Reaction Components Research Articles

Enhanced predictive optimization of methane dry reforming via ResponseSurface methodology and artificial neural network approaches: Insights using a novel nickel-strontium-zirconium-aluminum catalyst

This study investigates the molecular dynamics of methane dry reforming catalyzed by a novel nickel-strontium-zirconium-aluminum (5Ni+3Sr/10Zr+Al) catalyst, leveraging both Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) for predictive optimization. Focusing on the impact of operational parameters—hourly space velocity, reaction temperature, and CO2:CH4 mole ratio—on the conversion rates and formation of reaction components, we aim to predict optimal conditions and corresponding process variables. Through a comparison of a three-layer Feed Forward Neural Network, optimized at a 3:10:1 topology, with traditional RSM approaches, our findings highlight the superior predictive capabilities of ANN models. Notably, ANN demonstrated exceptional performance with Radj2and F_Ratio values significantly surpass those of RSM, alongside lower statistical error terms. This superiority is attributed to ANN's robust handling of nonlinear relationships between inputs and outputs, asserting its potential for enhancing predictive accuracy in chemical process optimization. At optimum predicted conditions like 1 CH4/CO2,750 °C reaction temperature, 12000 cm3g−1h−1 space velocity, NiSrZrAl outperformed with > 85 % CH4 and CO2 conversion with H2/CO ∼1 up to 20 h time on stream. Our research underscores the importance of integrating advanced modeling techniques for the efficient and accurate prediction of catalytic reactions, offering valuable insights for future applications in chemical engineering and catalysis.

Enhanced Photocatalytic Degradation of Tetracycline by Magnetically Separable g-C3N4-Doped Magnetite@Titanium Dioxide Heterostructured Photocatalyst

Residual drug pollutants in water environments represent a severe risk to human health, so developing a cheap, environmentally friendly, and effective photocatalyst to deal with them has become a hot topic. Herein, a magnetically separable Fe3O4@TiO2/g-C3N4 photocatalyst with a special heterojunction structure was fabricated, and its photocatalytic performance was assessed by degrading tetracycline (TC). Compared to Fe3O4@TiO2, the synthesized Fe3O4@TiO2/g-C3N4 exhibited superior TC degradation performance, which was primarily ascribed to the heterojunction formed between TiO2 and g-C3N4 and its ability to enhance the visible light absorption capacity and reduce the photoinduced electron/hole recombination rate. Moreover, a free radical capture experiment further confirmed that ·O2− and h+ are the predominant components in the TC degradation reaction. Under UV–Vis irradiation, the TC degradation rate escalated to as high as 98% within 120 min. Moreover, Fe3O4@TiO2/g-C3N4 was demonstrated to be easily recovered by magnetic separation without any notable loss even after five cycles, showing exceptional stability and reusability. These findings indicate that Fe3O4@TiO2/g-C3N4 is a promising photocatalyst for environmental remediation that may provide a sustainable approach to degrading antibiotic pollutants in wastewater.

Recombinase polymerase amplification: method’s characteristics and applications in diagnostics of infectious diseases

Isothermal amplification techniques have been actively developed in recent years and are gradually introduced into the range of methods for infectious disease diagnostics. One of the fastest isothermal methods is recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA). This review contains information about the principle of RPA, the role of individual reaction components and primer design considerations. It provides information on characteristics of various methods of RPA results detection, effects of inhibitors, temperature and agitation on the efficiency of reaction. Approaches to quantitative and multiplex RPA are described, as well as some variants of portable devices designed to identify infectious agents. The conclusion summarizes advantages and disadvantages of RPA in comparison with other amplification methods.

Non-staining resistance to dyes and odors of synthetic leathers composed of polyurethane resins with different glass transition temperatures

The objective of this study was to develop a highly durable synthetic leather with excellent resistance to light discoloration and deterioration without the use of fluorine or silicon and a surface that is resistant to dyes and odors. Environment-friendly biomass feedstock was used as the reaction component. Firstly, polyurethane (PU) resins with varying glass transition temperatures ( Tg) were synthesized. Subsequently, these were used as surface treatment agents for synthetic leather, and the relationship between the non-staining performance of the PU resin and the Tg values was discussed. In addition, the physical durability over time was investigated. The non-staining performance of the synthetic leather surface against dyed clothing and the odor of ammonia evidently depended on the Tg of the PU resin used as the surface treatment agent. The Tg range that is the most convenient for practical purposes, and the related best light discoloration and degradation resistance and bending resistance, were confirmed, and serve as indicators that the material can be used as a highly durable interior material.

AI-Enhanced Demand Response Strategies in Smart Grids: Toward Sustainable Energy Future

To accomplish a sustainable energy future, this article researches the consolidation of computerized reasoning (AI) into request reaction components inside smart grids. While considering the joining of sustainable power sources and expanding energy utilization, current energy frameworks depend altogether on load the executives and continuous energy request reaction. Conventional methodologies battle with the intricacies of dynamic energy situations. Results from the examination feature the worth of AI and ML for enhancing energy use. Versatile learning for energy proficiency, exact interest determining, continuous observing, and sustainable power source mix are completely made conceivable by these innovations. An intensive vision for the Smart Lattice is introduced, underscoring financial matters, proficiency, wellbeing, ecological obligation, security, and reliability. We check out at the benefits and downsides of incorporating energy stockpiling gadgets and the job of circulated framework insight. The determination gives a careful future vision to AI-enhanced request reaction in smart grids by featuring research issues connected with self-learning frameworks, complete robotization, self-recuperating grids, fitting and-play advances, network safety, and labor force improvement.

Development of a rapid quantitative method of analysis of carbohydrate fatty acid ester reaction mixtures using 1H qNMR

Two new analytical methods, applying absolute 1H qNMR, were developed to monitor product yield and quantify unreacted carbohydrate and fatty acid reactants, in the synthesis of carbohydrate fatty acid esters (CFAE). These methods provide a mass balance of the crude reaction mixtures and diversify the analytical screening and quantitation approaches available within the synthesis of these molecules. Both methods were validated for the model reaction of methyl α-d-glucopyranoside (MAG) and lauric acid (LA) to form the mono ester product, methyl 6-O-dodecanoyl-α-d-glucopyranoside. Analysis in CD3OD by 1H qNMR, with fumaric acid (FA) as an internal standard (IS), allowed monitoring of all reaction components. Alternatively, using CDCl3 and (E)-stilbene as IS enabled the analysis of CFAE and fatty acid. Parameters calculated for method validation included specificity and selectivity, linearity, accuracy, intermediate precision, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ) and robustness. Both methods provided excellent linearity with R2 > 0.997. The accuracy, precision, and robustness of the method in CD3OD was <2 % uncertainty making it suitable for complete reaction analysis. The method completed in CDCl3 resulted in accuracy, intermediate precision, and robustness of <5 %, except for accuracy in the lowest levels of concentration (>5 %). For all related analytes in the CD3OD and CDCl3 methods, the LOD and LOQ were determined to ensure applicability for the intended use in the assessment of reaction crude composition. Finally, the system suitability was assessed in a scaled lipase catalysed CFAE synthetic reaction. The determined qNMR product yields were verified against isolated purified product yields with <5 % uncertainty.

One pot green synthesis of Biginelli reaction catalysed by bio-waste metal-free super acid lignin sulphonate

A Bio-waste metal-free super acid catalyst (BWC) has been synthesized at higher temperature and used as a catalyst for synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidine-2-(1H)-ones (DHPMs) via one pot three component Biginelli reaction. The multicomponent reactions are very complex and involves more than two reagents. In the present study, sulfonated carbonaceous material called a green catalyst was utilized for three component reaction. Catalyst was synthesized from sodium lignosulfonate which is obtained from the wastage of paper-making industries from the sulfite pulping process. The synthesized green catalyst was characterized by FT-IR, Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Thermal Electronic microscopy (TEM), and elemental analysis. The three component Biginelli synthesis the catalyst was optimized to 8 mol % quantity which was sufficient to complete the reaction within 1–4 hrs. The yield of reaction ranges from 70-90 %. Separation was easy and recycling ability of catalyst was also tested with good retention of catalytical activity. Catalytic activity was performed as an acid-catalyzed reaction in ethanol. The synthesis of all the compounds were confirmed by 1H NMR (Nuclear magnetic resonance), MS (Mass Spectra), FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infrared), CHNS (Carbo, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur) analysis. The satisfactory results were obtained with good yields, shorter reaction time and simplicity in the experimental procedure. The catalysts could be recycled and reused three times without decrease in the catalytic activity significantly.

Application of PISA method for monopile design in layered soil

The foundation design for offshore wind turbines (OWTs) is critical to ensuring their structural integrity and long-term stability. Large-diameter monopiles are widely used for OWTs owing to their proven effectiveness. The conventional design approach, derived from the oil and gas industry’s p-y model, has limitations when applied to monopiles for OWTs. Consequently, a novel design method based on the PISA joint industry research project was developed, which extends beyond the traditional lateral soil resistance (p-y curves) and incorporates additional soil reaction components from shaft friction, pile base shear, and base moment. Unlike the simplistic rule-based conventional approaches, the proposed method necessitates site-specific 3D finite element (FE) simulations for precise calibration of soil reaction curves. Although successfully applied in European offshore wind farms, the PISA method’s performance in regions with distinct seabed compositions, such as China, remains to be verified. Therefore, this paper presents a comprehensive case study conducted at the Xiangshan wind farm, a representative site characterized by layered soil. The study employed in-situ investigations (cone penetration test, borehole) and laboratory tests (direct simple shear, bender element) to delineate the seabed soil profile and derive essential soil parameters for accurate foundation design. To facilitate the design, an Abaqus-based design tool was developed, which automated the extraction of soil reaction curves from the 3D FE simulations, calibration of PISA springs, and execution of one-dimensional beam-spring analyses employing Timoshenko beam theory. Comparative analyses were performed on the computed responses of piles, encompassing load-deflection curves, pile deflections, and bending moment profiles. The outcomes from the 3D FE simulations, uncalibrated rule-based PISA model, and calibrated PISA model were compared to validate the PISA method for monopile design in layered soil conditions.

Green and sustainable use of macadamia nuts as support material in Pt-based direct methanol fuel cells

The successful commercialization of direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) is hindered by inadequate methanol oxidation activity and anode catalyst longevity. Efficient and cost-effective electrode materials are imperative in the widespread use of DMFCs. While Platinum (Pt) remains the primary component of anodic methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) electrocatalysts, its utilization alone in DMFC systems is limited due to carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning, instability, methanol crossover, and high cost. These limitations impede the economic feasibility of Pt as an electrocatalyst. Herein, we present the use of powdered activated carbon (PAC) and granular activated carbon (GAC), both sourced from macadamia nut shells (MNS), a type of biomass. These bio-based carbon materials are integrated into hybrid supports with reduced graphene oxide (rGO), aiming to enhance the performance and reduce the production cost of the Pt electrocatalyst. Electrochemical and physicochemical characterizations of the synthesized catalysts, including Pt-rGO/PAC-1:1, Pt-rGO/PAC-1:2, Pt-rGO/GAC-1:1, and Pt-rGO/GAC-1:2, were conducted. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed crystallite sizes ranging from 1.18 nm to 1.68 nm. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) images with average particle sizes ranging from 1.91 nm to 2.72 nm demonstrated spherical dispersion of Pt nanoparticles with some agglomeration across all catalysts. The electrochemical active surface area (ECSA) was determined, with Pt-rGO/GAC-1:1 exhibiting the highest ECSA of 73.53 m2 g−1. Despite its high ECSA, Pt-rGO/GAC-1:1 displayed the lowest methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) current density, indicating active sites with poor catalytic efficiency. Pt-rGO/PAC-1:1 and Pt-rGO/PAC-1:2 exhibited the highest MOR current densities of 0.77 mA*cm−2 and 0.74 mA*cm−2, respectively. Moreover, Pt-rGO/PAC-1:2 and Pt-rGO/PAC-1:1 demonstrated superior electrocatalytic mass (specific) activities of 7.55 mA/mg (0.025 mA*cm−2) and 7.25 mA/mg (0.021 mA*cm−2), respectively. Chronoamperometry tests revealed Pt-rGO/PAC-1:2 and Pt-rGO/PAC-1:1 as the most stable catalysts. Additionally, they exhibited the lowest charge transfer resistances and highest MOR current densities after durability tests, highlighting their potential for DMFC applications. The synthesized Pt supported on PACs hybrids demonstrated remarkable catalytic performance, stability, and CO tolerance, highlighting their potential for enhancing DMFC efficiency.

Malondialdehyde levels and bioaccessibility in healthy diet bars: A gastrointestinal digestion model

Malondialdehyde (MDA), which is composed when n-6 and n-3 PUFAs are peroxidized, has been utilized as an indicator of lipid peroxidation and has been considered neurotoxic, cytotoxic, and mutagenic. This study aimed to determine the bioaccessibility level of MDA in diet bars sold as healthy snacks in the market using in vitro gastrointestinal digestive model. In our study, 28 different diet bar samples were bought from markets in Istanbul. MDA contents of the products were determined by the HPLC-FLD method. The investigation showed that diet bars had an average MDA concentration of 116.25 μg/100 g before digestion, while the average MDA concentration was 90.50 μg/100 g after in vitro digestion. In line with these data, the average MDA bioaccessibility of 28 diet bar samples was calculated as 77.3%. For this reason, more studies are needed to understand the relationship between both the MDA content and the reaction and nutritional components.

The exploration of relationship between the evolution of Cu to Cu2O/CuO and photocatalytic efficiency toward water oxidation reaction

This paper introduces a facile method to develop core-shell nanocomposite Cu/(Cu2O/CuO) through gradually oxidation on Cu nanocomposite precursors. As-prepared catalyst exhibited excellent catalytic activity in the reaction of water oxidation reaction (WOR). Comparing with the reported catalyst, Cu/(Cu2O/CuO) posed one of the highest O2 evolution around 7700 μmol g-1·h-1. By analyzing the composition of catalysts in each reaction stages, the evolution pathway of Cu towards Cu2O/CuO and the different roles of each component in catalytic water oxidation reactions were deeply studied. In presence of high conductive Cu element and excellent light absorption Cu2O, the photo generated electron and holes can be effectively separated and greatly improve the efficiency of the catalyst. The evolution process and synergistic effects of the three components play a crucial role in improving photocatalytic efficiency, which promoting the nanocomposite to be a highly efficient core-shell catalyst for WOR.

Promising Directions in Chemical Processing of Methane from Coal Industry. Part 3. Catalytic Tests

For the processing of coal mine methane into hydrogen-containing gas, a catalytic process of methane tri-reforming (СH4 + O2 + CO2 + H2O) was proposed and its component reactions were studied – partial oxidation (СH4 + O2, POM), dry reforming (СH4 + CO2, DRM) and steam reforming (СH4 + H2O, SRM) of methane. Promoted nickel supported on aluminum oxide was used as a catalyst. Experiments were carried out by varying temperature (600–850 ºC), contact time (0.04–0.15 s), linear feed rate (40–240 cm/min) and composition of the reaction mixture (POM – СH4 : O2 : He = 1 : (0.5–0.7) : (3.3–3.4); DRM – СH4 : CO2 : He = 1 : (0.8–1.4) : (2.6–3.2); SRM – CH4 : H2O : He = 1 : (0.8–2.0) : (2.0–3.2)). Optimal reaction conditions were determined to ensure maximum efficiency of hydrogen production by reforming methane-containing mixtures of various compositions (temperature in the range of 800–850 ºC, contact time 0.15 s, linear feed rate 160 cm/min, molar ratio of CH4 : O2 = 1 : 0.5 for POM, CH4 : CO2 = 1 : 1 for DRM and CH4 : H2O = 1 : 1.1 for SRM). The degree of catalyst carbonization during the reactions was reduced (from 3 to 1.5% for POM, from 20.7 to 2.2% for DRM, and from 15.2 to 0.4% for SRM) due to an increase in the O/C molar ratio in the initial reaction mixture. Regulation of H2/CO molar ratio was achieved over a wide range (0.9–6.5). It has been shown that the hydrogen concentration in the resulting hydrogen-containing mixture is determined by the type of process and is equal to 30±5 vol.%.

An Efficient Supported Cu(I) Catalyst for the Amination of Aryl Halides with Sodium Azide

AbstractWe present the synthesis and characterization of a new Cu(I) complex supported on SBA‐15 as a catalyst for preparing anilines from the reaction of aryl halides with sodium azide. The SBA‐15 support was modified by treating it sequentially with (3‐aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES), cyanuric chloride, and 2‐aminothiazole (AT). The modified mesoporous silica, SBA‐15@BAT, was then treated with a CuI solution in acetonitrile to give SBA‐15@BAT‐Cu(I). The catalyst underwent thorough characterization using conventional methods. X‐Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis corroborated the presence of copper in the +1 oxidation state in the catalyst. The supported Cu(I) complex sufficiently catalyzed the amination reaction of iodo‐, bromo‐, and chloroarenes with NaN3. The catalyst was centrifuged, washed, and applied in the subsequent run. We investigated the effects of various reaction components and parameters to determine the optimal conditions for the reaction. The heterogeneous catalyst exhibited noticeable stability and was reused over seven runs with slight deactivation.

Protonated g-C3N4/oxygen-doped g-C3N4 S-scheme homojunction fabricated by electrostatic self-assembly for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution and tetracycline hydrochloride degradation

S-scheme photocatalytic systems with high redox ability and separation efficiency of photoexcited charge carriers supply considerable prospects for environmental optimization and sustainable energy development. However, coupling well-suited reduction and oxidation components for target reactions remains a challenge worth exploring. Herein, an efficient S-scheme system for H2 generation and tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) photodegradation based on protonated g-C3N4 (PCN) coupling with oxygen-doped g-C3N4 (OCN) is fabricated via a facile electrostatic self-assembly strategy. Intimate interfacial interactions originating from the ultrathin nanostructure and staggered energy band arrangement for the S-scheme charge transfer pathway provide compelling advantages for the highly efficient separation of photoinduced electron-hole pairs in the as-designed PCN/OCN homojunction. The in-situ irradiated X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ISI-XPS) techniques and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements are applied to confirm the successful construction and the validity of the S-scheme charge transfer pathway. The obtained PCN/OCN composites with optimal ratio achieve a decent H2 generation rate of 6184.7 μmol g−1 h−1 outpacing the single PCN by approximately 4.8-fold, and 90.5 % TCH photodegradation efficiency is also realized within 90 min. This work provides a delicate fresh round of elevation for the exploration of an effective photocatalytic system.

Benchmarking Trisaminocyclopropeniums as Mediators for Anodic Oxidation Reactions.

This report benchmarks a tris(amino)cyclopropenium (TAC) salt as an electron-transfer mediator for anodic oxidation reactions in comparison to two known mediators: a triarylamine and a triarylimidazole derivative. The three mediators have redox potentials, diffusion coefficients, and heterogeneous electron transfer rates similar to those of glassy carbon electrodes in acetonitrile/KPF6. However, they differ significantly in their performance in two electro-organic reactions: anodic fluorination of a dithiane and anodic oxidation of 4-methoxybenzyl alcohol. These differences are rationalized based on variable stability in the presence of reaction components (e.g., NEt3·3HF, lutidine, and Cs2CO3) as well as very different rates of electron transfer with the organic substrate. Overall, this work highlights the advantages and disadvantages of each mediator and provides a foundation for expanding the applications of TACs in electro-organic synthesis moving forward.

[Triazolamine][Acetate] as a novel basic ionic liquid catalyze green synthesis of new (methylsulfonyl)benzo[h]chromen-2-amine derivatives

A new functionalized stable ionic liquid as [Triazolamine][Acetate] was prepared for the first times. The novel catalyst was well characterized by various techniques and confirmed molecular structure. The ionic liquid as a novel catalyst was carried out for the green synthesis of new (methylsulfonyl)benzo[h]chromen-2-amine derivatives via three components reaction of aldehydes, alpha-naphthol, and (methylsulfonyl)acetonitrile. A simple and an efficient procedure for the synthesis of new un-known compounds using a green and novel reusable ionic liquid as catalyst under thermal conditions in ethanol as solvent was reported. The easy preparation of ionic liquids without any toxic solvent, short reaction times, and simple work-up with excellent yields are advantages of the present research. [Triazolamine][Acetate] as new green catalyst can be reused several times without significant loss of its catalytic activity.

Renewable ammonium chloride-induced calcium leaching of gold and copper tailings and selective preparation of vaterite CaCO3 by CO2 mineralization

This study introduced a high-value green processing solution for copper tailings to prepare high-purity vaterite from gold-copper tailings. The active reaction components were determined through Gibbs free energy calculations. The study discusses the impact of different experimental parameters on the leaching rate of Ca2+ and the degree of mineralization in gold-copper tailings, and then considers the influence of different dispersants on improving the stability of vaterite. The results show that the optimal leaching efficiency of Ca2+ in the NH4Cl solution is 75%, and the optimal mineralization efficiency is 87%. Under appropriate mineralization conditions, vaterite CaCO3 with d50 < 12 μm, a purity of 98%, and a whiteness of 98.7% can be prepared. The precipitated vaterite is affected by the pH swing method connected with the neutralization reaction. The presence of excess NH3 and supersaturated CO2 are necessary for the formation of vaterite-type CaCO3. Morphological analysis results show that dispersants such as polyacrylamide and sodium tripolyphosphate can improve the dispersibility of vaterite, preventing agglomeration and enabling its stable existence in aqueous solutions. Nanoparticle aggregation and crystal growth are two possible mechanisms for the formation of vaterite. The leaching-mineralization cycle technology using NH4Cl as the leaching solution meets the requirements for CO2 removal and alkaline industrial waste residue treatment, while avoiding the significant consumption of chemical reagents in traditional mineralization. This method provides a pathway for producing vaterite using copper tailings and has a broad market prospect.

A novel Cu(II) nanoparticles anchored on cyanuric chloride-attached magnetic nanocatalyst: A highly stable, recyclable and efficient nanocatalyst for the synthesis of chromene derivatives

As a novel core-shell magnetic nanocatalyst, a copper nanocatalyst, Cu(II)-Schiff base-TCT-APTES@SiO2@Fe3O4 was successfully synthesized through the reaction of the cyanuric chloride grafted onto the core-shell magnetic nanocatalyst with Schiff base complex and finally treated with Cu(NO3)2·3H2O. The noteworthy point is that the novel Schiff base separated by employing hydrazine with 2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde was synthesized and purified by a simple washing and identified by FT-IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectrums. The catalyst was studied relying on various techniques and spectroscopic procedures including FT-IR, SEM, TEM, XPS, XRD, VSM, BET, TGA, and ICP analyses. The TEM images indicated that the catalyst was synthesized with an average size of 37–47 nm and a spherical shape. BET analysis showed that our catalyst has been synthesized with mesoporous structure and high surface area (52.55 m2/g). Moreover, the XPS results clearly demonstrated the peak at 937.2 eV and 949.2 eV that was related to the presence of Cu(II) in structure of catalyst. Then, copper nanocatalyst was successfully tested for the one-pot three component reaction of chromene derivatives of various aldehydes, phenols (2-hydroxynaphthalene-1,4-dione, resorcinol and β-naphthol) and malononitrile in ethanol under reflux conditions. All products were obtained in excellent yields for a diverse range of aromatic aldehydes. TON and TOF numbers for the compound 4j with the highest yield were found to be 192 and 581.8 h−1, respectively. Further, the copper catalyst can be reused by external magnetic field over seven times with a negligible loss in activity, showing 0.08% leaching of Cu after 7 times recycling. Also, Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations were carried out to investigate the electrostatic potential (ESP), natural bond orbital (NBO), images of HOMO and LUMO orbitals and drawing the reaction mechanism using total energy of reactant and product.

A facile microwave‐mediated method of 1,4‐dihydropyridine carboxylates synthesis by multicomponent reaction

AbstractAn innovative green procedure has been devised to prepare derivatives of 1,4‐dihydropyridine (1,4‐DHP). This method works with a catalyst process using ethanol as solvent under microwave irradiation conditions, enabling swift reactions (&lt;30 min) with impressive yields (90%–96%). It contributes to an environmentally friendly and easily executable process by using the energy efficiency method. Within 30 min, this method underscores ecologically conscious practices and offers simple purification, streamlining the process by omitting column chromatography. This method highlights the efficacy and eco‐friendly nature of synthesizing 1,4‐DHPs. This method combines four component reactions, utilizing EtOH as the solvent and triethylamine as the catalyst. Furthermore, the product was characterized by diverse spectroscopic analysis.

Effectiveness of Noble Gas Addition for Plasma Synthesis of Ammonia in a Dielectric Barrier Discharge Reactor

Non-thermal plasma driven ammonia synthesis has great potential for future industrial applications due to its low theoretical energy requirements. To achieve technological advancement and environmental sustainability, it is crucial to boost the energy yield in plasma-assisted ammonia synthesis. Therefore, optimizing energy transfer and utilization are key strategies for enhancing energy efficiency. In this study, dielectric barrier discharge driven by a nanosecond pulsed power supply is used to enhance plasma-assisted ammonia synthesis by controlling the energy transfer through the addition of noble gases. It was found that the addition of noble gases changed the plasma characteristics, significantly improved the uniformity of the discharge, and achieved a high energy yield for ammonia synthesis. The effects of additive amounts of argon (Ar) and helium (He), as well as the pulse parameters including the pulse voltage, pulse repetition frequency, pulse width, and pulse rise time on the energy yield of ammonia synthesis are discussed. The inclusion of noble gases expanded the pathway for gas-phase reactions, with the active components of critical reactions examined through optical emission spectra. This analysis revealed an increased presence of both N2+ and N2* particles in the reaction’s rate-limiting step, attributed to the addition of noble gases. Finally, a zero-dimensional (0D) plasma chemical kinetic model was established to investigate the influence of Ar addition on the reaction mechanism of ammonia synthesis.