Raw Meat Research Articles

302 Microgreen and sprouted sorghum as ingredients in raw meat diets for healthy adult cats

Abstract Germination has the potential to naturally enhance the nutritional value of grains, enabling its inclusion in raw diets without compromising their raw status. Germinated sorghum may offer additional value compared with other grains as a sustainable, gluten-free and non-genetically modified option. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of incorporating two forms of germinated sorghum, sprouted and microgreens, into raw diets on the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of macronutrients and energy, and fecal characteristics of adult cats. Four complete and balanced raw diets were formulated based on a basal ration (70%), comprised of whole raw chicken, vitamins and minerals, with the addition of sorghum (30%) in four different forms: raw (SR), cooked (boiled; SC), sprouted (SS), and microgreens (SM). Diets were formulated to be isoenergetic and isonutritive; however, they were found to be slightly different in energy and protein content due to changes in nutrient composition during processing of the sorghum grain. Healthy adult shorthair cats [n = 11; 5.1 ± 1.0 kg, average body weight (BW)] were enrolled in an incomplete 4×4 Latin square design. Each experimental period consisted of a 5-d adaptation phase followed by a 5-d collection phase, during which total fecal collection and assessment of fecal score were performed. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with diet as fixed effect, and cat(square), square and period as random effects. One cat was removed from the study due to reasons unrelated to the treatments, while two cats refused to eat the SM diet. Cats fed the SM and SC diets exhibited less (P < 0.05) wet fecal output compared to those fed the SS and SR. Fecal score was affected by diet (P < 0.05), with loose stools (16.37%) observed in cats fed SS and both diarrhea (11.6%) and loose stools (20%) observed in those fed SR, which were absent in those fed the other treatments. Protein ATTD (average 90%) did not differ (P > 0.05) among dietary treatments. Dry matter, organic matter, and gross energy ATTD were 3 to 6% greater (P < 0.05) in cats fed the SC diet compared with those fed the other treatments; but digestibility coefficients remained within acceptable ranges (> 80%). Fat ATTD was affected P < 0.05) by diet, with cats fed SS having the greatest value and those fed the SC the least; however, the numerical differences (< 2%) were unlikely to have biological relevance. In conclusion, the inclusion of microgreen and sprouted sorghum at 30% in raw meat cat diets did not improve the ATTD of energy and macronutrients compared with when sorghum was added in its raw form. Nevertheless, microgreen sorghum led to an improvement in fecal quality in cats compared with when sorghum was provided in its raw form.

Domestic dogs as reservoirs for African trypanosomiasis in Mambwe district, eastern Zambia

The control of African trypanosomiasis (AT) in Eastern and Southern Africa, including Zambia, faces huge challenges due to the involvement of wild and domestic animal reservoirs. Free-roaming dogs in wildlife-populated and tsetse-infested villages of Zambia’s Mambwe district are exposed to infectious tsetse bites. Consuming fresh raw game meat and bones further exacerbates their risk of contracting AT. We focus on the reservoir role of such dogs in maintaining and transmitting diverse species of trypanosomes that are infective to humans and livestock in Zambia’s Mambwe district. A cohort of 162 dogs was enrolled for follow-up at 3 different time points from June to December 2018 in selected villages of Malama, Mnkhanya, and Nsefu chiefdoms of Mambwe district, eastern Zambia. Blood and serum were screened for AT by microscopy, GM6 ELISA, PCR (ITS1 and SRA), and Sanger sequencing. Out of the 162 dogs in the cohort, 40 were lost to follow-up and only 122 remained traceable at the end of the study. GM6 ELISA detected Trypanosoma antibodies in 121 dogs (74.7%) and ITS1-PCR detected DNA involving single and mixed infections of T. congolense, T. brucei, and suspected T. simiae or T. godfreyi in 115 dogs (70.9%). The human-infective T. b. rhodesiense was detected by SRA PCR in 67 dogs (41.4%), and some sequence data that support the findings of this study have been deposited in the GenBank under accession numbers OL961811, OL961812, and OL961813. Our study demonstrates that the Trypanosoma reservoir community in Zambia is wider than was thought and includes domesticated dogs. As dogs are active carriers of human and livestock-infective trypanosomes, they pose a risk of transmitting AT in endemic villages of Mambwe district as they are neglected and left untreated. To fully bring AT under control, countries such as Zambia where the role of animal reservoirs is important, should not limit their prevention and treatment efforts to livestock (especially cattle) but also include dogs that play an integral part in most rural communities.

Trends of Toxoplasma gondii and common transfusable venereal infections among blood donors in Menoufia Province, Egypt

Blood transfusion has a hazard of transmission of many pathogens, including Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) and other venereal infections. It is crucial to conduct epidemiological surveillance to detect the prevalence of these pathogens. The study aimed to assess the seroprevalence of T. gondii and common transfusable venereal infections among healthy blood donors in Menoufia Province, Egypt, and identify associated risk factors. Four hundred twenty individuals were recruited between January and April 2023 for cross-sectional descriptive research from the blood banks of Menoufia University medical hospitals. Collected blood samples were screened for anti-T. gondii IgM and IgG, HBsAg, anti-HCV antibodies, HIV p24 antigen and anti-HIV antibodies, and anti-Treponema pallidum antibodies. 46 (11.0%) and 22 donors (5.2%) individuals tested positive for anti-T. gondii IgG with a 95% CI (8.3–14.6) and IgM with a 95% CI (3.5–8.1), respectively, while one patient (0.2%) was positive for both antibodies. Regarding venereal infections, 12 (2.9%) were positive for HBV, 6 (1.4%) were positive for HCV, 7 (1.7%) were positive for HIV, and none of the tested population showed positivity for syphilis. Female gender, consumption of raw meat, agricultural environment, poor awareness about T. gondii, and blood group type (especially AB and O groups) were identified as independent risk factors for T. gondii infection. The study highlights the importance of testing blood donors for T. gondii and common transfusable venereal illnesses. Starting health education programs and preventative measures, such as suitable meat handling and cleanliness practices, is critical for minimizing the occurrence of these illnesses. Larger-scale additional study is advised to confirm these results and provide guidance for public health initiatives.

Raw meat diets are a major risk factor for carriage of third-generation cephalosporin-resistant and multidrug-resistant E. coli by dogs in the UK.

Raw-meat diets (RMD) for dogs, comprising unprocessed or non-heat-treated animal material, are increasingly popular. However, RMDs have been demonstrated to be contaminated with antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria, and there is concern that such diets may pose a zoonotic disease risk. Additionally, dogs fed RMD may shed more AMR- fecal bacteria compared to those fed conventional cooked diets. Data from the UK remain limited; the present study investigated the presence of AMR-Escherichia coli in the feces of RMD and non-RMD (NRMD)-fed dogs in the UK, the E. coli AMR gene complement, and the lifestyle risk factors associated with AMR- E. coli carriage. Fecal samples from UK-owned dogs (N = 193 RMD, N = 239 NRMD) and questionnaires discussing lifestyle factors, were obtained between October 2020-August 2021. Samples underwent culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing to determine the presence of AMR-E. coli. Whole genome sequencing determined AMR gene carriage. Risk factors for the presence of AMR-E. coli were determined by multivariable modeling. RMD dogs carried significantly more fecal AMR E. coli (p < 0.001), including third-generation cephalosporin resistant, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing, and multidrug resistant isolates and multivariable modeling confirmed raw-meat diets to be a significant risk factor. The bla CTX-M-15 gene was the most frequently identified bla ESBL gene. The bla CTX-M-55 and bla SHV-66 genes were also prevalent and were only found in RMD dogs. The mobile colistin resistance gene, mcr-4 was identified in one ESBL-producing E. coli isolate from a NRMD-fed dog. This study has shown that dogs fed RMD in the UK are significantly more likely to shed E. coli which is resistant to highest priority critically important antibiotics, and multidrug resistant E. coli, than dogs fed NRMD. Additionally, AMR-E. coli isolates from RMD-fed dogs harbor multiple, diverse, and novel AMR genes. Therefore, provision of RMD to dogs could pose an important potential threat to human and animal health, especially given the close nature of the relationship many owners share with their pets. Awareness of these findings should be shared with pet owners, veterinary and medical professionals, pet food manufacturers and public health to mitigate potential risks.

Colorimetric loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) for identification of crocodile meat in raw meat and commercial processed meat products

SummaryDeliberate and accidental adulteration or substitution of crocodile meat with other meats is possibly seen in meat products, which could be challenging to identify. This research aims to develop a new loop‐mediated isothermal amplification for accurately identifying crocodile meat in raw meat and processed food samples. Conditions for LAMP were initially optimised. The LAMP was proven for its high specificity to only crocodile DNA. The LAMP revealed a detection limit of 1 pg/μL crocodile DNA and 0.01% (w/w) crocodile meat in meat admixtures. From forty‐seven commercial processed meat samples, the LAMP detected crocodile content in ten products with the declaration of crocodile on their labels. Without the requirement of DNA purification, the direct LAMP showed its ability to detect crocodile content in both fresh meat and processed meat samples. This LAMP could become a promising alternative to support the food industry, especially for on‐site services and limited‐resource laboratories.

Анализ эффективности применения биоактивного покрытия для обеспечения качества и биобезопасности мяса птицы при хранении

Abstract. Poultry meat is the most common type of raw meat, in demand among consumers, but at the same time a perishable product. The quality and safety of poultry meat during storage can be ensured by using bioactive film coatings. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the receipt of new scientific data on the effect of a bioactive alginate coating with protein hydrolysate on the performance of broiler chicken breast fillet during storage. The purpose of the research is to establish the effectiveness of a bioactive coating based on sodium alginate with protein hydrolysate as an active component during the storage of poultry meat. Research methods. For samples of broiler chicken breast fillet coated with bioactive alginate films and for a control sample without coating, color characteristics, pH, mass fraction of moisture and weight loss during storage, as well as microbiological indicators (total microbial count, and coliforms) were determined. The studies were carried out using standard generally accepted methods. Results. It has been established that coated meat better retains its appearance and color, the moisture content remains at a fairly high level compared to the initial value, and shrinkage is reduced. It was also found that the alginate coating provides microbiological stability of breast fillet for a longer time compared to the control sample: after 7 days of storage, the total microbial number in the control sample was 1.4 106 CFU/g, which is higher than the permissible level according to the requirements of EAEU TR 051/ 2021, while in alginate coating samples this indicator remained within acceptable values. Thus, film coatings based on sodium alginate with the addition of protein hydrolysate as an active component have the potential to ensure the safety and biosafety of poultry meat during storage.

One Health risk perception among the urban vulnerable dwellers of Gujarat, India: A cross–sectional assessment

Objective: To assess One Health risk perception and local knowledge concerning threats arising from the interaction of humans, animals, and the environment at the community level with a particular emphasis on zoonotic disease transmission at Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar City, Gujarat, India, where the majority are vegetarians. Methods: A cross-sectional design with cluster sampling was employed with 387 participants participated in a quantitative survey, comprising 192 livestock handlers and 195 non-livestock handlers. Additionally, 20 in-depth interviews explored qualitative insights. Data were processed using MS Excel and analysed using Stata version 14. Results: In our study, we observed varied risk perceptions among predominantly female participants. Among livestock handlers, 23.4% acknowledged the potential for zoonotic transmission, while this awareness increased to 41.0% among non-livestock handlers. Although handwashing after animal contact and work was common among livestock handlers, only 20.3% recognized the pivotal role of hygiene in preventing zoonotic diseases. Similarly, 37.0% of livestock handlers and 47.2% of non-livestock handlers understood the risks associated with consuming raw milk and meat, which reveals a statistical difference between these two groups (P=0.000). Another significant difference was observed in the perception on animal waste disposal sites with 58.9% of livestock keepers and 80.0% of non-livestock keepers considering such sites as risky factors (P=0.000). Furthermore, vaccination awareness was high, with 85.4% of livestock handlers and 88.7% of non-livestock handlers being aware of vaccination as a preventive measure against zoonotic diseases. Interestingly, non-livestock individuals demonstrated a higher level of awareness regarding zoonotic diseases compared to their livestock counterparts. Conclusions: This study emphasizes the urgent need for collaborative One Health interventions to address zoonotic disease risks among livestock handlers in India. By bridging knowledge gaps and promoting proactive measures, we can effectively safeguard public health and well-being in the face of emerging zoonotic threats.

A comparative study on the impact of wet and dry aging on the quality of Romanian Spotted and Black Angus beef

The escalating demand for meat driven by the increase of the global population requires substantial advancements in the beef sector. Among the various cattle breeds bred for meat, Black Angus (BA) is renowned for its adaptability and commendable performance in meat production. In contrast with BA, the Romanian Spotted (RS) is a local study breed which constitutes a significant proportion of Romania's livestock and it could become an alternative to BA in a localized market. This study aims to assess the suitability of RS beef to dry-ageing in comparison to BA by investigating the impact of dry-aging (DA) and wet-aging (WA) techniques on two distinct anatomical parts, specifically Longissimus thoracis (LT) and Longissimus lumborum (LL), of each breed. The quality of the aged products was assessed in terms of microbiological characteristics, fatty acid composition and the changes in their values at the end of the ageing process compared with the initially quality of the raw meat. The study showed significant changes in the fatty acid composition profile after ageing, for both types of ageing, and for both breeds. Furthermore, this study highlights the possibility of valorizing local breeds in the production of aged beef.

Metabolomic profiles and compositional differences involved in flavor characteristics of raw breast meat from slow- and fast-growing chickens in Thailand

This study aimed to differentiate the flavor characteristics of raw chicken breast meat from Thai slow-growing breeds (NC: native chicken, and KC: Korat/crossbred chicken) and fast-growing broilers (BR: broiler chicken) by using NMR-based metabolomic approaches along with multivariate data analysis. Chemical compounds related to chicken's flavor including free amino acids (FAA), ATP and its related compounds, sugars, as well as volatile compounds (VOC), were also investigated. BR had the highest total FAAs, followed by NC and KC (P < 0.05). In contrast, the accumulations of ATP degradation products, particularly ADP and IMP, were found at higher levels in the NC and KC (P < 0.05), while the highest total reducing sugars were noted in the KC (P < 0.05). Most VOCs found in the fresh breasts were products from the degradation of lipids, especially through lipid oxidation, which was found in varied types and proportions among samples. Not only chemical compounds but varying amounts of metabolites among samples were also detected. Apart from 21 identified metabolites, Glu, Gln, and betaine were the most prevalent in all samples with VIP > 1.00. Among 19 metabolic pathways, the most important pathways (P-value < 0.05, FDR < 0.05, impact > 0.05) were discovered to differentiate the flavor of raw chicken breast meat from various breeds. These metabolic pathways included (1) Ala, Asp and Glu metabolism; (2) D-Gln and D-Glu metabolism; (3) Purine metabolism; (4) β-Ala metabolism; (5) Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis; (6) Nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism; (7) Pyrimidine metabolism. Interestingly, based on the principal component analysis plot and partial least square-discriminant analysis (R2 = 0.9804; Q2 = 0.9782), NC and KC were clustered in the same area and discriminated from BR, indicating their similar flavor characteristics and metabolic profiles. Therefore, the findings could comprehend and distinguish the flavor of chicken breast meat of slow- from fast-growing chicken breeds based on their chemical characteristics and metabolite profiles.

Prevalence and distribution of intestinal parasitic infections in taeniasis endemic area of North Sumatera, Indonesia.

A group of helminthic and intestinal protozoa causes intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs), affecting more than 2.5 billion people worldwide. IPIs are diseases closely associated with poor hygiene and sanitation, concentrated in underdeveloped regions and among populations with low socioeconomic status. Consequently, most prevalence is in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, with local habits or risk factors that could affect its prevalence. The aim of this study was to determine how hygienic practices, sanitation, and local behavior of eating raw meat (hinasumba) contributed to the prevalence of IPI. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Simalungun District of North Sumatera Province, involving 428 people of Batak Simalungun. There were 15 villages randomly selected across the district based on the local registry, which consequently, non-purposive sampling was conducted. Face-to-face interviews assessed various risk factors, such as demographic characteristics, water source, traditional raw meat consumption, or hinasumba as local risk factors, hygienic practices, and sanitation. The findings indicated that an overall prevalence rate of IPI was 42.9%, consisting of 87.5% with helminthic infection and 12.5% with protozoal infection. More than half of IPI cases were associated with Taenia sp. infections (21.8%), followed by hookworms' infections with a 6.1% positivity rate. Based on multivariate analysis, farming and consuming traditional delicacies, namely hinasumba, increased the likelihood of IPI occurrence among the population by 1.7 and 3 times, respectively. It can be concluded that the high prevalence of taeniasis in the study area was associated with local behavior and hinasumba consumption, which may contribute to determining the dominance of specific IPI species.

Sero-prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Northwestern Iran

BackgroundToxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is a ubiquitous protozoan parasite on our planet that causes toxoplasmosis. This study evaluated the seroprevalence and related risk factors for T. gondii infection in a population referred to healthcare centers in Meshkin-Shahr, Northwest Iran.MethodsA total of 400 blood samples were randomly collected from the general population and assessed using the anti-Toxoplasma antibodies, Immunoglobulin G and M (IgG and IgM) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) Kits in two steps before and during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, 2019–2020. The results were analyzed through logistic regression via SPSS 26 software.ResultsBefore the COVID-19 pandemic, anti-toxoplasma antibodies were detected in 39% of individuals (IgG: 38%, IgM: 0.5%, and IgG-IgM: 0.5%). Among the eleven risk factors evaluated, contact with soil and people awareness were significantly associated with T. gondii infection (p < 0.05). However, factors such as females, 20–39 age groups, junior high schools, housewives, rural areas, raw meat or vegetable consumption, vegetable or fruits washed by water, not detergent, and cat owners did not show a significant relationship with seropositivity (p > 0.05). After the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the overall seroprevalence for anti-T. gondii antibody increased to 49.7% (IgG: 47.7%, IgM: 0.5%, and IgG and IgM: 1.5%). Among these patients, 26% were positive for COVID-19. Additionally, before the COVID-19 pandemic, 40 samples were negative for anti-T. gondii antibodies but later became positive. The crude and adjusted models suggested that toxoplasmosis may be a possible risk factor for increased susceptibility to COVID-19, with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.28 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.82–1.99; P < 0.05). Conversely, a non-significant protective effect against latent toxoplasmosis was observed in COVID-19-positive individuals (OR = 0.99; 95% CI, 0.51–1.92; P > 0.05), and COVID-19 positivity did not increase the levels of anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies.ConclusionsThe general population in this region had a moderate seroprevalence of T. gondii. The increased number of COVID-19-positive patients with latent toxoplasmosis highlights the need to pay attention to the early diagnosis and proper treatment of toxoplasmosis in these patients and implement preventive programs in these areas for future possible viral infections.

Genetic Characterization, Antibiotic Resistance, and Virulence Genes Profiling of Bacillus cereus Strains from Various Foods in Japan.

Bacillus cereus sensu stricto is a foodborne pathogen that causes food poisoning. Their spore and biofilm-forming abilities persist in various environments and foods. This study investigated the prevalence, virulence, antibiotic resistance, and genetic diversity of B. cereus s. s. strains isolated from various food samples. Of 179 samples, 22.34% were positive for B. cereus s. s., with significantly high detection rates in milk products and raw chicken meat. Forty strains were isolated from positive samples. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization/time of flight mass spectrometry analysis revealed nine distinct clusters and multi-locus sequence typing revealed 34 sequence types including 23 novel sequences, demonstrating high genetic diversity among the isolates. PCR analysis revealed that all the strains contained at least one toxin gene, but none contained the cytK gene. Antibiotic resistance tests revealed that all isolates were classified as multidrug-resistant, with high resistance levels, particularly to β-lactam antibiotics and vancomycin, but were susceptible to gentamicin. All isolates showed variations in biofilm formation. This study highlights the significant public health risk due to B. cereus s. s. and underscores the need for stringent monitoring and control measures in food production to manage antimicrobial resistance and ensure food safety.

Comparing Nutrient Profiles of Meat and Fish with Plant-Based Alternatives: Analysis of Nutrients, Ingredients, and Fortification Patterns.

Nutrient quality of plant-based meat and fish alternative (MFA) products has been reported as variable. The present objective was to compare the nutrient density of raw meat and fish with MFA products and to examine MFA ingredients and fortification patterns. Nutrient composition data for raw beef, pork, and chicken (n = 450) came from the USDA Standard Reference Legacy Reselase (SR28) nutrient composition database (n = 450). Data for plant-based meat alternatives (n = 118) came from the USDA Branded Food Products Database (BFPDB). Data for fish and seafood (n = 68) and alternatives (n = 12) came from the Danish Frida Database and Mintel (n = 503). Analyses compared macronutrient content and selected micronutrients per 100 g and percentage of US Daily Values. Nutrient density scores were based on the NRF5.3 algorithm. NRF5.3 scores were significantly lower for MFA products as compared to meat or fish. Saturated fat content was lower, but the mean MFA sodium content was 660 mg/100 g compared to 60 mg/100 g for beef. Mean protein content (17 g) was lower than for beef and pork (20 g). A search of ingredient lists found that fortification with most nutrients associated with animal source proteins (such as B vitamins, vitamin D, iodine, zinc, and omega-3 EPA and DHA) was minimal. Plant-based MFA products would benefit from nutrient standards and fortification guidelines to ensure that these products are not nutritionally inferior to the originals.

Serological survey of Toxoplasma gondii infection in a breeding kennel with reproductive disorders

IntroductionToxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) infection in dogs is distributed globally. Given the potential impact of T. gondii on human reproductive health and its zoonotic potential, focusing on infected dogs with breeding disorders may provide valuable new insights into the role of toxoplasmosis on reproductive disorders. This study aimed to elucidate the potential role of T. gondii on reproductive disorders by conducting a serosurvey on a kennel with breeding disorders in Kerman, Iran. Materials and methodsPurebred dogs with American Kennel Club-certified Pedigrees were randomly selected in both genders from a breeding kennel with a history of reproductive problems such as neonatal deaths, abortion stillbirths, and male infertility. Blood samples were collected from selected dogs, and serosurvey was done with a Toxo-Screen kit using the modified agglutination test (MAT). FindingsFrom 46 selected breeding dogs, 20 (43.5 %) were positive in the Toxoplasma MAT test, consisting of 24 samples (52.17 %) with different reproductive disorders and 22 (47.83 %) healthy dogs. However, the presence of reproductive disorder had no significant relationship with seropositivity (p = 0.067). Seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis had no significant relationship with sex (p = 0.28) and age (p = 0.18) in the studied population. ConclusionScreening with the standard MAT method reduces the risk of transmitting toxoplasmosis by preventing the entry of infected dogs into the kennel, identifying the infected cases to start specific treatments, optimizing the proper nutritional conditions, and ensuring the hygiene of the environment. Fresh/refrigerated raw meat, unpasteurized milk feeding, rodent infestation of grass-covered dog runs, and the main dry food storage facilities were the primary risk factors in kennels.

Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude, and Preventive Behavior Regarding Toxoplasmosis among Females in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Toxoplasmosis, a prevalent parasitic zoonotic disease, is influenced by various factors such as the climate, dietary habits, and hygiene practices. This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and preventive behaviors regarding toxoplasmosis among females in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Utilizing a bilingual Google form, a cross-sectional online survey was distributed in both Arabic and English, and it was conducted between 11 January 2024 and 4 March 2024. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS Version 27, with a p-value ≤ 0.05 indicating significant qualitative data. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the chi-square test. A total of 533 participants were included in the study. Participants aged 18-25 years old constituted the largest group (70.4%), with those aged 26-40 years old accounting for 14.4% and ages 41-60 years old comprising 15.2%. Among the participants, 76.4% were unmarried, and 21.4% were pregnant. Notably, 79.2% of participants reported being unaware of toxoplasmosis, with only 9.0% gaining awareness from doctors and a mere 3.6% from awareness campaigns. Any understanding of the disease's severity and causative factors was limited to 15.9%. Despite a generally positive attitude towards preventive measures, significant correlations were found between toxoplasmosis and age (p-value 0.093), as well as the consumption of medium-cooked meat (p-value 0.008). Other variables, such as social status, cat ownership, handwashing before meals, and washing fruits and vegetables did not show significant correlations. Diet and hygiene practices notably impact toxoplasmosis transmission. In Riyadh, 79% of participants did not own cats, and 67.7% avoided undercooked meat. However, 6.7% used unfiltered water, and 8.4% did not wash their hands after handling raw meat and vegetables. The study concludes that there is insufficient knowledge regarding toxoplasmosis among females in Riyadh. Despite low knowledge, there is a neutral to slightly positive attitude and a willingness to learn and adopt preventive measures when informed. With better education, attitudes towards toxoplasmosis could improve due to a desire to learn and act. While general hygiene practices were favorable, specific preventive behaviors for toxoplasmosis need enhancement to reduce infection risks.

Surveillance of AMR in Escherichia ⁠coli on Raw Fresh Beef and Pork Meat in Retail Sale in Northern Ireland in 2023

• Mandatory anonymised reporting (without product details) under EU regulation 2020/1729 (https://eur03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2Flegal-content%2FEN%2FTXT%2F%3Furi%3Duriserv%3AOJ.L_.2020.387.01.0008.01.ENG=05%7C02%7C%7C728e0578d2584889e4b308dcac7237a7%7C8a1c50f901b74c8aa6fa90eb906f18e9%7C0%7C0%7C638574853788123226%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C=KmvOFBnQh8Nlkib8E6S2hsMSMyJrJeQA%2FosdNhJvZtM%3D=0) for the monitoring and reporting of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in zoonotic and commensal bacteria has been submitted to the EU for antimicrobial resistant Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolated from fresh pork and beef purchased for retail sale in NI from September to December 2023. • In this survey 96 pork and 98 beef fresh retail meat samples were tested for AMR E. coli according to EU guidelines. • No isolates were resistant to last line antibiotics, including colistin and carbapenems. • The prevalence of AMR E. coli was low (3%) from 194 raw fresh beef and pork samples. • The risk of acquiring AMR related infections through the handling and consumption of retail contaminated meats is very low, provided that good hygiene and cooking practices are followed when handling raw meats.

Detection of Hepatitis E Virus in Game Meat (Wild Boar) Supply Chain in Umbria Region, Central Italy.

Consumption of raw or undercooked wild boar (WB) meat is considered an important risk factor for hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in humans. The possibility of HEV contamination during the slaughtering practices may pose an additional risk. Based on these assumptions, we evaluated HEV contamination of WB meat hunted in Umbria (central Italy) during the 2022-2023 hunting season by real-time RT-PCR. Herein, we show that 10.8% of livers from slaughtered WB were positive for HEV RNA, thus providing an estimate of HEV infection in WB in the Umbria region. Then, by evaluating paired liver-muscle samples from both HEV-positive and HEV-negative animals, we found evidence of muscle HEV contamination in 33% and 14% of cases, respectively. This is the first report on the detection of HEV in WB meat in Umbria, an Italian region with diffuse WB hunting and consumption. The evidence of contamination provided by our study underscores the importance of adopting good hygienic practices in the processing stages of hunted WB carcasses to significantly reduce meat contamination and the risk posed for the final consumer.

Contamination Status and Serotypes Distribution of Salmonella in Food in Yantai City, China: A 14-Year Continuous Monitoring Study.

Salmonella is a foodborne zoonotic pathogen that threatens food safety and public health. However, few people have conducted long-term and systematic studies on Salmonella contamination in food in Yantai City. In order to investigate the situation of Salmonella contamination in food and improve the ability of early warning and control of foodborne diseases, a total of 3420 samples from 20 categories were collected from 13 monitoring points in Yantai City, from 2010 to 2023. The difference in detection rate and bacterial strain of different monitoring points, different types, and different sources of samples was compared. Of the 3420 samples, 80 were positive with a detection rate of 2.34%. Salmonella detection rates were significantly different for samples collected at different monitoring sites. Salmonella was detected only in meat and meat products and catering food, and none of the other types were detected. The detection rate of Salmonella was higher in raw animal meat and raw poultry. Samples collected at the market stage had the highest detection rate (5.81%), and there was a significant difference in detection rate between samples from different sources (χ2 = 36.93, p < 0.05). Eighty-one strains of Salmonella were detected out of 3420 samples (2 different strains were detected in 1 positive sample). The serological test identified 8 groups and 27 serotypes. The dominant serum groups were group B 30.86% (25/81), group E1 23.46% (19/81), and group D 16.05% (13/81). The main dominant serotypes were Salmonella give 17.28% (14/81), Salmonella enteritidis 16.05% (13/81), and Salmonella derby 13.58% (11/81). Meat and meat products and catering food were the main food products contaminated with Salmonella. The resulting secondary contamination is the hidden threat of foodborne diseases and should be given sufficient attention.

Vegan versus meat-based dog food: Guardian-reported health outcomes in 2,536 dogs, after controlling for canine demographic factors

To compare health outcomes between dogs fed meat and vegan diets, we surveyed 2,536 dog guardians who provided data and opinions about dogs fed conventional meat (1,370 = 54 %), raw meat (830 = 33 %) or vegan (336 = 13 %) diets for at least one year. We examined seven general indicators of illness: increased numbers of veterinary visits, medication use, progression onto a therapeutic diet after initial maintenance on a vegan or meat-based diet, reported veterinary assessment of being unwell, reported veterinary assessment and guardian opinion of increased illness severity, and number of health disorders per unwell dog. We also considered the prevalence of 22 specific health disorders, based on reported veterinary assessments. In each dietary group the proportions of dogs considered to have suffered from health disorders were: conventional meat – 49 %, raw meat – 43 % and vegan – 36 %. Probabilities of suffering from a disorder respectively appeared highest in dogs fed conventional meat for 11 disorders, raw meat for eight disorders, and vegan diets for three disorders. We conducted regression analyses to control for differences in medically-relevant canine demographic variables, including age, sex, neutering status, breed size and unusually high exercise levels. Dogs fed vegan diets had the best health outcomes. This trend was clear and consistent, with dogs fed vegan diets usually having substantial and statistically significant decreases in risks of these seven general indicators of illness. These ranged from 14.4 % to 51.3 % compared to dogs fed conventional meat-based diets. For six specific disorders, vegan diets were associated with statistically significant risk reductions of 50 %–61 % compared to dogs fed conventional meat. After pooling our results with related studies published to date, vegan dog food was consistently associated with lowered risks of multiple specific health disorders. No health disorder was consistently more prevalent in dogs fed vegan diets.

Salmonella Prevalence and antibiotic resistance profile in raw poultry meat sold in North Lebanon: Insights from the COVID-19 pandemic and economic crisis

Salmonella-related foodborne illness is a significant public health concern, with the primary source of human infection being animal-based food products, particularly chicken meat. Lebanon is currently experiencing a dual crisis: the COVID-19 pandemic and an unprecedented economic crisis, which has resulted in substantial challenges to the public health system and food safety. This study aims to assess the prevalence and antibiotic resistance profile of Salmonella in raw poultry meat sold in North Lebanon during this dual crisis. A cross-sectional study was carried out between May 2021 and April 2022 across six different districts in North Lebanon. A total of 288 whole, unprocessed chickens were examined. The isolation and identification of Salmonella isolates were done based on cultural and biochemical properties. All isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing and phenotypic assays for Extended-Spectrum Beta-lactamase (ESBL) detection. The prevalence of Salmonella in raw poultry meat purchased in North Lebanon reached 18.05 % (52/288). The dry season and chilled chicken were significantly associated with an increased risk of Salmonella contamination (P < 0.05). Additionally, 34.61 % of the isolates were potential ESBL producers, and 57.69 % exhibited multidrug resistance (MDR). This study highlights the existence of MDR in chicken meat in North Lebanon, posing a potential health risk if undercooked chicken meat is consumed. This emphasizes the importance of the implementation of preventive strategies and hygienic procedures throughout the food chain to reduce the risk of Salmonella spp. contamination in chicken meats and its potential transmission to humans.