Raw Material For Production Research Articles

Environmental Sustainability Assessment of Cold Storage Panel Production

Today's ever-increasing environmental sustainability concerns have led to a major shift in construction sites and industrial sectors. In this context, the choice of construction materials for important structures such as cold storages plays an important role in terms of both environmental impacts and energy efficiency. The aim of this study is to evaluate the environmental loads of cold storage panels with thicknesses of 80 mm, 100 mm, 120 mm, 150 mm, 180 mm and 200 mm. In order to reveal the production inputs that cause these loads, the environmental effects were examined specifically for the 100 mm thick cold storage panel. Environmental impacts were analyzed using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method in accordance with the ISO 14040/44 methodology as a system boundary "cradle to gate". This study focused on three different environmental impact categories of cold storage panels produced in Türkiye: global warming potential (GWP), cumulative energy demand (CED) and water footprint. In the evaluation of environmental impacts, production inventory information obtained from the panel manufacturer was used. For analyses, Simapro v. 8.5 LCA software was used. Analysis results show that the use of galvanized sheet metal in cold storage panel production is a hot spot in terms of global warming effect. It has been determined that the largest share in the water footprint belongs to polyurethane used as insulation material. Additionally, according to the CED, non-renewable fossil and non-renewable nuclear were determined to be the most affected categories, and the use of galvanized sheet metal and polyurethane were determined to be the most important hot spots in terms of non-renewable and renewable resources. To help improve the environmental performance of the cold storage panel, it is recommended to use bio-based and less environmentally impactful raw materials in production and to measure their environmental impact on a life cycle basis from cradle to grave.

Use of plant raw materials in the production of dairy products

Abstract Today, the development of the food industry is aimed at creating balanced products that have beneficial properties for the human body in the long term. As one of these approaches, the use of sprouted plant raw materials (barley grains) in fermented milk products – yoghurts – can be proposed. The proposed plant raw materials have a number of useful properties: total antioxidant activity (136 ± 4) DPPH%, flavonoid content (96 ± 5) %, polyphenols (125 ± 4) %, and also contains a large amount of dietary fiber and minerals. The most effective way is to add the vegetable raw ingredient after the fermentation process and the formation of a product clot. The addition of the plant ingredient was carried out in quantities of 1, 2 and 3%. A direct relationship was noted between the amount of added additive and the degree of syneresis; application in larger quantities partially worsens the syneresis properties of the fermented milk product, and the viscosity of yogurt also slightly decreases. At the same time, a positive effect on the development of microflora of fermented milk products was noted, the presence of Streptococcus thermophilus in the form of mono-, diplo- and streptococcal forms was revealed.

Evaluating pumice as a sustainable raw material in porcelain tile production: impact on technical properties

AbstractPumice, a porous rock resulting from the rapid cooling of tuff fragments during volcanic activity, exhibits a spongy texture and light color due to its low density. Found predominantly in Central Anatolia and Eastern Anatolia, it has drawn interest for industrial applications. This study delved into utilizing micronized pumice within the porcelain tile manufacturing process. Comparative analyses were conducted between formulations incorporating micronized pumice and the standard ceramic tile recipe. In place of feldspar, micronized pumice was introduced at concentrations of 3%, 5%, and 7%, while clay was substituted with micronized pumice at concentrations of 3%, 5%, 7%, and 10% by weight. The prepared bodies were fired in an industrial kiln at 1210 °C for 54 min, and various physical and mechanical properties were evaluated. These included viscosity, sieve residue, green strength pre-firing, firing shrinkage, water absorption, firing strength, and firing color after-firing. The results indicated that the samples incorporating micronized pumice closely matched the physical and mechanical properties of the standard porcelain tile. Phase and microstructural analyses revealed the presence of mullite and quartz phases. Notably, micronized pumice demonstrated promise as a substitute for clay or feldspar, with the optimal usage rate determined to be 7% in the porcelain tile recipe. This indicates that pumice has the potential to be an alternative raw material in the production of porcelain tiles.

Environmental assessment of materials in preparing alkali-activated materials using bauxite residue

Abstract Aluminum is a highly produced metal globally. In the built environments alone, aluminum is known for its light weight and anti-corrosive properties and is a common choice of material in window frames, curtain walls, and light fixtures. The metal is processed from its oxide, alumina, the production of which releases a caustic byproduct known as bauxite residue (BR). BR is stored in massive reservoirs, however, due to the sheer volume of production, industries handling the material are reaching their storage limits. It is of high importance to research methods to valorize BR. Researchers have proposed a multitude of valorization methods, which include metal recovery from the byproduct, and using BR as raw material in production of another material. However, it is counterproductive to expend considerable amounts of energy and use excessive raw materials to manage utilization of BR. This study compared a method of valorization of bauxite residue with clay bricks. The method of preparing alkali-activated materials (AAM) with bauxite residue as a precursor was semi-quantitatively analyzed to compare the raw materials in the AAM with clay bricks. The materials were analyzed for climate change, ozone depletion, human toxicity, and aquatic ecotoxicity using OpenLCA software and the ecoinvent version 3.4 database. While the alkali activators possessed high values of the environmental impact when measured by the kilogram, the impacts were greatly reduced due to their small percentage in weight contained in the AAM. This study is the first stage of analyzing the environmental costs of valorizing bauxite residue. The AAM showed low environmental impact in material use when impacts of toxicity are considered. However, it displayed a higher climate change impact than that of clay bricks. Transport of raw materials to the preparation site played a significant role in the analysis. The next step is to compare the energy used in preparing AAMs.

Aroma profiles of shalgam: Effect of purple carrot (Daucuscarota) amount.

Shalgam is a fermented product characterized by its color and aroma compounds. However, there is no standard regarding the amount of use of purple carrot, which is the major raw material in production and affects the fermentation and aroma compounds of the product. This present research was designed to examine the effect of purple carrot concentrations on aroma compounds, which are one of the most important characteristics that reflect the quality characteristics of shalgam and affect consumer preferences. Aroma compounds in shalgam juices produced using five different amounts of carrots were analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector-mass spectrometry (GC-FID-MS). As expected, since the difference between the produced shalgam beverages was only the amount of purple carrots, a qualitative similarity and a quantitative difference were determined in the aroma profiles in general. In the aroma categories defined, terpenes (26 compounds) were the most abundant compounds, followed by esters (17 compounds) and higher alcohols (11 compounds). 88 aroma compounds have been identified in shalgam, and a total of 28 ACs, including 7 terpenes, 7 esters, 3 alcohols, 4 volatile acids, 3 volatile phenols, 1 lactone, 1 norisoprenoid, and 2 naphthalenes, were detected for the first time. The concentration of aromas in the samples varied from 5471.5 to 6490.1 μg/L (p < .05). According to principal component analysis, it was determined that the correlation between the position of the shalgam samples in the coordinate system and the aroma groups was significant. This study shows that purple carrots also affect the aroma compounds of shalgam beverages.

Hydrocarbon Extraction with Ionic Liquids.

Separation and reaction processes are key components employed in the modern chemical industry, and the former accounts for the majority of the energy consumption therein. In particular, hydrocarbon separation and purification processes, such as aromatics extraction, desulfurization, and denitrification, are challenging in petroleum refinement, an industrial cornerstone that provides raw materials for products used in human activities. The major technical shortcomings in solvent extraction are volatile solvent loss, product entrainment leading to secondary pollution, low separation efficiency, and high regeneration energy consumption due to the use of traditional organic solvents with high boiling points as extraction agents. Ionic liquids (ILs), a class of designable functional solvents or materials, have been widely used in chemical separation processes to replace conventional organic solvents after nearly 30 years of rapid development. Herein, we provide a systematic and comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art progress in ILs in the field of extractive hydrocarbon separation (i.e., aromatics extraction, desulfurization, and denitrification) including (i) molecular thermodynamic models of IL systems that enable rapid large-scale screening of IL candidates and phase equilibrium prediction of extraction processes; (ii) structure-property relationships between anionic and cationic structures of ILs and their separation performance (i.e., selectivity and distribution coefficients); (iii) IL-related extractive separation mechanisms (e.g., the magnitude, strength, and sites of intermolecular interactions depending on the separation system and IL structure); and (iv) process simulation and design of IL-related extraction at the industrial scale based on validated thermodynamic models. In short, this Review provides an easy-to-read exhaustive reference on IL-related extractive separation of hydrocarbon mixtures from the multiscale perspective of molecules, thermodynamics, and processes. It also extends to progress in IL analogs, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) in this research area, and discusses the current challenges faced by ILs in related separation fields as well as future directions and opportunities.

Analysis of Production and Inventory Control of Batik Raw Materials According to Islamic Economic Perspective (Case Study at SME Santi Batik)

This study aims to find out how the batik production process and batik raw material inventory control in UKM Santi Batik using the EOQ (economic order quantity) method, safety stock, reorder point and total cost. . In this study, researchers used a descriptive-comparative method with a quantitative approach and used primary data collection techniques in the form of a questionnaire specifically for UKM Santi Batik. The data analysis technique used is the approah formula, namely the method of determining the number of economic orders by reducing them in the formulas. The results of the research and discussion can be concluded that the EOQ (economic order quantity) method is more effectively used in raw material inventory control than the existing policies in UKM Santi Batik. Because UKM Santi Batik has not used optimal raw material inventory control, namely only using estimates in purchasing batik raw materials. In addition, by using safety stocks, UKM Santi Batik can avoid shortages of raw materials in production, reorder points so that UKM Santi Batik knows when to buy raw materials again and obtain them with minimum total inventory costs.

РОЛЬ ІНВЕСТИЦІЙ У ІННОВАЦІЙНІЙ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ ДЕРЕВООБРОБНОЇ ГАЛУЗІ УКРАЇНИ

The negative trends in the development of the Ukrainian economy are deepening more and more. A significant decrease in economic dynamics is largely caused by stressful changes in the socioeconomic and political environment, which is primarily due to the state of war in the country. These factors are based primarily on the predominance of raw materials in production and export, on the exploitation of outdated, environmentally dangerous and resource-intensive means of production, due to which the once powerful Ukrainian woodworking industry is increasingly declining. In such conditions, the revival of the woodworking industry in Ukraine requires the construction of a new model of economic development, which would be based on the effective mobilization and distribution of important investment resources in the organizational and technological development of the industry. The relationship of the woodworking industry with many other branches of the economy determines its role in the economic development of the state. In particular, in Ukraine, the products of the woodworking industry include more than three hundred products that are supplied to the domestic and foreign markets, and are also accompanied by close interaction with a number of industries that act as both consumers and suppliers. However, in the conditions of the existence of factors that limit both internal and external development, their influence increases due to the economic crisis, martial law, the search for ways to increase the level of competitiveness of the woodworking industry is becoming more urgent. This article examines the impact of investments on the innovative activity of woodworking enterprises in Ukraine. The main types of investments and their importance for the development of innovations are analyzed. It describes the current state of the woodworking industry, the main problems faced by enterprises and the potential for development. The main obstacles to attracting investment, such as political instability, imperfect legal framework and corruption, are highlighted. Based on the analysis, conclusions are drawn and recommendations are offered to improve the efficiency of investment activity and stimulate the innovative development of the woodworking industry in Ukraine.

Standardization of Golden Sea Cucumber (Stichopus hermanii) Extracts from Pelapis Island, Kayong Regency, West Kalimantan

Stichopus hermanii can be used as a medicinal material, a source of animal protein, and wound healing medicine products. Extracts as raw materials for products must go through a standardization process to ensure pharmaceutical reproducibility, a therapeutic quality, and to ensure a consistent and uniform final composition. The purpose of this research was to determine the test results of the standardization parameters of Stichopus hermanii extract from Pelapis Island, West Kalimantan as raw material for wound healing herbal medicinal preparations. Preparation of extracts using the maceration method with 96% ethanol. The extract was standardized with specific parameters, including organoleptic, water and ethanol soluble content, phytochemical screening, and protein content, and non-specific parameters, including drying shrinkage, water content, ash content, and acid insoluble ash content. The test results obtained were a water-soluble content of 61.89%, ethanol-soluble content of 41.81%, protein content of 7.62%, drying shrinkage of 38.81%, water content of 20.58%, ash content of 37.95%, and acid insoluble ash content of 2.07%.

Ceramics Properties of Indurated-Shale Quarry Wastes from Abakaliki, Southeastern Nigeria: Application as Raw Materials in Roofing-Tile Production

AbstractThe present study describes research carried out to evaluate the mineralogical, geochemical and technological properties of indurated shale-quarry wastes and assess the suitability of these low-cost and locally available quarry wastes generated from crushed indurated shales for possible use as alternatives to fresh raw materials in the manufacture of roofing-tile products. Firstly, the mineralogical and chemical properties of the indurated shales were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence, while their physical properties were identified by grain-size distribution, Atterberg limits, and clay activity. Samples of indurated shale-quarry wastes (ISQWs) were subjected to heat treatment at elevated firing temperatures to provide the required strength and durability and their ceramics properties (linear shrinkage, weight loss, water absorption, bulk density, and flexural strength) were determined. From the results, the ISQWs were composed predominantly of fine particles with medium plasticity and clay activity with values generally &gt;0.75. The mineralogy revealed a predominance of aluminosilicates (illite-kaolinite-smectite-chlorite) with large quartz contents and variable percentages of carbonate and feldspar. The oxides were dominated by SiO2 and Al2O3, small amounts of ferromagnesian minerals, and considerable amounts of alkalis (K2O and Na2O) which act as fluxes. The CaO concentrations were variable and related to carbonate contents. Characterizations based on compositional ternary (total clay mineral-carbonate-quartz + feldspar) systems, Casagrande clay workability charts, and Winkler and McNally diagrams revealed their suitability for ceramics applications as the majority of ISQW samples fell within the specifications for roofing tiles. The ISQWs fired at a high temperature of 1000°C revealed considerable weight loss, reduction in both linear shrinkage and water absorption with insignificant increase in flexural strength. In order to achieve excellent ceramics properties and further reduce sintering temperature for their suitability as raw materials in the production of roofing tiles, beneficiations of ISQWs are highly recommended.

DETERMINATION OF OPTIMUM DOSE OF MIXING WASTEWATER WWTP (WAST WATER TREATMENT PLANT) WITH HOT WATER PRODUCTION LEMATANG RIVER AS OF PARAMETERS PH, CONDUCTIVITY, TURBIDITY, AND SILICA USE COAGULANT PAC IN PT.X

Water rivers Lematang commonly used by the community to meet the needs of households and industry around the region . The industry that uses Lematang river water is PLTU as its raw material for production . Apart from that, PLTU also produces liquid waste. The liquid waste comes from ( wast water treatment plant ) which can still be utilized because it has a turbidity value that is still below the max 5 NTU and the pH is still between 6 to 9 . Regarding this,power plant power plant Banjarsari apply the principles of waste control carefully and integrated namely Systems Wastewater Treatment ( Waste Water Treatment Plant ) . In the processing process, it acts as a purifier for a mixture of Lemaang river water and wastewater. Menggunakan coagulant (Poly Aluminum cloride) so it can be reused as water the additional production. The results showed that the mixture of lematang river water with waste water (wast water treatment plant) was 60% : 40% , this indicates the use of the optimum dose as production water. waste water can be used as additional water to be used as production water because the pH value is 7.65; conductivity 187.6; turbidity 4.45; and silica 1.92 . Based on the results of research by utilizing river water and waste water the most effective is the dose ratio of 60%: 40% .

数理・情報科学的手法による高分子のメゾ構造-物性相関解析

Polymers are raw materials for products in our daily life such as plastics, resin, rubber, and organic glasses. The long molecular chains in polymers generate versatile and complex structure in mesoscopic scale, which affects the material property. Therefore, it is hard to deal with the mesostructure-property relationships by simple experiment or theory. Recently, the author and coworkers have developed the mesostructured-property relationships in polymer science based on mathematical and informatics methods. First, description of rubber elasticity of elastomers by complex network analysis are represented. Then, process-mesostructure-property relationships in crystalline polymers by machine learning techniques are mentioned. Furthermore, reverse analysis of biodegradable polymers with both toughness and degradability are included.

Increase of cracking resistance of ceramic masses of low-plastic clay

The object of research is the physical and chemical processes of forming the structure and properties of ceramic masses based on local low-melting clay raw materials of the Kyiv region of Ukraine by adjusting the chemical and mineralogical composition and technological regimes. Building ceramic materials are durable, ecological and natural. They provide increased comfort of buildings due to the creation of a favorable temperature and humidity climate of the premises. When using low-melting raw materials in production, there is a need to develop ways and methods to improve the quality of building ceramics. The efficiency of the manufacture of ceramic products largely depends on the processes that occur during drying. This is of crucial importance and affects the quality of finished products and accounts for 10–12 % of the total cost of finished products. Polymineral clay compositions with the addition of natural mineral raw materials are mainly used for the production of construction materials. For effective use of these materials, it is necessary to study their technological properties. Therefore, the question of researching masses based on low-melting clays with high sensitivity to drying, and the use of zeolite-containing mineral rock as an admixture is relevant. This will allow expanding the nomenclature of building ceramics products. Modern physico-chemical and physico-technological methods of research of raw materials and masses based on them during drying were used to solve the task of obtaining ceramic material from local raw materials with the use of a non-deficient natural additive of zeolite-containing rock as an admixture. The conducted studies indicate that the addition of zeolite-containing rock can be used to improve the drying properties of ceramic masses based on low-melting clays. Adding admixture of zeolite-containing rock also increased the compressive strength of finished products, which ensures defect-free transportation of products to other technological operations.

Economic and environmental analysis of biomass pellet supply chain using simulation-based approach

The pellet supply chain (PSC) is arguably crucial in supplanting fossil energy sources. Despite being the world's second-largest exporter of biomass pellets, the operation of PSC components in Vietnam is still fragmented and lacks economic and environmental efficiency. Changes in Bill of Material (BOM) help achieve these objectives. Discrete event simulation (DES) is particularly adapted to assist business owners in identifying BOM variation and its impacts on their real-life PSCs. Exploiting the advantages of the DES approach, this paper presents an evaluation model for the PSC, including procurement, production, transportation, and delivery modules. Simulation results yield a profit of USD 15,426,661, equivalent to roughly 20% of the revenue. The total amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted during production and transportation are 7,680.6 and 28,627.0 tons, respectively. The model is further used to assess the volatility of financial indicators and CO2 emission from changes in the raw materials for production. The findings suggest that maintaining the small-scale BOM level should be a solution for improving the economic and environmental efficiency of PSC components in Vietnam.

Rural Waste Reduction Potential in The South of Gunungkidul Regency

The waste reduction paradigm is closely related to the circular economy's goal of maximizing value at every point in the product's life. Composting and recycling plastics is a simple way of reducing waste. Understanding the waste reduction potential can provide an overview of the value of goods at the end of their useful life. Therefore, this study aims to provide an overview of the potential for waste reduction through composting and recycling of waste. This study took place in 6 sub-districts in the south of Gunungkidul Regency. Secondary data on the generation and composition of household waste was obtained from the Environmental Service. Waste reduction potential is calculated using the projected waste generation in 2035. The analysis carried out includes analysis of waste generation and composition, projected waste generation, and waste reduction potential. The waste generation in the south of Gunungkidul Regency is 0.4 kg per day with an organic waste composition of 70.43%. The projection of waste generation shows that in 2035 the waste generated will be 105,770,60 kg per day or 38,602.41-tons per year. The potential for composting raw materials is 59,590.58 kg per day, and recycled waste is 8,043.59 kg per day. 64% of the total waste generation can become raw material for products with economic value. The economic potential generated from the two products from waste reaches a gross profit of IDR 7,445,808,408 per month. The economic potential will be great if the product management operations are not on a household scale. Product feasibility studies and economic feasibility studies can be interesting topics.

FEATURES OF THE ACCUMULATION OF METAL IONS IN SLUDGES OF THE BIOENERGY COMPLEX

A study of the accumulation of metal ions in the sludge of the bioenergy complex after burning the plant's raw materials was carried out. The value of the content of toxic metals (cadmium, lead, and mercury) is less than an order of magnitude than the MPC for soils. The presence of a complex of trace elements, iron, calcium, magnesium, and sodium in sludge makes them attractive for use as raw materials for production of organic-mineral fertilizers for the cultivation of a sufficiently wide range of agricultural and ornamental crops. It was studied that distribution of heavy metals in sludge of the filtration fields in different depths : 1 – from the surface (1–5 cm), 2 – from the middle (~500 cm) and 3 – from a depth &gt; 1500 cm. The distribution of metal's ions accumulation established that the maximum content of cadmium and nickel observed in the surface layer of silt, lead in the middle layer, and manganese in the deep (more than 1500 m) layer. Such distribution of heavy me­tals shows, that the maximum concentration of cadmium and lead takes place in the surface layer of silt, lead in the middle layer , and manganese in the deep (more than 1500 m) layer. Thus, the deep layer is the safest to use as a raw material in production of fertilizers. But the presence of cadmium and lead, which have cumulative properties, in all layers of sludge is a risk factor for using sludge as fertilizers for crops that will be used for food purposes but can be use for growing technical crops and ornamental plants. Also, the presence of aluminum and titanium in the composition of the sludge requires a more detailed study. The final decision is possible only after conducting field tests, with subsequent analytical control of products and soil after harvesting.

The impact of grain sorghum on the carbohydrate composition of wort for non-alcoholic beer

The production of non-alcoholic beer requires brewing wort with a low degree of digestion. That is possible with the use of non-traditional raw materials in production. The research object presented below is grain sorghum varieties Kazakhstan-16 and Kazakhstan-20. Nowadays, the production of non-alcoholic beer with technological methods is not studied enough. Therefore, plants with small capacities cannot produce it. This study justifies the use of grain sorghum to produce low-digestion wort. In addition, we justify that Kazakhstan-16 had the best indicators for producing non-alcoholic beer. The following ratio of malt for wort preparation to sorghum 60:40 and hydro module 1:6 are proposed. The prepared wort had an extractivity of 6.62 % and digestible carbohydrates of 25.89 % of the total. The ratio of digestible sugars to non-fermentable substances in the wort was 1:1.79, so 79 % constituted mainly non-fermentable sugars. Mathematical experiment planning has been used to study the effect of malt and sorghum filling ratio and hydro module on the brewing wort's extractive matter yield. Based on the results of this study, the brewing wort has a low digestion rate. However, the carbohydrate composition of the wort is due to the presence of mono- and disaccharides. This wort will produce a beer with an ethanol content of up to 0.5 % of alcohol and the organoleptic characteristics set. High extractivity in the raw materials and their high gelling temperature account for these results. These factors made it possible to select a jumping mashing regime, which resulted in deep hydrolysis of the sugars into dextrins. This study will allow using non-traditional grain raw materials and producing non-alcoholic beer in breweries of any capacity. These methods are cost-effective and do not require expensive equipment

Effects of deheading and rinsing pretreatment on the quality of white leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) surimi based on endogenous proteases

In this study, the effects of different pretreatments on the quality of white leg shrimp surimi were investigated based on shrimp endogenous proteases. The results showed that removing the head and rinsing significantly (P < 0.05) improved the gel strength, texture, whiteness, water distribution, and microstructure of the shrimp surimi gels. Headless shrimp surimi (HSS) had higher salt-soluble protein and lower water-soluble protein than whole shrimp surimi (WSS). The shrimp heads had high cathepsin B, L, D, and serine protease activities. Electrophoretic analysis revealed significant degradation of the myofibrillar proteins in the WSS during cold storage and thermal gelation. Moreover, the myosin heavy chains almost disappeared after thermal gelation, and new bands appeared at about 270 kDa and 100 kDa. However, rinsing reduced the endogenous proteases, water-soluble proteins, and concentrated salt-soluble proteins in the shrimp surimi; thus, the quality of the shrimp surimi gel improved after rinsing. These results suggest that the quality of the surimi gel was damaged by the endogenous proteases, and that removal of the shrimp heads and rinsing significantly (P < 0.05) improved the quality of the shrimp surimi gel. The gel properties of WSS were similar after the second rinse to those of unrinsed HSS. The choice of headless shrimp or whole shrimp as the raw material for production needs to be comprehensively considered according to the planned cost and the quality required for the shrimp surimi product. The recommended number of rinses is 1–2.

New types of sugar-containing raw materials for food production

The global concept of conscious consumption and healthy life-style affects the development of the food industry. As a consequence, over the last several decades, a production of sugar substitutes has been increased, a search for and creation of new sweetening substances have been carried out. The paper presents a review of the domestic and foreign studies devoted to the use of sugar substitutes in various branches of the food industry. The information about new types of sugar substitutes from natural starch-containing raw materials and their properties is given. A possibility of replacing crystalline sugar with sugar substitutes in food production is described, their effect on the physico-chemical, sensory and organoleptic properties of foods and beverages is demonstrated. The development of the technologies facilitates an extension of the range of well-known and widely used high-calorie sugar substitutes from starch-containing raw materials, characterized by different carbohydrate composition and properties. It has been noted that out of quite a large number of sugar substitutes applied in the food industry abroad, glucose-fructose syrups (GFS) are among most promising. They are full-value sucrose substitutes and have several advantages. A proportion of GFS in the total volume of sugar syrup consumption is increasing worldwide every year. The main raw material for production of GFS in the USA is corn starch; in the CIS countries, starch obtained from wheat and potato is also used. Studies aimed to investigation and development of bioprocesses that ensure production of competitive enzymatic GFS and other sweetening syrups from alternative sources are gaining in importance. The information is presented about the development of the innovative technologies for production of sugar syrups from Jerusalem artichoke and chicory, agave, yacon, sorghum and rice. The results of the study of properties of these syrups and their effect on the physical and sensory, rheological and microstructural properties of products, in which technologies these syrups were used, are described. Due to the different carbohydrate composition, as well as physico-chemical properties (a degree of hygroscopicity, anti-crystallization properties, a level of sweetness, glycemic index and so on), sugar substitutes acquire increasing popularity among producers and consumers, and can be used in food and beverage manufacturing as a more technological replacement of crystalline sugar.

Impact of Agroclimatic Variables on Proteogenomics in Sugar Cane (Saccharum spp.) Plant Productivity.

Sugar cane (Saccharum spp. hybrids) is a major crop for sugar and renewable bioenergy worldwide, grown in arid and semiarid regions. China, the world’s fourth-largest sugar producer after Brazil, India, and the European Union, all share ∼80% of the global production, and the remaining ∼20% of sugar comes from sugar beets, mostly grown in the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, also used as a raw material in production of bioethanol for renewable energy. In view of carboxylation strategies, sugar cane qualifies as one of the best C4 crop. It has dual CO2 concentrating mechanisms located in its unique Krantz anatomy, having dimorphic chloroplasts located in mesophylls and bundle sheath cells for integrated operation of C4 and C3 carbon fixation cycles, regulated by enzymes to upgrade/sustain an ability for improved carbon assimilation to acquire an optimum carbon economy by producing enhanced plant biomass along with sugar yield under elevated temperature and strong irradiance with improved water-use efficiency. These superior intrinsic physiological carbon metabolisms encouraged us to reveal and recollect the facts for moving ahead with the molecular approaches to reveal the expression of proteogenomics linked with plant productivity under abiotic stress during its cultivation in specific agrizones globally.