocarbonate-sulfate-magnesium-calcium types with a neutral and slightly alkaline reaction and high contents of sulfates and certain metals (Li, Be, Zn, Al, Mn, Fe, Sr, etc.). Significant variations in the concentrations of trace elements in the identified types of water indicate the significant role of the hydrogeochemical environment (pH, Eh, mineralization, etc.) in their dispersion or accumulation. The beryllium content in the water of Zavitinskоyе deposit quarries ranges from 0.35 to 10.1 μg/l, while in the Ermakovskoye quarry it ranges from 0.024 to 0.026 μg/l. The content of some regulated components in the water exceeds the maximum permissible concentrations established for fishery ponds and sanitary-hygienic norms by several orders of magnitude.

Improvement of adhesive properties of modified epoxy-novolac resin by acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber grafted poly(chromium methacrylate).

The purpose of this work was to improve the adhesive properties of modified epoxy-novolac resin by acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) grafted poly(chromium methacrylate). Chromium methacrylate was prepared by reaction of basic chromium sulfate with sodium methacrylate. Acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber grafted poly(chromium methacrylate) (GNBR) was successfully prepared by solution graft copolymerization to improve the adhesive properties of epoxy-novolac resin. In this copolymerization, the highest graft efficiency was obtained when 50 wt% of chromium methacrylate and 50 wt% of NBR are used for 4 h at 75 °C. The modified epoxy-novolac adhesive (GNBR-epoxy-novolac resin) was prepared by incorporation of GNBR into epoxy-novolac resin. Their chemical structures were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and the thermal properties were analyzed by thermogravimetry (TGA). The mechanical properties of GNBR-epoxy-novolac resins at both room temperature and 233 K were tested. The tensile strength, Young's modulus and failure strain of GNBR-epoxy-novolac resins were estimated from the tensile stress-strain curves and the lap shear strength (LSS) were evaluated using aluminum adherents, and the results showed that they were significantly improved. This is significant because it is one way to improve the disadvantage of high brittleness of epoxy-novolac adhesive.

Capture effect of K and Pb by kaolin during co-firing of coal and wheat straw: Experimental and theoretical methods

To reduce the emission of Pb in coal combustion and K in biomass combustion respectively, kaolin was applied widely as the in-furnace sorbent. In this study, effect of kaolin on K and Pb simultaneously in co-firing of coal and wheat straw (WS) was investigated in a lab-scale bubble fluidized bed. Relative distribution of the two elements was respectively compared with the conditions of the individual fuel combustion. Mechanism of reactions among coal, WS and kaolin was investigated via sample analysis and theory calculation. Experimental results indicated that kaolin could exert negative effect on the release of the two elements by transferring them into fly ash and bottom solid and the effect was promoted with the increasing temperature. During co-firing, sulfation reaction of K was superior to the capture reaction of K by kaolin at low temperatures while adsorption of K was slightly enhanced compared with the theory value based on results of the two individual fuels. Oppositely, the capture effect of Pb in co-firing was impaired to some extent. Lastly, result of DFT (Density Functional Theory) calculation proved that existence of KCl inhibited the adsorption of PbCl2 on metakaolin by occupying the optimum adsorption site and reducing the adsorption energy at high temperatures.

SULFATION OF BIRCH WOOD XYLAN WITH SULFAMIC ACID IN THE PRESENCE OF ACTIVATORS: EXPERIMENT AND THEORY

Xylan is a polysaccharide found in plant cell walls. It is considered to be a biodegradable polymer, which does not affect negatively the environment. Sulfated xylan derivatives exhibit valuable bioactive properties, in particular, anticoagulant and hypolipidemic. We report on the development of a new method for sulfation of birch wood xylan. Activators of the sulfation reaction with sulfamic acid have been evaluated. Numerical methods have been used to establish the optimum process parameters that ensure the maximum sulfur content in the reaction product. The incorporation of a sulfate group has been confirmed by infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. The initial and sulfated xylans have been comprehensively studied by theoretical methods and the most favorable conformations of the initial xylan and its sulfate have been established.

Photoelectrochemical degradation of organic compounds via formed reactive chlorine and sulfate species by WO3-based photoanodes

Contamination of aquatic environment and drinking water with various organic compounds and microorganisms has negative effect on human and animal health. Conventional cleaning systems consume a lot of energy and are not fully effective, so new cleaning systems are being sought. Photoelectrochemical (PEC) oxidation systems are based on the light-assisted degradation of organic materials on semiconductor electrodes. In this work tungsten oxide (WO3) photoanodes were formed using hydrothermal synthesis. Synthesis was optimized via adjustment of temperature and addition of polyethylene glycol as a structure-directing agent. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy analysis were performed to evaluate the phase composition, crystallite size and morphology of the layers. PEC activity of the coatings was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. Faradaic efficiencies of light-induced production of reactive sulfate and reactive chlorine species in 0.1 M Na2SO4 and 0.1 M NaCl electrolytes were in the range of 62–93% and 91–96%, respectively. All coatings demonstrated excellent stability during 4 h lasting photoelectrolysis performed in both electrolytes, however photocurrents in chloride medium were found to be almost twice higher compared to sulfate electrolyte. The efficiency of rhodamine B photoelectrochemical degradation in 0.1 M Na2SO4 was significantly lower than in 0.1 M NaCl, however diclofenac was more efficiently decomposed in sodium sulfate electrolyte. Based on a comparative study of PEC and chemical oxidizing treatments, it has been proposed that highly reactive chlorine, sulfate and hydroxyl radicals are the key promoters of photoelectrochemical degradation of organic molecules, however efficiency of degradation is strongly dependent on the nature of organic molecule.

Sandwich structure of negative electrode using N-doped cellulose based carbon aerogel/graphene composite in ultra-battery

This study introduced a new ultra-battery (UB) structure by replacing N-doped monolithic carbon sheets instead of lead grids as a current collector. The carbon structure creates a sandwich construction (C|Pb|C), which serves as an alternative to lead grids and enhances the electrochemical properties of the battery. By removing lead grids, the weight of negative electrodes was reduced, and the specific capacity based on the total weight of the electrode (NAM + lead grids) increased by 1.3 times in deep discharge conditions. Additionally, the cycle life of the UB increased up to 2.35 times in HRPSoC mode. These improvements are due to the 3D and continuous conductive network path and higher charge acceptance of N-doped carbon sheets. These features facilitate the reversibility reaction of lead sulfate to lead by reducing the growth rate and size of created sulfate crystals. FESEM and X-ray analysis verified these phenomena. Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) has shown that optimizing N-doping processes can control hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in UBs. Furthermore, the UB's performance was improved and verified through charge/discharge, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests.

Synthesis, crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of diaquabis(o-phenylenediamine-κ2 N,N′)nickel(II) naphthalene-1,5-disulfonate

The reaction of o-phenylenediamine (OPD), sodium naphthalene1,5-disulfonate (Na2NDS) and nickel sulfate in an ethanol–water mixture yielded the title compound, [Ni(OPD)2(H2O)2]·NDS or [Ni(C6H8N2)2(H2O)2](C10H6O6S2). This salt consists of a complex [Ni(OPD)2(H2O)2]2+ cation with two bidentate OPD ligands and trans aqua ligands, and a non-coordinating NDS2– anion, which is the double-deprotonated form of H2NDS. The NiII atom is situated at a center of inversion and exhibits a slightly tetragonally distorted {O2N4} octahedral coordination environment, with four shorter equatorial Ni—N bonds [2.0775 (17) and 2.0924 (18) Å] and a longer axial Ni—O bond [2.1381 (17) Å]. The OPD ligand is located about an inversion center and is nearly coplanar with the NiN4 plane [dihedral angle 0.95 (9)°]. In the crystal, the cations and anions are connected by charge-assisted intermolecular N—H...O and O—H...O hydrogen-bonding interactions into the tri-periodic network structure. Hirshfeld surface analysis indicates that the most important contributions to the crystal packing are from H...H (44.1%), O...H/H...O (34.3%), C...H/H...C (14.8%) C...C (6.5%) (involving the cations) and O...H/H...O (50%), H...H (25%), C...H/H...C (15.3%), C...C (8.2%) (involving the anions) interactions.

Synthesis of sulfated alginate from its tributylammonium salt: Comparing the sulfating agents H2SO4-DCC and SO3·py

Direct comparison of the sulfating agents H2SO4-DCC and SO3·py for the synthesis of sulfated alginate (S-Alg) as well as detailed characterisation of the products that form is lacking. This study involving three researchers used the tributylammonium salt of alginate (T-Alg) as a common substrate for the sulfation reactions. It was found that the use of H2SO4-DCC resulted in poor control of the degree of sulfation (DS) and that the S-Alg polymers contained nitrogen (determined by elemental analysis) as a result of formation of an unwanted N-acylurea adduct. Additionally, a large reduction in chain length was confirmed. In contrast, the use of SO3·py gave reasonable control over DS, resulted in high yields, showed no contamination and no clear change in chain length. Detailed characterisation of such S-Alg polymers by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and 1H,13C-HSQC NMR confirmed sulfation at C2 and C3 with a preference for C2.

Green Synthesis of Copper Nanoparticles Using Citrullus colocynthis Peel Extract and Antibacterial Activity for Biomedical Applications

A novel and green method was developed to synthesise copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) using Citrullus colocynthis peel extract as a sustainable source. The study is the first to utilise this extract for the environmentally safe and economically efficient synthesis of CuNPs. The impact of experimental parameters, including the copper sulfate concentration, extract volume, reaction time, and temperature, on the synthetic procedure was thoroughly investigated. The as-prepared CuNPs were characterised using HRTEM, FESEM, XRD, EDX, UV–vis spectrophotometry, and FTIR spectroscopy. The CuNPs exhibited a spherical morphology with an average particle size of 9 nm, and the calculated d-spacing values were measured at 0.257 nm. Furthermore, the XRD analysis revealed characteristic diffraction peaks at 2θ angles of 44.56°, 56.1°, and 71.4°. The UV–Vis absorption spectra of the CuNPs displayed a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak at 335 nm, corresponding to an energy band gap of 3.47 eV. Further, the FTIR spectra confirmed the interaction between copper and the biomolecules present in the extract, providing evidence of the significant role played by organic compounds in the capping process. The as-prepared CuNPs exhibited strong antibacterial activity against both gram-negative (P. aeruginosa and E. coli) and gram-positive (S. aureus and S. epidermidis) bacteria.

Study on the assimilation of the sulphate reaction rates based on WRF-Chem/DART

Study on the assimilation of the sulphate reaction rates based on WRF-Chem/DART

Sulfation of agarose with ammonium sulfamate: A combined experimental and theoretical study

Agarose sulfates are bioactive modified polysaccharides important for application. To obtain the bioactive agarose derivatives and expand the range of their potential use, the modification with some functional groups is needed. Agarose sulfates exhibit the anticoagulant, hypolipidemic, and other-type bioactivity. In this study, different methods for preparation of agarose sulfates using nontoxic ammonium sulfamate are investigated. Several activators and catalysts of the process of sulfation with ammonium sulfamate are examined. It is shown that urea does not significantly activate ammonium sulfamate in the sulfation reaction, while potassium permanganate ensures a sulfur content of up to 13.2 wt% in the synthesized agarose sulfate. When Lewis acids (titanium and aluminum oxides) are used, the sulfur content in agarose sulfates can only reach 7.3 wt%. The catalysts with the Brønsted acid sites used in the synthesis of sulfated agarose can provide sulfur contents of up to 14.6 wt% in it. The incorporation of a sulfate group into the agarose molecule has been confirmed by elemental analysis and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy: the absorption bands at 1249 cm‒1 have been observed in the spectra. The X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy studies have revealed no ammonium sulfamate inclusions. According to the X-ray diffraction patterns, sulfation of agarose enhances its X-ray amorphism. It has been established from the atomic force microscopy images that the incorporation of a sulfate group into the agarose molecule changes the size of particles on the film surface from 42 to 80 nm. The theoretical examination of initial and sulfated agarose has been carried out within the density functional theory. The molecular geometry, vibration assignments, HOMO‒LUMO, molecular electrostatic potential maps, and electronic properties of the substances have been established by the quantum-chemical calculations in the framework of the density functional theory.

High-Efficiency Mixotrophic Denitrification for Nitrate Removal in High-Sulfate Wastewater Using UASB Reactor

The efficient removal of nitrate from industrial wastewater containing high concentrations of both sulfate and nitrate presents a major challenge in the field of water treatment. In this study, we investigated the use of an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor for the removal of nitrate from wastewater by gradually increasing the sulfate concentration (ranging from 1 g/L to 10 g/L) and the NO3−-N concentration (ranging from 30 mg/L to 300 mg/L). Through this approach, the activated sludge was successfully acclimated to tolerate high-sulfate conditions. The results demonstrated a remarkable NO3−-N removal capacity of 288 mg/L·d in wastewater with a high sulfate concentration of 10 g/L, leading to a nitrate removal efficiency exceeding 96.0%. The analysis of sulfate and sulfide concentrations, as well as the characterization of the microbial community, revealed the occurrence of autotrophic and heterotrophic denitrification processes in the reaction system. The autotrophic denitrifying bacteria found were Raoultella and Shinella, while the heterotrophic denitrifying bacteria included Klebsiella, Simplicispira, and Thauera. The organic carbon sources were found to be a critical factor influencing the denitrification performance of the system. Furthermore, the effects of different chemical oxygen demand (COD)/SO42− ratios (0.3, 0.5, and 1) were examined in wastewater containing a sulfate concentration of 10 g/L and a NO3−-N concentration of 300 mg/L. The results showed that increasing the COD/SO42− ratio enhanced the removal rate of NO3−-N, maintaining it above 98.0% when COD/SO42− was 1. Additionally, the enhancement of the sulfate reduction reaction in the system was observed, and the enrichment of heterotrophic microorganisms such as Megasphaera, Lactobacillus, and Buttiauxella was observed.

Synthesis of Sodium Myristyl Sulfate with Myristyl Alcohol Sulfation using SO3-DMF

The sulfation reaction between myristyl alcohol and the SO3-DMF complex has been successfully carried out to produce sodium myristyl sulfate. Formation of the SO3-DMF complex by reacting DMF and SO3 gas obtained from the reaction of phosphorus pentaoxide and H2SO4. The variables studied were the time of formation of the complex, the time and temperature of sulfation and the concentration of NaOH at neutralization. The results of myristyl alcohol sulfation with SO3-DMF were tested by FTIR spectroscopic analysis, surface tension test, and foam stability test. The formation time of the SO3- DMF complex of 5 hours is the result of the highest surface tension reduction and the most optimal foam stability. The results of the foam stability test analysis showed the highest value at 80oC with a foam stability of 0.5 cm. The best result of sulfation neutralized with 40% NaOH solution was able to reduce the surface tension value and has foam stability up to 66% with a decrease in foam height of 0.3 cm

Effect of Chain Length on Fatty Alcohol Sulfation using SO3-DMF

The fatty alcohols C8, C10, C16 and C18 were used as raw materials for the sulfation reaction using the SO3-DMF complex to study the ratio of carbon chains. The first step is to prepare the SO3-DMF complex, by reacting SO3 gas into DMF at a temperature of 0-4 0C with a reaction time of 3 hours, then sulfation is carried out at 100 0C for 5 hours on C8, C10, C16 and C18. Tests were carried out on the results of sulfation with an FT-IR Spectrophotometer. Surface tension, foam stability and yield calculations. From the sulfation results, the yield results were respectively 83%, 81%, 68% and 61% then the results from the surface tension analysis were 35.3, dyne/cm, 30.3 dyne/cm, 29.4 dyne/cm and 33.6 dyne/cm and foam stability analysis of 0.2 cm, 0.8 cm, 0.7 cm and 1 cm. Based on the surface tension reduction value, palmityl alcohol is the best raw material for making surfactants.

Ingenious integration of Fe0 and multiphased MoS2 to activate peroxymonosulfate for carbamazepine removal at high salinity condition

To tackle high salinity challenge, differently from singlet oxygen-governed systems, extremely abundant and highly reactive sulfate radicals (SO4•─)-dominated systems might be also feasible. Ingenious integration of two active popular catalysts, and optimal selection of reaction parameters could sufficiently activate the added peroxymonosulfate (PMS) to efficiently degrade complicated pollutants within a short time so as to overlook the negative effects of inorganic anions. Herein, zero-valent iron decorated metallic 1T/semiconducting 2H hybrid phased molybdenum disulfide with different Mo/S feeding ratio (Fe0/Nx-MoS2) were constructed and compared to activate PMS for carbamazepine (CBZ) removal, where Fe0/N2-MoS2 (M(Mo):M(S) = 7:30) with ultrathin sheet morphology presented most charming decontamination performance. Optimal Fe0/N2-MoS2 dosage and PMS amount was respectively selected as 75 and 50 mg·L-1 in treating 10 mg·L-1 CBZ at pH = 3.00 via tailoring reaction parameters. CBZ could be completely removed in a short time of 10 min with a high pseudo-first-order kinetic rate constant of 0.939 ± 0.016 min−1. The system exhibits the promising anti-interference capacity toward Cl─, NO3─ and SO42─ of high concentration (even up to 3000 mg·L-1). Electron paramagnetic resonance and scavenging experiments of reactive species suggested that SO4•─ played a dominant function. Furthermore, Mo and Fe bimetallic cycles could efficiently promote PMS activation to produce rich reactive radicals. Degradation pathways and toxicity evolutions for CBZ in the (Fe0/N2-MoS2 + PMS) system were proposed via liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometer and Toxicity Estimation Software Tool, and we hope that the system would be applied in high salinity wastewater treatment in future.