Raw Material Ratio Research Articles

Investigation on utilization and microstructure of fine iron tailing slag in road subbase construction

The iron tailing slag is solid waste produced during the iron ore refining process and is considered a potential hydraulic material that can be used in road construction. This study focused on fine iron tailing from a location in Hebei, China, to prepare road subbase specimen with a high proportion of fine iron tailing. The research investigated the effects of raw material ratios and additives on the 7-day unconfined compressive strength and elastic modulus of the specimens, as well as their mechanisms of action. A series of single-factor experiments were conducted using a controlled variable approach, including the mass ratio of slag to fly ash (SFR), cement content, and calcium oxide content. It was found that under the conditions of an SFR of 6:1, a calcium oxide content of 4 %, a cement content of 5 %, and a water-resistant base stabilizer additive of 0.02 %, the eco-friendly road subbase specimen achieved a 7-day unconfined compressive strength of 1.97 MPa and an elastic modulus of 286 MPa, demonstrating good mechanical properties. Additionally, a linear relationship was observed between the cement content and the 7-day unconfined compressive strength of the specimen: Rc = 0.253w + 0.793. Using characterization techniques such as X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope & Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), a dense structure was observed in the slag-based road subbase specimen, composed of needle-rod hydrated calcium silicate (C-S-H) gel, hydrated calcium aluminate (C-A-H), hydrated calcium silicoaluminate (C-A-S-H), flake-like hydrated magnesium silicate (M-S-H) gel, and a system containing a large amount of Forsterite. Finally, the study examined the impact mechanisms of five additives—Na2CO3, Na2O·2SiO2, triethanolamine (C6H15NO3), CaSO4, and a water-resistant base stabilizer—on the compressive strength and elastic modulus of the slag road base specimen. It was concluded that the water-resistant base stabilizer significantly improved strength and reduced water absorption. The road subbase specimen can be used by simply mixing at room temperature and pressure, offering broad prospects for industrial application. This technology provides a paradigm for the comprehensive utilization of fine iron tailing and the preparation of new road subbase materials.

Deposition morphology and mechanical properties of lean cemented gangue backfill material: Laboratory test and field application

Backfilling mining technology provides an efficient and environmentally-friendly solution for treating additional products (such as tailings, coal gangue and other solid waste) in coal mining process, which are filled into the underground goaf area, thus reducing surface subsidence, roof strata damage, and associated geological disasters. In this study, a novel backfill material called lean cemented gangue backfill material (LCGBM) is introduced, and various experiments, including uniaxial compression tests, creep tests, CT-SEM scanning and reconstruction are carried out to evaluate its mechanical properties and engineering practicability. The test results indicate that the strength and volume fraction of self-compacting cement (SCC) slurry and solid waste aggregate jointly control the uniaxial compressive strength and failure mode of LCGBM, reflecting the bucket effect under the influence of two components. Although the volume fraction of aggregate and SCC slurry is intentionally reduced to control the cost, this cemented granular material shows excellent compressive strength, overall stiffness and long-term bearing capacity in laboratory and field tests. In the process of engineering application, the uniaxial compressive strength of the LCGBM reaches 14 MPa, and the initial setting time is 120 s, which reduces the consumption of gangue aggregate by 35 % and greatly reduces the construction time. In addition, a calculation method of the optimal mixing ratio of raw materials is proposed, which can adjust the strength and volume fraction of SCC slurry according to the optimal mixing range, so as to maximize the utilization of the strength of LCGBM, and reduce the construction time and aggregate of backfilling. The research findings emphasize the potential of the LCGBM in promoting clean and sustainable coal mining practice.

Phase evolution, microstructure and properties of glass-ceramics derived from municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash and molybdenum tailings

Municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration bottom ash (BA) and molybdenum tailings (MTs) are bulk solid wastes that have low added value and is of a serious environmental concern. Hence, it is imperative to develop technology that potentially as convert these wastes into potential products that are safe to handle. In the present work, the goal is to synthesize glass-ceramics from BA and MTs without addition other supplement materials. The study attempts to assess the influences of raw material ratio and sintering temperature on the phase transformation, microstructure and properties of glass-ceramics. The synthesized product shows that diopside ferroan and anorthite were the dominant crystals, and the content of diopside ferroan and anorthite increased with an increase in the proportion of MTs. It was observed that the presence of Fe2O3 and TiO2 inside solid wastes promote nucleation facilitating growth of crystals. Diopside ferroan and anorthite distribute uniformly and are well interweaved, densifying the structure with favorable properties of glass-ceramics. At the optimal processing temperature the presence of Na2O and K2O in the raw materials act as fluxing agents that facilitate formation of liquid phase, that enhance diffusion and rate of crystallization. The optimal mass ratio of BA to MTs was 45:55 and the sintering temperature of 1000 °C, exhibited the best comprehensive properties of the glass ceramics. At the optimal conditions the flexural strength, Vickers hardness, bulk density and water absorption were observed to be 76.00 MPa, 5.77 GPa, 2.69 g/cm3 and 0.32 %, respectively. The leaching test proved stability of the glass ceramics, and hence can serve to be a potential way of utilizing the waste into a valuable product benefiting the environment and promoting sustainable growth.

A Novel Biomedical Polyurethane Material With Optimized Optical and Mechanical Properties Is Developed

Abstract This research aims to design and develop a novel polyurethane elastomer (PUE) material with potential for biomedical optical applications. The study investigates the influence of hard segment (HS) content on transparency and tensile strength to optimize optical and mechanical properties. A one-step polymerization method is employed to synthesize a series of PUEs based on polyester, poly (3-methyl-1,5-pentandioladipate) (PMPA), diisocyanate (4,4-methylene bis (phenyl isocyanate) (MDI)), and the chain extender 1,4 butanediol (BD). By varying the ratios of PMPA/BD/MDI, PUE samples with different HS concentrations are synthesized. Analytical techniques including infrared spectroscopy, refractometer, UV/visible spectrophotometer, and tensile tests confirm the chemical structure of the synthesized PMPAPUE materials and investigate refractive indices (n), transmission spectra, and Young's modulus (YM), respectively. Films (PUE-1, PUE-2, and PUE-3) prepared using solvent-casting techniques exhibit varying optical and mechanical properties. PUE-1, with low HS content, demonstrates excellent transparency, with n = 1.59 and 89.63% of total transmitted light, and possesses excellent elastic properties with a YM of 10.654 MPa and a high strain value of S = 303.7%, meeting lens material requirements, promising for biomedical optical applications. Conversely, PUE-2 and PUE-3, with high HS content, are translucent and stiffer materials exhibiting higher YM, suitable for polymer processing, and tissue engineering applications. The optimization of the material's properties was achieved by carefully tailoring the composition of HS and soft segments, raw material ratios, and optimizing reaction conditions.

Facile preparation of cubic metal organic framework sensor: Kinetics, mechanism analysis and sensitive detection of dopamine

Dopamine (DA) is one of the typical neurotransmitters, which plays an important role in early prevention of neurological diseases and clinical research. Rapid and sensitive detection of dopamine is crucial. In this work, a series Cu-metal organic framework material (Cu-MOF) with different raw material ratios were prepared by a one-step simple precipitation method. The as-prepared materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope (HRTEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) techniques. The differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), cyclic voltammogram (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were applied for electrochemical characterization. The Cu-MOF-3 modification on the surface of glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) showed the strongest electrochemical signal and biggest peak current, which was superior to that of bare electrode and other prepared MOFs electrodes. The electrochemical reaction kinetics were investigated in detail, and the possible mechanism was proposed. Under optimized conditions, the enhanced peak currents represented the excellent analytical performance of detection of DA in the range of 10–100 μM, as well as good interference resistance and reproducibility. To further validate its possible application, the present electrochemical sensor was successfully applied to determine trace amount of DA with satisfactory recovery results (>99.5 %) in water sample. This work provides a simple and environment-friendly analysis method in DA detection, suggesting it as a promising low-cost, reliable platform for the DA detection application.

Synthesis of Iron-Tailing-Based porous ceramic granules for the adsorption of phenol-containing wastewater degradation

To achieve the resource utilization of solid waste and the treatment of phenol-containing wastewater in China, a new type of ceramic granule (TBBFSITFA) with the function of degrading phenol wastewater has been prepared from titanium-containing blast furnace slag (TBBFS), iron tailings (IT), and fly ash (FA) as raw materials to achieve the sustainable development of “treating waste with waste.” The adsorption behavior of TBBFSITFA samples on phenol in an aqueous solution was experimentally investigated. Double-beam ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometer (UV–vis), total organic carbon (TOC) test showed that the optimal raw material ratio of TBBFS: IT: FA = 10:70:20, the degradation rate of phenol reached 95.40%, and the removal rate of TOC was as high as 93.29%. In addition, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), energy spectrometry (EDS), and Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FT-IR) demonstrated that the better the synergistic effect produced by having a suitable Fe3+/Fe2+ ratio and raw material ratio in the TBBFSITFA sample, as well as a high specific surface area, porosity and high surface adsorption of oxygen, the higher the mineralization of the phenol solution. This work provides a low-cost, environmentally friendly, and simple technology for phenol-containing wastewater treatment and a new idea for effectively using solid waste resources.

A new insight into the synthesis mechanism of ScF3 by the NH4HF2 solid-phase fluorination method

As the important precursor to produce Sc, ScF3 is mainly produced by the NH4HF2 solid-phase fluorination method. However, the fluorination mechanism has not yet been sufficiently described, which severely hinders the development of the ScF3 synthesis technology. This work comprehensively investigated the reaction mechanisms of NH4HF2 and Sc2O3 with different molar ratios of raw materials (at both room temperature and high temperature) and the generation conditions of ScOF. The results show that at room temperature (NH4)3ScF6 were generated firstly, then it reacted with Sc2O3 to produce (NH4)5Sc3F14 after full consumption of NH4HF2. A new ScF3 synthesis mechanism, including three stages and a first discovered intermediate compound NH4Sc3F10, was put forward. The crystal structure of NH4Sc3F10 was analyzed by Rietveld analysis. Based on the analysis of ScOF formation conditions, some strategies on regulation of raw material molar ratio, heating rate, heating temperature, and holding time were proposed to avoid ScOF formation. The results will be beneficial to the solid-phase fluorination technology development for high purity ScF3 production.

Preparation of lightweight foam glass-ceramics from copper slag tailings: Secondary aluminum slag as pore-forming agent

To address metallurgical waste residue pollution, this study utilized copper slag tailings (CST) and waste glass (WG) as primary raw materials, with secondary aluminum dross (SAD) as a pore-forming agent, to produce lightweight spontaneous foam glass-ceramics. The effects of raw material ratios, sintering temperature (1120–1160 °C), and sintering time (0–40 min) on foam glass-ceramics properties were investigated, elucidating the correlations between various properties. Under optimal preparation conditions (CST: WG: SAD = 7:11:2, sintered at 1150 °C for 20 min), the foam glass-ceramics exhibited a bulk density of 0.41 g/m³, compressive strength of 2.32 MPa, open porosity of 61.02 %, 2-h water absorption of 83.76 %, and mean pore size of 3.12 mm. The sintering process transformed raw materials into substances like diopside subsilic ferrian, which enhanced the strength of lightweight foam glass-ceramics. Harmful substances in the raw materials can be immobilized within the internal structure of foam glass-ceramics, ensuring excellent environmental safety. Additionally, comprehensive characterization was conducted on the foam glass-ceramics, elucidating their composition, structure, and pore-forming mechanisms.

Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Industry: Current Status and Prospects

Pyrolysis is a technology that can produce pyrolysis oil by decomposing waste plastic, and has the advantage of being able to process contaminated waste plastic that is impossible to process with other technologies. In Korea, where the amount of waste plastic is increasing and natural resources such as fossil fuels are lacking, pyrolysis technology is attracting attention under the keyword ‘urban oil field’. The Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Korea announced a ‘plan to revitalize waste plastic pyrolysis’ to increase the proportion of waste plastic pyrolysis treatment from 0.1% in 2021 to 10% in 2030. The products of pyrolysis are both fuel and plastic raw materials, but the processing consumes significant energy. Therefore, as criticism continues that the marketability and economic feasibility of pyrolysis technology is poor, questions are being raised about its environmental friendliness. Against this background, this study investigated international trends in pyrolysis technology and performed a detailed comparative analysis with other technologies from an environmental perspective. According to the results of this study, currently environmentally advanced countries are very negative about using pyrolysis oil as fuel, and the following policy directions are suggested. 1) In order to comply with the mandatory use ratio of plastic recycled raw materials and at the same time achieve eco-friendliness, it is recommended to use pyrolysis technology as a plastic recycled raw material production technology rather than fuel conversion. 2) Since pyrolysis emits more greenhouse gases than physical recycling, pyrolysis technology is used as a complementary method to physical recycling to process waste plastics that are difficult to physically recycle. 3) Since physical recycling is very important in the resource circulation of waste plastic, the development of separation and sorting technology is promoted nationally.

Optimization and Modelling of the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Grass Fiber Reinforced with Slag-Based Composites Using Response Surface Methodology.

The construction industry's high energy consumption and carbon emissions negatively impact the ecological environment; large-scale construction projects consume much energy and emit a significant amount of CO2 into the atmosphere. Statistics show that 30% of energy loss and 40% of solid waste in the construction industry are generated during construction. Therefore, reducing emissions during construction has significant research potential and value. Many scholars have recently studied eco-friendly building materials to facilitate the use of high-carbon emission materials like cement. Adding fibers to composite materials has become a research hotspot among these studies. Although adding fibers to composite materials has many advantages, it mainly reduces the compressive strength of the composite material. This research used the response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize the raw material ratios and thus improve the performance of plant fiber composite materials. Single-factor experiments were conducted to analyze the effects of grass size, grass content, and quicklime content on the composite materials' compressive strength, flexural strength, and water absorption. The influencing factors and levels for the response surface experiment were determined based on the results of the single-factor analysis. Using the response surface methodology (RSM), a second-order polynomial regression model was established to analyze the interaction effects of the three factors on the composite materials' compressive strength, flexural strength, and water absorption rate. The optimal ratio was determined: the optimized options for grass size, grass content, and quicklime content are 2.0 mm, 8.2 g, and 38 g, respectively. The actual values of compressive strength, flexural strength, and water absorption rate of the composite materials made according to the predicted ratio are 11.425 MPa, 2.145 MPa, and 21.89%, respectively, with a relative error of 8% between the actual and predicted values. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were also used to reveal the factors contributing to the relatively high strength of the optimized samples.

Simulation and optimization of binder performance in skeleton dense asphalt mixture based on deep learning

The purpose of this study is to simulate and optimize the performance of binder in skeleton dense asphalt mixture by using deep learning technology. Firstly, the key factors such as raw material ratio and production technology are determined by analyzing the factors affecting the properties of cementing material. Then, a multi-scale performance prediction network (MSPPN) model is constructed to effectively capture the complex relationship of cement properties. Then, the model is optimized by the optimization algorithm, and the performance is evaluated on the training set, verification set and test set. The experimental results show that the optimized MSPPN model achieves better performance on the test set, which verifies the effectiveness and robustness of MSPPN model. To sum up, this study provides an important reference for deeply understanding the influencing factors of binder performance in asphalt mixture, building an efficient and accurate prediction model and optimizing the performance of asphalt mixture, which has certain theoretical and practical significance.

Na-doped Li4SiO4 as an efficient sorbent for low-concentration CO2 capture at high temperature: Superior adsorption and rapid kinetics mechanism

Lithium silicate (Li4SiO4) sorbent has garnered attention in CO2 capture due to its high theoretical adsorption capacity and fast kinetics. However, its adsorption capacity and kinetics were hindered by low CO2 concentration. Improving adsorption performance of Li4SiO4 at low CO2 concentration has become the key to industrial application. In this work, high-activity Na-doped Li4SiO4 with controllable active substance Li3NaSiO4 was achieved. The influences of raw materials ratios on the CO2 adsorption performance were systematically investigated. When RLi/Si=4.05:1 and RNa/Si=0.15:1, the sample exhibited the highest adsorption capacity of 32.28 wt% with an equilibrium time of 29 min, and a superior stable capacity of 31.09 wt% in 15 cycles. Importantly, the double exponential fitting revealed that LiNaCO3 accelerated the ion diffusion rate and real-time adsorption processes showed Li3NaSiO4 expedited surface chemical reaction rate. Based on these, a novel Na2CO3 eutectic doping mechanism was proposed. The active substance Li3NaSiO4, generated through Na doping, along with its product formed from the reaction with CO2, molten LiNaCO3, acted synergistically to improve adsorption performance by accelerating surface chemical reaction rate and ion diffusion rate. Compared with other doped Li4SiO4, the sorbent prepared in this work demonstrated competitive adsorption performance, providing theoretical and technical support for the large-scale production of high-activity Li4SiO4.

ВИКОРИСТАННЯ КАРБОНІЗОВАНОГО ЗАЛИШКУ ПРОЦЕСУ ПІРОЛІЗУ ВЖИВАНИХ АВТОМОБІЛЬНИХ ШИН ЯК МОДИФІКАТОРА ДОРОЖНІХ БІТУМІВ

The paper analyzes the possibility of utilizing the solid carbonized residue (SCR) from the pyrolysis of waste tires (WT). The pyrolysis process of waste tires produces about 36 % of carbonized residue, which can serve as an adhesive and/or modifying additive in the processes of modifying petroleum bitumen. We analyzed the SCP and BND 70/100 bitumen produced at a small-scale industrial unit and PJSC Ukrtatnafta, respectively. The influence of solid carbonized residue on the performance properties of modified bitumen at different ratios of raw materials (BND 70/100) : SCR. According to the results obtained, the optimal amounts of SCR for modifying petroleum bitumen were proposed and directions for further research were determined.

Characterization of mechanical properties of carbon nanotube fibers prepared by chemical vapor deposition

A chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method for preparing carbon nanotube fibers was proposed. This method used ethanol/acetone as the carbon source, ferrocene as the catalyst and thiophene as the promoter. It used a high-temperature gas-phase flow reaction to spin out carbon tube fibers. Subsequently, the mechanical properties of carbon tube fibers prepared under different conditions (carbon source, gas flow and raw material ratio) were characterized and analyzed. The results demonstrated that the carbon fiber prepared with ethanol as the carbon source under specific synthesis conditions has good continuity and can be prepared for 3 hours in succession. In a feasible condition (Fe, S, C ratio, air flow ratio, and growth temperature), using pure acetone as the carbon source can prepare carbon nanotube fibers with fiber-specific strength > 1.5N / tex.

Au-Ag nano-garlands as a versatile SERS substrate: Two-step synthesis realizes the growth of petal-shaped branches on hollow Au-Ag nanoshells

In this work, we synthesized Au-Ag alloy nano-garlands with multiple petal-like branches and internal cavities in two steps. First, we etched silver nanospheres with HAuCl4 to obtain Au-Ag alloy nanoshells with different shell layer thicknesses and hollow core sizes. After that, based on different nanoshells, 4-NTP was used as a shape-directing agent, HAuCl4 and AgNO3 as precursor raw materials, and AA as a reducing agent for the growth of petals to form Au-Ag bimetallic nano-garlands with multi-branching structure. The regulation of the branching morphology of the nano-garlands could be achieved by changing the amounts of 4-NTP and HAuCl4. The SERS activity of the nano-garlands could be further improved by changing the AA concentration, the size of nanoshells, and the Au/Ag ratio of the precursor raw materials. Because the bimetallic nano-garlands have hollow cavities and petal-like branches, there are couplings between the cavities and the branches, between the adjacent branches, and between the metals inside and outside of the cores, which can achieve a good enhancement of SERS. The highest SERS enhancement factor of Au-Ag bimetallic nano-garlands can reach 4.47×108, which can be used as a good candidate for SERS substrate for the trace detection of biomolecules, pesticides, and other substances.

WB2 ceramics prepared by combination of boro/carbothermal reduction process and spark plasma sintering: Effect of C content and sintering rate

Tungsten diboride ceramics with a relative density higher than 90 % without addition of sintering aid can be prepared by boron/carbothermal reduction method combined with spark plasma sintering. Among the raw materials,WO3, B4C, and C, C content is of vital importance to obtain WB2 bulk samples with high density and good mechanical properties. In the present work, we investigated the effects of C content in powder synthesis, as well as SPS sintering rate on phase composition, microstructure, and Vickers hardness of WB2 bulk samples.WB2 bulk sample with a relative density as high as ∼94 % was obtained with the optimal raw material ratio of WO3:B4C:C=2:1.075:4.8, which was then increased to ∼96 % with the decrease of sintering rate from 100 °C/min to 50 ℃/min. This represents the highest relative density of the pure WB2 ceramic publicly reported in the literatures.

Production of Glucose Syrup Derived from Cassava Peel Starch Using Amylase Enzyme from Green Bean Seed Sprout Extract (Phaseolus radiatus L.)

The production of glucose syrup derived from cassava peels starch using amylase enzyme from green bean seed sprout extract (Phaseolus radiatus L.) has been carried out by isolating the enzyme from the green bean seed sprouts extract then purified by precipitation using ammonium sulphate with the saturation of 60% (w/v). Amylase enzyme activity was determined using the Nelson Somogyi method. The research results obtained the activity of the amylase enzyme in the deposition of 60% ammonium sulphate at 12.22 U/mL. Amylase enzyme was applied as a hydrolyzed starch from cassava peels with a weight ratio of raw material with water 10% (w / v) to produce glucose syrup with the addition of 0.25% enzyme; 0.5%; 0.75%; 1% (v / v). The glucose syrup obtained was then tested for viscosity, reducing sugars, water content, ash content, and organoleptics. The best glucose syrup analysis results from adding 1% amylase enzyme with a viscosity value of 238.71cP, water content of 12.45%, reduction sugar content of 33.81%, ash content of 0.49%, and dextrose equivalent value of 50.16%.

Preparation of egg-structured ceramsites from molybdenum tailings with improved properties

Conversion of solid waste tailings into building materials is an effective way to turn waste into resources as well as resolve the problems of their accumulation and pollution. Herein, in this paper, light-weight and high strength molybdenum tailings ceramsites (LHMCs) were prepared using molybdenum tailings as the main raw material supplemented with fly ash, sludge, steel slag and other solid wastes by egg-structure (three-layer structure) design and high-temperature sintering. The effects of raw material ratio, amount of carbon powder agent, sintering temperature, and sintering time on the properties of LHMCs were investigated, and the optimal preparation process was proposed to be preheating at 400 °C for 60 min and sintering at 1150 °C for 40 min. The results of the physicochemical properties, morphology, and component analysis of LHMCs show that the LHMCs with egg-structure including porous core, reinforced middle layer, and dense outer layer can significantly increase the strength of the ceramsites under the premise of ensuring the low density of the ceramsites. Meanwhile, the doping of molybdenum tailings improves the physical properties of the ceramsites and achieves the reuse of waste tailings. Importantly, the optimized LHMCs can meet the performance requirements of 900-grade ceramsites. This paper proposes a strategy for the preparation of tailings-doped light-weight and high-strength ceramic building materials, which provides a new idea for the recycling of solid waste.

Properties of artificial lightweight aggregates prepared from coal and biomass co-fired fly ashes and sewage sludge fly ash

The use of solid waste such as coal and biomass co-fired fly ashes and sewage sludge fly ash instead of clay and other non-renewable resources to produce lightweight aggregates (LWAs) is conducive to sustainable development. In this study, the effects of co-fired fly ashes, sewage sludge fly ash and quartz sand proportion, sintering temperature and sintering time on the physical properties and microstructure of LWAs are studied by single factor experiment. Experimental results show that the optimal experiment conditions are the raw material ratio of co-fired fly ashes: sewage sludge fly ash: quartz sand = 9: 1: 4, 2 wt% SiC as an expansion agent, and sintering at 1060 °C for 10 min. The LWAs obtained under the above conditions have a bulk density of 0.85 g/cm3, an apparent density of 1.84 g/cm3, a 1-h water absorption of 2.71 %, and a compressive strength of 8.68 MPa, which are in accordance with the GB/T17431.1–2010 standard. Besides, the heavy metal immobilization effect of the LWAs is satisfying, where the heavy metal leaching concentrations meet the standard of GB5085.3–2007. In conclusion, it is feasible to use the raw materials to prepare the LWAs under the above sintering conditions, and the prepared LWAs have high strength and low water absorption.

Preparation and Characterization of Polymerizable Deep Eutectic Solvents Ionic Conductive Elastomers

To investigate the influence of different molar ratios of raw materials on the performance of Ionic Conductive Elastomers (ICE) based on Polymerizable Deep Eutectic Solvents (PDES), this study employed a UV-initiated in-situ polymerization method. Polymerizable Deep Eutectic Solvents, synthesized by Choline chloride -acrylic acid with molar ratios of 1:1.7, 1:1.6, and 1:1.5, served as raw materials for the preparation of ionic conductive elastomers. Various modern instruments were employed to analyze and test their properties. The results indicate that as the molar ratio of acrylic acid in the raw materials decreases, the conductivity of the ionic conductive elastomers doubles (reaching 0.838 mS·m-1), but their mechanical properties are somewhat affected. Furthermore, UV testing demonstrates high light transmittance and UV shielding advantages. This suggests that adjusting the performance of ICE by controlling the molar ratio of raw materials can meet the requirements of different applications.