Rechargeable System Research Articles

How solution chemistry affects the electrochemical behavior of cathodes for Mg batteries, a classical electroanalytical study

Mo6S8 Chevrel phase (CP) is still the most effective magnesium ions insertion material that was examined in cathodes for rechargeable Mg battery model systems. Its synthesis includes CuMo6S8 as an intermediate which undergoes Cu ions leaching. Thereby, CP materials may contain small amounts of copper. CuxMo6S8 undergoes complex magnesium insertion processes that include reversible displacement of copper. We report herein on a study of Cu0.09Mo6S8 electrodes in two electrolyte solutions which are important for secondary Mg batteries: C6H6MgCl/AlCl3/THF (all phenyl complex solutions, APC) and MgTFSI2/MgCl2/DME (Mg imide/chloride/DME solutions, ICD). There systems are ideal playgrounds for studying the nature of complex magnesium insertion processes into inorganic hosts. The analysis reported herein shows how the electroanalytical behavior of CP electrodes is affected by the electrolyte solution identity. For instance, the main Mg ions insertion process from the APC solutions occurs at 160 mV lower than from the ICD ones; the heterogeneous rate constant for charge transfer across the interface are significantly higher in APC solutions; in turn, the conversion processes related to the Cu residue in the CP electrodes are kinetically and thermodynamically favorable in the ICD solutions. As expected, the magnesium solid-state diffusion coefficient was found to be solutions independent. The study demonstrates the sensitivity of electroanalytical tools such as slow scanning rate voltammetry for reflecting fine structural changes during intercalation processes and can be generalized to other systems.

Supercharged!

Supercharged!

Design of Rechargeable Battery System for Mandibular Distraction Osteogenesis Device

Design of Rechargeable Battery System for Mandibular Distraction Osteogenesis Device

Materials electrochemistry for high energy density power batteries

On June 30th of 2019, China Association for Science and Technology announced the list of twenty questions that are considered either of guiding importance for frontiers of sciences or playing crucial roles in technological and industrial innovation. Among which the question 4 is “materials electrochemistry for high energy density power batteries”. This article is an interpretation of this question, including a basic overview of the current technology, industry and market of lithium ion battery for powering electric vehicles, the trends of future development, and where the scientific problems are. Along with the rapid economic development in the last a few decades, the vehicle market in China has grown dramatically in recent years. The total number of vehicles in China is already exceeding 0.2 billion, which makes twenty percent of the total number in the world. And this number keeps increasing at a fast pace since the number of vehicle per capital in China is still much lower than those of developed countries (the average number of vehicles per thousand person at year 2016: China-140, USA-797, Japan-591, Korea-376). The huge number of vehicles in China consume a large amount of fuel oil (about 50% of the total fuel oil consumption of China every year are attributed to vehicles), which is prepared from petroleum, a scarce resource in China. Fossil fuel consumption also causes severe air pollution that threatens people’s health and results in global environmental concerns considering the consequences arising from the excessive emission of Greenhouse Gases such as CO2. Development of electric vehicles (EVs) to replace fossil fuel consuming vehicles is a promising solution to tackle the fossil energy exhaustion, global warming, and environment pollution problems, realizing a low-carbon society, and is also an opportunity for China to develop the automobile industry. However, the energy density of the current power batteries used in the EVs is still much lower than that of the fossil energy, which causes the so-called “range anxiety” in EV drivers, hindering the mass-market penetration of EVs. Therefore, overcoming the “range anxiety” by developing higher energy density power batteries is a critical technological challenge for innovative revolution of the vehicle market. Usually, driving ranges of at least 500 km are required for EVs to achieve wide customer acceptance. However, the state-of-the-art lithium-ion battery, which has the highest energy density among all mass-produced rechargeable battery systems, barely meets this requirement when battery safety and cycle lifetime are also concerned. Since the energy density of rechargeable batteries is in principle determined by the active anode and cathode materials, the development of new materials chemistry and electrochemistry is the central scientific task for the popularization of EVs. A survey of currently or potentially available active materials is thus helpful in making a technologically sound forecast of battery energy density as well as in setting up EV development roadmap. In this paper, we briefly go through the materials electrochemistry for current and future active materials for lithium ion batteries and lithium metal batteries, thus including both intercalation and conversion reaction mechanisms, and assess the potential of these active materials in the coming decade to achieve energy density as high as 300 Wh/kg or even higher. The scientific questions and technological challenges that need to be addressed to achieve the goal are analyzed and emphasized. We hope this article will help the readers to unravel the complex power battery market, and potentially inspire researchers in the field to solve the “materials electrochemistry for high energy density power batteries” problem.

3D printing of structured electrodes for rechargeable batteries

An overview of 3D printed rechargeable batteries is provided, comparing electrodes/electrolytes with different structures and their applications in rechargeable battery systems.

Initial investigation and evaluation of potassium metal as an anode for rechargeable potassium batteries

This work highlights recent progress on K metal as an anode and provides a valuable outlook on the scientific and practical issues concerning the development of rechargeable potassium-based battery systems.

Robustness verification of active 3D marker in turbid underwater environment and docking experiment in real sea

Aiming at developing underwater battery recharging system, we have been researching on automatic docking of an underwater robot using dual-eyes-based visual servoing and 3D marker without emission of light (passive 3D marker). In our previous researches, we conducted docking experiments in seaarea, having verified the effectiveness in the day time in an environment with less turbid water condition. Given the situation that the docking aims for battery recharging in deep sea bottom, pitch-dark and turbid environment should be considered as inevitable condition. Since lighting passive 3Dmarker from vehicle in turbid water environment results in the images taken by video cameras set on the vehicle being looked wholly white, some new idea seems to be required. Our proposal to overcome this difficulty is to introduce a lighting 3D marker (active 3D marker) that has LEDs inside. Inthis paper, recognition performances using active and passive 3D marker are compared, having confirmed that the new active marker with no-lighting from a vehicle could be recognizable in dark and turbid environment than the passive marker lighted from the vehicle. This has contributed to the actualsea docking in pitch-dark real sea environment.

Predictive maintenance of photovoltaic plants using multirotor drones with automatic recharging system of Li-Po batteries

Creating the correct maintenance of the strings that form the electric generators, from a photovoltaic park, it requires scanning of the equipment with thermal vision cameras, in the visible and infrared field, at an optimum angle determined precisely for each location depending on the geographic position and the architecture of the power station. In general, this angle is difficult to maintain from the ground so it is necessary to mount the cameras on a support, or most efficiently on a multi-rotor drone that is very stable and easy to handle. Maintenance using multi-rotor drones and heat sensitive cameras is no longer a novelty and has multiple advantages: low costs, minimization of work accidents, and the data acquired can be analyzed in real time or can be stored for later analysis. But this process also has disadvantages: limited flight autonomy of drones, generated by the hard development of battery technology and a small number of specialized personnel in this field. To minimize these disadvantages, we have developed an automatic recharging system of batteries, without disconnecting them, which allows the automation of the scanning process and offers the possibility of taking control of the drones and from a distance.

Fabrication of Silver Peroxide– Zinc Rechargeable Battery

Electrochemical energy sources especially rechargeable batteries hold a great promise for meeting the ever-growing demand for energy. Though lead acid and lithium ion batteries have been highly successful commercially, the safety issues in using them have led to the development of alternate rechargeable systems. In this regard, silver peroxide-zinc rechargeable batteries are of great importance especially as energy sources for biomedical devices as they can be tuned to obtain low power discharge over prolonged time duration. This study focuses on the electrochemical synthesis of silver peroxide on silver electrodes and its use as the cathode for rechargeable battery. Synthesis parameters were optimized for the formation of silver peroxide and the oxide thus formed was characterized using XRD, EDS, IR spectroscopy, FESEM and AFM. Two different prototypes of batteries (two compartment and pouch model) were fabricated using zinc as the anode and silver peroxide as cathode. The prototypes were able to provide potential of 1.5 V with a power rating of 150 µW and 3.3 µW for the two compartments and pouch model respectively. Both the models were rechargeable and are having low internal resistance

Current-adaptive docking station for building submarine recharging system of underwater robot

Current-adaptive docking station for building submarine recharging system of underwater robot

Rechargeable Intermetallic Calcium-Lithium-O2 Batteries.

The growing demand for rechargeable batteries with high energy density has triggered research on batteries based on polyvalent cations such as Ca2+ , Mg2+ , Al3+ , and Y3+ . Ca is, in particular, a promising anode material as an alternative to Li because of its mechanical strength (ρ=1.55 g cm-3 ), safety in terms of thermal runaway (m.p.=839 °C), earth-abundance (world production of 150 million tons of gypsum in 2012), high specific charge capacity (1.340 mAh g-1 or 2.077 mAh cm-3 ), and standard reduction potential (-2.87 V vs. normal hydrogen electrode, NHE) comparable to that of Li. As with Mg, the practical application of Ca in rechargeable batteries with organic liquid electrolytes has been hindered by the passivation layer resulting from undesirable reactions between metallic Ca and electrolytes, which precludes the possibility of reversible plating of any metal cations on Ca electrodes. Here, a battery system based on intermetallic CaLi2 anodes was developed. Li was used as a host for Ca through the formation of an intermetallic compound, which simultaneously enabled 1) the assembly of a rechargeable battery system with Ca anodes and liquid organic electrolytes and 2) coupling these with an earth-abundant, high-energy-density air cathode without special passivation agents. This strategy is simple and broadly applicable to the other polyvalent cations listed above, opening a new avenue to further engineer the electrode materials required for practical, efficient electrochemical energy-storage systems.

Ecological assessment of groundwater ecosystems disturbed by recharge systems using organic matter quality, biofilm characteristics, and bacterial diversity.

Recharge of aquifers by urban stormwater may trigger significant ecological changes that can be detrimental to the biodiversity and functioning of groundwater ecosystems. Here, the effects of aquifer recharge (AR) on three levels of parameters were investigated: dissolved organic carbon (DOC) quantity and quality, global biofilm characteristics, and diversity changes of bacterial communities. As DOC enrichment by AR can be mitigated by vadose zone (VZ) thickness, three AR sites with thin VZ (< 3m) and three sites with thick VZ (> 10m) were selected. For each AR site, clay beads were incubated over a 10-day-long rainy period through wells in recharged and non-recharged groundwaters. Total proteins, dehydrogenase, and hydrolytic activities were monitored from clay beads to assess biofilm development. Bacterial richness on beads was estimated by 16S rRNA-based metabarcoding. AR was found to significantly increase DOC and biodegradable DOC (BDOC) concentrations, biofilm development, and bacterial richness especially in sites with thin VZ. VZ thickness was inversely related to microbial growth indicators and bacterial richness in groundwater, through a control of DOC availability. The proportion of Bacteroidetes 16S rRNA gene reads was higher in recharged groundwater than in non-recharged groundwater, suggesting that this phylum could be used as an indicator of DOC enrichment associated with AR. Quantitative PCR assays for Bacteroides DNA confirmed these trends and showed an enrichment of this bacterial group in DOC-rich aquifer waters. The positive linear relationships between BDOC concentrations and biofilm variables highlighted a strong C-limitation of groundwater impacting bacterial species sorting and activity.

Re: A Prospective, Multicenter Study of a Novel, Miniaturized Rechargeable Sacral Neuromodulation System: 12-Month Results from the RELAX-OAB Study.

Re: A Prospective, Multicenter Study of a Novel, Miniaturized Rechargeable Sacral Neuromodulation System: 12-Month Results from the RELAX-OAB Study.

Scenario modeling of the groundwater in a coastal aquifer (Jijel plain area, Algeria)

This study investigates the effect of drought and pumping discharge on groundwater supplies and seawater intrusion in the Jijel plain area (Algeria). The numerical model developed based on available hydrogeological data in real scale such as the calibration can be done only with real data. The groundwater model for the Jijel plain area was calibrated in two steps: (1) steady-state calibration to average conditions during 2012 and (2) calibration to transient conditions from 2012 to 2042 (30 years). The main objective is to quantify the components of the groundwater balance, to estimate the hydraulic conductivity distribution, and to control the encroachment of seawater into coastal aquifer systems. The impact of pumping discharge and drought on groundwater level evolution has been examined. As the population continues to grow and the demand for groundwater pumping intensifies beyond 2012, it can be expected that the actual extent of seawater intrusion and anthropogenic pollution in the future will be more severe than that predicted by the model. For example, the maximum drawdown value is recorded in the northwest of the study area (11.30 m). This drawdown is explained by the overexploitation, which causes the advancement of seawater in the northern region and anthropogenic pollution in the central region (next to cities). Better strategies for groundwater development and management, such as artificial recharge and modern irrigation systems, will be necessary to conserve freshwater aquifers and protect them from pollution.

Cutting the EV Charging Cord

Abstract Inductive charging system for electric buses and cars. A vehicle recharging system provides up to 300 kW, enough power to run an electric bus two miles for every minute of charging.

Lessons learnt from semi-arid wetland degradation. Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park

The Tablas de Daimiel National Park wetland developed in an area characterized by the cyclic nature of droughts, excessive aquifer exploitation and an evident aridification trend driven by climate change. The park and its surroundings have been exploited since prehistoric times and they are currently deeply anthropized to the point that both the physical survival of the wetland as well as its ecological function entirely depend on human action. A severe drought between 2006 and 2009 together with the drawdown of the water table caused the dry out of the system, reed overgrowth, disappearance of cut-sedge and sub-aquatic Chara spp. meadows and a smouldering peat fire. During this same period surface water, soil and groundwater were sampled for physical, hydrological and hydrochemical characterization. Upon drainage, the system functions as an artificial recharge system and becomes eutrophic showing large nutrient and salt content in soils and water. High water transmissivity capacities in the unsaturated zone and anthropic park management (soil compacted by heavy machinery, recirculation of low quality groundwater, reed reaping, water transfers, etc.) condition groundwater pollution. Increased knowledge of the physical-environment has allowed us to build a conceptual model of the surface water – groundwater interactions and to develop management tools to support the park management during a system dry out. Amongst these actions, we propose an unsaturated flow model for soil moisture simulation than can be used to predict critical soil water content for reed overgrowth or peat combustion risk.

Factors Affecting Consumption of Water from a Newly Introduced Safe Drinking Water System: The Case of Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) Systems in Bangladesh

Rather than committing exclusively to one drinking water option, households in Bangladesh often use a portfolio of sources that, in varying ways, to varying extents satisfy one or more out of several preferences they hold with regard to their drinking water. What happens if a new option is added to that mix? In communities of Bangladesh’ Southwestern coastal region where a new option (managed aquifer recharge, or MAR) was recently introduced, we observe variation in the extent to which this source contributes to satisfying households’ drinking water needs. Using multiple linear regression (n = 636 households), we found that perceived risk, costs, taste, self-efficacy, and form and intensity of competition with alternative drinking water options matter significantly.

Strategies towards Low-Cost Dual-Ion Batteries with High Performance.

Rocking-chair based lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have extensively applied to consumer electronics and electric vehicles (EVs) for solving the present worldwide issues of fossil fuel exhaustion and environmental pollution. However, due to the growing unprecedented demand of LIBs for commercialization in EVs and grid-scale energy storage stations, and a shortage of lithium and cobalt, the increasing cost gives impetus to exploit low-cost rechargeable battery systems. Dual-ion batteries (DIBs), in which both cations and anions are involved in the electrochemical redox reaction, are one of the most promising candidates to meet the low-cost requirements of commercial applications, because of their high working voltage, excellent safety, and environmental friendliness compared to conventional rocking-chair based LIBs. However, DIB technologies are only at the stage of fundamental research and considerable effort is required to improve the energy density and cycle life further. We review the development history and current situation, and discuss the reaction kinetics involved in DIBs, including various anionic intercalation mechanism of cathodes, and the reactions at the anodes including intercalation and alloying to explore promising strategies towards low-cost DIBs with high performance.

EVALUASI FAKTOR TEKNIS PENENTU KRITERIA DRAINASE BERWAWASAN LINGKUNGAN

Integrated management of water resources is something that must be done to ensure the sustainability of water resources. Based on Minister of Public Works Regulation No. 10 of 2015, water resources management in Indonesia is based on 5 pillars where one of the pillars is the conservation of waterresources. Conservation of water resources is a basic concept of ecodrain wherein rainwater falling as much as possible will be absorbed into the ground again or known as zero runoff. One of the technical factors thatdetermine environmentally sound drainage criteria is the recharge system. In this research, the influence of the application of bioretension and rain garden will be discussed as one of the absorption systems for runoff hydrographs in an area, in this case the Upper Cisadane Watershed is used as the research location. Based on the results of the study, it was obtained the reduction of peak flood discharge with the application of type I, II, III and IV biorescence to the existing peak flood discharge of 26.89-26.93%, and reduction of peak flood discharge with the application of rain garden of 27.73%.

Effect of drying temperature on polyaniline electrode for polyaniline|Zn battery performance

ABSTRACT . Here, we report the effect of various drying temperature of Polyaniline (PAni) on battery PAni|Zn performance. PAni was synthesized using the electrodeposition method on the surface of the graphite sheets (GS), at 0.7 V relative to the saturated Ag/AgCl. PAni is dried with various temperature, 25, 80, 120, and 180 o C, respectively. PAni was characterized by Raman spectroscopy; then the performance Pani battery was studied in a rechargeable battery system. The measurement results found the PAni|Zn battery with 25 o C temperature drying of PAni was a good performance which the capacity density stable at 175–105 mAh g -1 until 100 cycles. Raman study showed that high-temperature drying resulted in a cleavage peak at 1188 cm -1 and increased peak intensity at 1495 cm -1 . This vibrational mode appears as a stretching ν(C-C) on the semi quinonoid ring and ν(C=N) on the quinoid ring. This phenomenon indicated the changing structure of PAni to be Emeraldine base form. KEY WORDS : Aniline, Annealing, Polyaniline, Rechargeable battery, Temperature effect Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2019 , 33(3), 551-559. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v33i3.15