Ray Transmission Research Articles

Theoretic analysis and experimental evaluation of the spectrum transmission coefficient of a multilayer photovoltaic vacuum glazing

Abstract This paper introduces an innovative thin film PV vacuum glazing (PV-VG) technology. In addition to electricity generation, the PV-VG glazing can also reduce heat loss from the building in winter and reduce heat gain in summer. In building integrated photovoltaics application, optical characterization of the PV glazing is important in determining the solar ray transmission and thermal transfer process of the glazing. This paper discusses the optical properties of the PV-VG glazing by considering the different layers of the glazing unit that includes a self-cleaning glass, a thin film PV glass and a low-e vacuum glazing. Based on the optical transfer matrix, the transmission coefficients of different film layers were deduced. The theoretical calculations were then validated against the transmission coefficient experiment of the PV-VG using an EDTM SS2450 Solar Spectrum Meter. The calculation error of the transmission coefficient of the single-layer glazing is generally within 5%, the calculation error of the transmission coefficient of the integrated PV-VG glazing is about 6%. The results show that the average visible light transmission coefficient, the average infrared light transmission coefficient and the overall transmission coefficient of PV-VG glazing are 19%, 16% and 12%, respectively. The study is important to optimize the visible light transmission of the PV-VG glazing; the optical model obtained above lays a solid foundation for further study of transmission coefficient analysis of different functional coating of PV-VG glazing.

Extraction of water from atmospheric air using double slope condensation surface

In this study, extraction of water from atmospheric air using double slope condensation surface is investigated. Solar energy as a heat source and Calcium Chloride (CaCl2) as the desiccant are used. The experimental apparatus involves two parts. The first part, which functions as absorber has nine channels containing mixture of Calcium Chloride (CaCl2) and sand while the second part, which functions as transparent and condensation surface has a prism shape. At night, the absorber is exposed to atmospheric air where Calcium Chloride (CaCl2) absorbs moisture from atmospheric air. At sunrise, the absorber is covered tightly with the transparent and condensation surface that allows the transmission of sun rays to the absorber. Condensate is collected in sloping channels that fixed at the bottom inner surface of transparent cover. The temperature of transparent surface, air-vapor mixture and absorber surface, solar radiations intensity and amount of collected water are recorded during the experiments at various operating days. Experimental measurements indicate that the condensed water productivity changes with ambient conditions. It is found that the maximum yield for Aug.19th,2015 was 735 gm /m2.day for accumulative solar radiation of about 7806 W.hr/m2.day. A mathematical model is developed to estimate the solar radiation intensity and amount of collected water. Its results are compared with the experimental data and a reasonable agreement between theoretical results and experimental measurements is attained

Photocatalytic removal of organic pollutants and self‐cleaning performance of PES membrane incorporated sulfonated graphene oxide/ZnO nanocomposite

AbstractBACKGROUNDMembrane technology is highly applicable to water purification due to its simple operation process. During the treatment of organic wastewater, the organic compounds are deposited on the membrane surface, which leads to membrane fouling. To alleviate this problem, the membrane separation process could be combined with eco‐friendly photocatalytic technology. In this regard, facile synthesized nanomaterials, such as sulfonated graphene oxide (SGO), zinc oxide (ZnO), and SGO/ZnO (SGZ) are incorporated in a polyethersulfone (PES) membrane matrix used for antifouling analysis and degradation of organic pollutants in the presence of UV light irradiation.RESULTSX‐ray diffraction (XRD) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analysis shows that ZnO is bound strongly within the SGO‐ZnO nanocomposite. The optical property was also altered for hybrid SGO‐ZnO nanocomposite as compared to the ZnO photocatalyst. The physicochemical characterization of PES‐SGO, PES‐ZnO, and PES‐SGZ nanocomposite membranes was studied. Hydrophilicity and water flux are improved with the addition of nanomaterials. Among the membranes, PES‐SGZ nanocomposite membranes exhibit maximum water flux and lower contact angle value of 152 L m−2 h−1 and 51.9°, respectively. The photocatalytic activity of the membrane was assessed by organic pollutants under the UV light. The PES‐SGZ nanocomposite membrane revealed higher photocatalytic efficiency for crystal violet at 92.3% and ciprofloxacin at 95.1%.CONCLUSIONThe modified PES membranes enhanced antifouling and hydrophilic properties. Specifically, the PES‐SGZ nanocomposite membrane proved to be a superior material for the effective photodegradation of organic pollutants and it achieved a higher water flux. To conclude, the prepared photocatalytic membrane could have vast potential in the treatment of toxic organic industrial effluents. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry

Experimental and Monte Carlo investigations of gamma ray transmission and buildup factors for inorganic nanoparticle/epoxy composites

The integration of inorganic nanoparticles into a polymer matrix presents a category of advanced materials, known as polymer inorganic nanocomposites (PINCs). In present work, the γ-ray shielding parameters of epoxy resin loaded with two different proportions (5 and 25 wt%) of Pb, Zn, ZnO, Ti and TiO2 inorganic nanoparticles have been investigated. The prepared samples were characterized through structural investigations including SEM, EDS, XRD and FT-IR analyses. Furthermore, mechanical properties of the nanocomposites were evaluated on the basis of compressive strength. To evaluate the γ-ray attenuation performance of the nanocomposites, the transmission and flux buildup factors have been measured experimentally. The 59.54 and 662 keV γ-rays emitted from 241Am and 137Cs point sources were counted by a 2″ × 2″ NaI(Tl) detector. In addition, experimental results has been confirmed by a theoretical study using MCNPX code. The results showed that γ-ray shielding effectiveness was enhanced by the increment of the filler loading. The experimental and theoretical calculations of transmission and buildup factors were found to be in a good agreement. As expected, 25 wt% Pb/epoxy nanocomposites indicated better shielding properties than their counterparts. However, it has to be notices that the mechanical strength of Pb/epoxy nanocomposites were determined significantly lower than those of Zn, ZnO, Ti and TiO2/epoxy nanocomposites. To design and choose an appropriate shielding material, therefore, a number of factors have to be considered.

Examination of corrosion under insulation using gamma ray computed tomography

In this paper, we propose a screening and scanning approach using gamma ray transmission measurements and computed tomography (CT) to detect and locate corrosion areas in a pipeline. Screening obtains interval measurements of collimated gamma ray along the length of pipe, while scanning gives cross sectional images at the investigated area. The CT scanner consists of a clamped on mechanical gantry, a 1” × 1” NaI(Tl) scintillation detector, 11mCi Ba-133 source, 15mm x 5mm lead collimators and Ludlum scaler ratemeter. This technique was shown to be an effective way to determine the wall loss and erosion areas of at 2.5mm thickness. Several locations of an insulated pipe were screened and scanned. Using a portable gamma ray CT scanner we present the results, where the cross sectional image can indicate the occurrence of corrosion under insulator.

Influence of phase composition and local crystal structure on the transport properties of ZrO2−Y2O3 and ZrO2−Gd2O3 solid solutions

Abstract. The results of investigation of crystal structure, ion conductivity and local structure of solid solutions (ZrO2)1−x(Gd2O3)x and (ZrO2)1−x(Y2O3)x (x = 0.04, 0.08, 0.10, 0.12, 0.14). The crystals were grown by directional crystallization of the melt in a cold container. The phase composition of the crystals was studied by X−ray diffractometry and transmission electron microscopy. Transport characteristics were studied by impedance spectroscopy in the temperature range 400—900 °C. The local crystal structure was studied by optical spectroscopy. Eu3+ ions were used as a spectroscopic probe. The results of the study of the local structure of solid solutions of ZrO2—Y2O3 and ZrO2—Gd2O3 systems revealed the peculiarities of the formation of optical centers, which reflect the nature of the localization of oxygen vacancies in the crystal lattice depending on the stabilizing oxide concentration. It is established that the local crystal environment of Eu3+ Ions in solid solutions (ZrO2)1−x(Y2O3)x and (ZrO2)1−x(Gd2O3)x is determined by the stabilizing oxide concentration and practically does not depend on the type of stabilizing oxide (Y2O3 or Gd2O3). The maximum conductivity at 900 °C was observed in crystals containing 10 mol.% Gd2O3 and 8 mol.% Y2O3. These compositions correspond to the t′′−phase and are close to the boundary between the regions of the cubic and tetragonal phases. It was found that in the system ZrO2—Y2O3 stabilization of the highly symmetric phase occurs at a lower stabilizing oxide concentration than in the system ZrO2—Gd2O3. Analysis of the data obtained allows us to conclude that in this range of compositions the main influence on the concentration dependence of the ion conductivity has a phase composition, rather than the nature of the localization of oxygen vacancies in the crystal lattice.

Self-healable hyaluronic acid/chitosan polyelectrolyte complex hydrogels and multilayers

In this work, polyelectrolyte complexes (PEC) were obtained in form of nanometric polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) and macroscopic hydrogels by electrostatic interactions between two natural polysaccharides: hyaluronic acid (HA) and chitosan (CHI). PEM was developed onto poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) surface by layer-by-layer approach. The characterization of both systems was carried out simultaneously by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and transmission and scanning electronic microscopy (TEM and SEM). The rheological properties of PEC hydrogels were also analysed. The formation of the complexes was demonstrated due to electrostatic interactions, which in turn resulted being responsible for intrinsic self-healing ability. This is a highly demanded property in reducing replacements costs. Both, PEC hydrogels and multilayers showed self-healing properties within few minutes, this fact proves the versatility of HA/CHI complexes to easily obtain different forms of self-healable materials interesting as functional biomedical supports and coatings.

Algebraic reconstruction technique combined with Monte Carlo method for weight matrix calculation in gamma ray transmission tomography

In the present work, the algebraic reconstruction technique (ART) combined with Monte Carlo method has been proposed for image reconstruction in gamma ray transmission tomography, which is generally used for the nondestructive assay of special nuclear materials. The Monte Carlo method has been explored to generate the weight matrix, which is required for executing ART algorithm. The method has been successfully demonstrated using a two-dimensional tomographic set-up with circular sample. The advantage of the method is that it is generalized, with no assumptions regarding weight matrices and is easily extendable to three dimensional systems, where other classical approaches become cumbersome. Moreover, the method is computationally simple and less time consuming unlike full scale Monte Carlo simulations.

Study of coupling optics involving graded index fiber excitation via upside down tapered parabolic microlens on the fiber tip

Based on the prescribed ABCD matrix for the transmission of paraxial rays, we analyze theoretically laser diode to single mode graded index fiber excitation via an upside-down tapered parabolic microlens on the fiber tip. In this context, we use some typical step, parabolic and triangular index fibers. The ABCD transformation matrices for upside down tapered parabolic microlens on the tips of step-index, triangular-index and parabolic-index fibers are employed in our analysis. In this formalism, we employ Gaussian field distributions for both the source and the fiber. In our study, we use here two different laser diodes emitting wavelengths 1.3 μm and 1.5 μm respectively. The execution of the prescribed formalism requires little computation. Such formalism is expected to generate tremendous interest for study of coupling optics related to such kind of coupler.

High-energy visible light transparency and ultraviolet ray transmission of metallized rescue sheets

Metallized rescue sheets are essential components in first aid boxes and professional emergency equipment for provision of thermal insulation. We investigated the transparency for visual light and the transmission of ultraviolet radiation and high-energy visible light in the violet/blue band of rescue sheets under laboratory conditions to evaluate the potential of blocking solar radiation during outdoor activities. An experimental study was performed using two commercially available brands of rescue sheets. Transmission of visible light and ultraviolet light was assessed by optometry. Single-layer transparency for visible light was between 1% and 8%. Transmission for high-energy visible light in the violet/blue band and ultraviolet A rays was between 1% and 13% for the single layer and between 0% and 3% for the double layer of the rescue sheets. Transmission for ultraviolet B rays afforded by each tested rescue sheet brand was between 0% and 1% for the single layer. Double-layer rescue sheets blocked 100% of ultraviolet B radiation. In conclusion, single layer rescue sheets were sufficiently permeable for visible light and diminished transmission for ultraviolet radiation and high-energy visible light in the violet/blue band to potentially protect from solar radiation if used for facial protection and as makeshift sun googles.

Metastable phase evolution and nanoindentation behavior of amorphous Ni–Cu–P coating during heat treatment process

Effects of heat treatment on the microstructure evolution and phase transition of the Ni–Cu–P amorphous coating, prepared through electroless plating, were investigated by X–ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). It is found that the metastable Ni5P4, Ni12P5 and Ni5P2 phases were precipitated during the annealing process, which were transformed into stable Ni3P phase after crystallization. Cu atoms in the Ni–Cu–P amorphous coating was precipitated in the form of Ni(Cu) solid solution. Besides, the mechanical properties of the Ni–Cu–P coating during crystallization was systematically studied by nanoindentation measurements. The results showed that the hardness, elastic modulus and wear resistance of the coating were significantly affected by the microstructure evolution and phase transition during the crystallization process.

Performance and microstructure of TC4 titanium alloy subjected to deep cryogenic treatment and magnetic field

In this paper, mechanical properties, scanning electron microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD),X ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM)techniques were combined to investigate the performance and microstructure of TC4 titanium alloy subjected to sole deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) and coupled static magnetic field and deep cryogenic treatment (MDCT) with different processing time. It showed that both the DCT and MDCT samples arrived at the optimal properties when the processing time was 12 h, and the tensile strength and elongation of the DCT12 sample increased by 2.57% and 8.06% respectively in comparison to the untreated sample, while that of MDCT12 sample increased by 3.01% and 11.29%. In DCT samples, the (110) crystal plane has transformed toward (100) and (101). However, the (002) crystal plane of MDCT sample showed the preferred orientation. In addition, the EBSD results showed that both the sole DCT and MDCT promoted the transformation of α→β in titanium alloy, and sole DCT weakened the texture of {0001} direction, while MDCT strengthened it. The change of microstructure was attributed to the grain rotation caused by the effect of cold compression force and magnetic driving force. TEM images revealed that the dislocation density of the DCT sample increased obviously in comparison to the untreated sample, together with the apparent tangling. As for the MDCT sample, the dislocation density increased further, nevertheless, the tangling phenomenon decreased to some extent and the distribution tended to be well-aligned.

Antimicrobial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Goat Milk against Pathogens of Selected Vegetables

This study was carried out to determine the antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized using goat milk against pathogens of selected vegetables. Synthesis of Silver nanoparticles was done using Goat milk, and characterized using Ultra Violet-Visible absorption spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X- ray diffraction (XRD) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Maximum absorbance of Goat milk synthesized AgNPs was observed at 417 nm, with FTIR peaks at 3455 cm−1, 1628 cm−1, 1402 cm−1, 1081 cm−1 and 517 cm−1, indicating that proteins in Goat milk (GM) were the capping and stabilization molecules involved the synthesis of AgNPs. Transmission electron microscopy analysis showed that the biosynthesized particles were spherical in shape having a size of 10-100 nm, X- ray diffraction (XRD) pattern agreed with the crystalline nature and face-centered cubic phase of AgNPs. Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of AgNPs synthesized using GM against the indicator strains (Staphylococcus aureus CIP 9973, Pectobacterium carotovorum Pec1, Enterobacter cloacae AS10, Klebsiella aerogenes OFM28, Proteus mirabilis UPMSD3 and Escherichia coli 2013C-3342) isolated from selected vegetables, was carried out using the Agar diffusion assay at different concentrations of 25, 75 and 100 µl/ml. The present study demonstrated that the AgNPs synthesized using Goat milk have potent biological activities, which can find applications in diverse areas.

Unusual magnetic behavior of nanosized ZnO doped with Mo6+

Zn1−xMoxO nanoparticles, with different values of x, have been synthesized by wet chemical co-precipitation technique. The real composition, structure and morphology were examined using Ion beam analysis, x ray powder diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, respectively. A single phase of ZnO, with oxygen deficiency, is obtained up to x = 0.06 wt%. Moreover, the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy for all samples were investigated at room temperature. The obtained data show a shift in ZnO peak by Mo doping. The energy band gap is enhanced with x upon 0.04 then a reverse trend is observed. Room temperature photoluminescence spectra showed multicomponent visible emissions in both blue and green bands, with the green bands resulting from oxygen vacancies. The Raman vibrational modes were also investigated at room temperature and a clear stretching of the Mo–O modes is detected. Furthermore, room temperature magnetic hysteresis (M-H) shows a ferromagnetic behavior of samples with x up to 0.06 and two contributions of both ferromagnetic and diamagnetic behaviors are observed for x > 0.06. Several magnetic parameters are calculated from M-H hysteresis as a function of the Mo-content x.

Tamm Plasmon Polariton Based Hollow Fiber Refractive Index Sensor With One-Dimensional Photonic Crystal/Metal Structure

A high performance hollow fiber refractive index (RI) sensor utilizing Tamm plasmon polariton (TPP) is proposed. The structure of the sensor is a HF with the one-dimensional photonic crystal (1DPC)/metal multi-films coated on the inner surface of supporting tube. Theoretical analysis based on a ray transmission model is carried out to evaluate the performance of the designed sensor. Because the lights transmitted in the HF have much larger incident angles than those in the prism based sensors, the center wavelength of the 1DPC should shift to longer wavelength. The origin of multiple resonance dips in the transmission spectrum is investigated by calculating the dispersion curve of TPP and the electric field distribution in the 1DPC/metal structure. The performance and the variation of the RI detection range of the sensor with different bilayer period is also analyzed theoretically. The optimal bilayer period of the sensor for achieving the highest figure of merit (FOM) at different sensed RI is obtained. Compared to the conventional HF surface plasmon resonance sensors which can only detect sensed medium with RI higher than that of the supporting tube material, the RI detection range of the proposed sensor is largely extended to 1.33-1.60 while the FOM is enhanced several times.

A Study on the Application of Gamma Transmission Techniques on the Quality Control of Sandcrete Block

This study considered the setup of gamma transmission facility to develop a methodology for determining the amount of cement in sandcrete block. Twelve block samples was moulded in varying sand/cement ratio. The 12 samples each were measured both in volume, masses and density. Each of the samples went through a destructive test to determine the compressive strength via strength test machine. Also each of the sample went through a non destructive gamma ray transmission (GRT) test, where gamma count was taken both before and after crushing. The linear & mass attenuation co-efficient U & U (cm2/g) was determined by (1) The incident gamma ray intensity,(2) the attenuation gamma ray intensity and (3) the background intensity. We realized that the cement weight concentration against the mass attenuation co-efficient has a linear corelation of 0.97, while the compressive strength of the same samples against cement concentration also give a linear correlation of 0.96 except for lower cement values of 7.35 and 9.37wt% which deviates from the straight line. Its deduced that there is a remarkable relationship between mass attenuation coefficient, compressive strength and cement concentration, thus mass attenuation coefficient against compressive strength has a linear correlation of 0.985. Conclusively, it was noted that gamma transmission technique is non-destructive, fast and cost effective compared to the conventional method.

Visualization and quantification of root exudation using 14C imaging: challenges and uncertainties

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Root exudation is an important carbon (C) and energy source for soil microorganisms but quantifying its spatial distribution is challenging. We tested whether ¹⁴C imaging (analogue of previous autoradiography) can be used to quantitatively estimate the spatial distribution of root exudates in the rhizosphere. METHODS: First, the attenuation coefficient of ¹⁴C β⁻ rays in soil and in water was measured and expected gradients of ¹⁴C in the rhizosphere were modelled. Secondly, barley plants were pulse labelled in ¹⁴CO₂ atmosphere and the origin (roots or root exudation) and locations of ¹⁴C signal in soil were detected with imaging. RESULTS: The attenuation coefficient of ¹⁴C was 148 cm⁻¹ for soil and 67 cm⁻¹ for water, corresponding to a maximum distance that ¹⁴C β⁻ rays pass through a dry soil of 0.37 mm. Based on the measured coefficients we calculated the effect of exudation intensity, root radius and root position on the imaged ¹⁴C signal. The distribution of the imaged signal was strongly affected by: a) ¹⁴C activity in the root, b) root radius, c) distance from the root surface to the imaging screen, d) amount of root exudates in the soil, and e) presence of an air gap (or a region with high porosity) between the soil and the imaging screen. CONCLUSIONS: Neglecting the effects of these factors (a-e) may cause biases in the estimation of root exudates using ¹⁴C imaging of the rhizosphere. The ¹⁴C imaging approach should therefore be accompanied by accurate measurement of these factors and calculation of the β⁻ ray transmission through the soil.

Dielectric and gamma shielding properties of sodium silicate glassy structure modified with tungsten

ABSTRACTIn this study, (x)%Na2Si3O7/(100 − x)%W glassy structured composites where x = 100, 25 and 60 were prepared for the investigation of their dielectric and gamma-ray shielding properties for the first time. The surface morphology of the samples was imaged by Scanning Electron Microscope. The room temperature complex impedance and dielectric function analysis of the samples revealed that the Na2Si3O7/40%W composite has a promising potential for the decoupling capacitor and electromagnetic shielding applications. From this point of view, the gamma-ray shielding performance of the samples including pure Na2Si3O7 was tested by Ba-133 radioactive point source for transmission of the gamma rays at 81 and 356 keV photon energies. The mass attenuation coefficients (μ/ρ) of the composites were measured at these energies by using NaI(Tl) scintillation detector. The experimental half-value layer (HVL), tenth-value layer (TVL) and mean free path (λ) were also calculated. The theoretical values of the (μ/ρ), HVL, TVL and λ were determined by using Monte Carlo N-Particle simulation code and WinXCom for the comparison. A good agreement between the experimental and theoretical results for the gamma-ray shielding parameters was obtained. While the mass attenuation coefficient increased considerably with an increasing tungsten concentration doping, it decreased with increasing gamma-ray energy. It was observed that the mass attenuation coefficient of Na2Si3O7/40%W composite is higher than that of lead at 81 keV. In addition, HVL, TVL and λ parameters were found to decrease with increasing W doping. Since there is a good agreement between MNCP results and experimental data, the gamma radiation shielding performance of the samples for some low and high energetic gamma-ray sources such as Am-241, I-131, Cs-137 and Co-60. Ultimately, Na2Si3O7/40%W composite can be suggested as a new alternative non-toxic radiation shielding material for low energetic gamma rays.

Simulation and evaluation of stray radiation from optical window effects on infrared detection system

Stray radiation analysis is a special radiation transport problem characterizing the directional propagation and small probability simulation. The computational cost increases significantly when lens or optical windows exist in the optical system, due to the simulation requirement for ray transmission in the semi-transparent medium. For the high-temperature optical window outside of the hypersonic vehicle etc., the infrared radiation from window becomes the main stray radiation and reduces the detection or image quality adversely. To fulfil the infrared stray radiation analysis for such optical system and improve the efficiency, an equivalent model of infrared emission for the optical window is presented. According to the simulation of ray generation and propagation in the optical window, the equivalent model is built combining the distributions of launch point and direction for the infrared stray radiation. Then, a simplified infrared optical detection system is taken to verify the presented equivalent model. The infrared stray radiation flux and direction distribution are recorded on the entrance pupil plane of the optical system using Monte Carlo method. The results show that the infrared stray radiation analysis method, employing the equivalent model of infrared emission, is reliable and more effective.

Evaluation of radiation absorption capacity of some soil samples

Abstract The aim of the present work is to investigate the radiation absorption capacity of different soil samples in Turkey. For this purpose, we used a γ ray transmission geometry to measure the mass attenuation coefficients of eight soil samples collected between Bingöl city and Solhan district, Turkey at different γ-ray energies in the range of 13.94–88.04 keV. The radioactive sources utilized in the experiment were 241Am, 109Cd and 133Ba. FFAST and WinXCOM programs were used to evaluate the theoretical mass attenuation coefficients values of the selected soil samples. There is a good agreement between experimental and theoretical results. Additionally, the mass attenuation coefficients values used to evaluate different radiation shielding parameters such as effective atomic number, half value layer and mean free path. The variation of shielding parameters was examined for soil composition and photon energy. The obtained results revealed that S6 soil sample is the best soil in terms of shielding effectiveness among all the collected soils due to lower values for half value layer and mean free path. The effective removal cross-section (Σ R ) of fast neutrons for the collected soils was also computed to examine neutrons shielding properties of the soil samples. It is found that the Σ R values for the soil samples are almost constant and lie within the range (0.04286–0.04949 cm−1).