Export Of Raw Materials Research Articles

Формирование национальной экспортной политики в аграрной сфере экономики как один из основных факторов ее развития

The necessity of forming a national export policy in the agricultural sector of the economy is revealed. At this historical stage, a sharp tightening of economic, political and financial sanctions against our country will lead to significant changes in the conditions for the development of its agricultural sector of the economy and export potential, for reliable food security. In such a situation, not only will a number of additional difficulties of an internal and external nature arise, but also new opportunities will appear to overcome or mitigate them. The development of exports of food products and agricultural raw materials should not undermine the domestic agro-food market, disrupt the food supply system of the country and its individual regions, the formation of insurance funds and state reserves. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the effective demand and improvement of the nutrition structure of the population, the most likely fluctuations in agricultural production in the country and the conjuncture of the world agro-food market, the improvement of export operations with agricultural and food products. The national export policy in the agricultural sector of the economy should not only rely on the modern state agrarian policy, but also specify its individual positions related to foreign economic activity. Such an approach will have a significant positive impact on the agricultural sector and the country’s economy, its economic and geopolitical situation, and will make a worthy contribution to solving the world food problem, which will only worsen in the near future.

Особенности внешней торговли Монголии: риски для России

The dynamics of Mongolia’s foreign trade over the past three decades and its leading role in the country’s economic growth are revealed. In the context of a narrow specialization in the mining industry, the growth of the Mongolian economy is strongly dependent on the export of mineral raw materials, which overwhelmingly dominate in the structure of total exports. The overwhelming majority of these cargoes go to China, whose share in Mongolia’s foreign trade turnover is growing steadily since the early 1990s, while the same one of Russia is falling. The role of Siberia and the Far East in cooperation with Mongolia sharply decreased. It has been established that the values of Mongolian exports of fluorspar, molybdenum and copper ores and concentrates exceed Russian ones, and Mongolian export of zinc and tungsten ores and concentrates, iron ore and coal are not so significantly inferior. Comparison of the prospects for increasing exports of Mongolia’s key foreign trade goods – coal and copper concentrate – with the corresponding capabilities of the eastern regions of Russia indicates an aggravation in the near future of competition between Mongolian and Russian mineral commodities for foreign markets, primarily for the Chinese. Considering this, Russia loses to Mongolia due to a much longer and, accordingly, costly output of mineral raw materials to foreign markets. Measures are proposed to reduce the risks of competition between Mongolian and Russian mineral commodities on foreign markets and to intensify their trade and economic cooperation, that includes the following: the restoration of traditional foreign trade relations, the creation of international transport corridors and the construction of new railway lines, an increase in the depth of processing of mineral raw materials, the implementation of joint large-scale projects.

Infrastructure landscape in the transborder region of Russia, Mongolia and China: Transformations and landmarks

The article discusses ongoing and expected changes in the infrastructure landscape in the zone of the China - Mongolia - Russia economic corridor. Ensuring infrastructure connectivity is becoming a common task for the three countries in order to competitively integrate into the world’s logistics routes. The author analyzes the factors influencing the intensification of cross-border interactions, highlighting the general trend of growing demand on land transportation in Eurasia, as well as mining freight movement of raw material resources from Mongolia to China. The transit capabilities of the railway and road infrastructure are assessed, the features of cargo flow through border checkpoints are studied. Consistent implementation of Mongolia’s ambitious plans of railway construction changes the cross-border infrastructure, especially on the China’s border. It is noted that the construction of railways was forced by the Mongolian government with the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic: severe restrictions and border control measures on truck transport significantly affected the operating of border crossings and foreign economic relations of Mongolia as a whole. In order to expand the export of mineral raw materials, it is planned to open four railway border crossings on the Mongolian-Chinese border: Gashuunsukhait - Gantsmod, Shiveekhuren - Sehe, Bichigt - Zun-Khatavch, Khangi - Mandal. Establishing the effective functioning of the cross-border transport and logistics infrastructure is becoming a strategic priority of the Mongolian economic policy. For Russia, there is a need to develop foreign trade infrastructure in the border regions, especially in the new geopolitical realities.

THE POSSIBLE SCENARIOS OF TAX REFORMS

The article analyzes the scenarios of export customs duties while reducing income tax on finished products. It is shown how this scenario based on the revenue side of the state budget will positively affect the volume of exports of finished goods, GDP, and employment from the point of view of fiscal functions, as well as stimulating, and regulatory functions. It is shown that the funds deducted to the state budget from the export customs duty are a guideline for applying a reduced income tax when exporting finished goods. The fiscal functions in the case of the exports of raw materials make it possible to actively apply the functions of stimulating the exports of finished goods. The article substantiates that these tax changes do not reduce the role of the fiscal function of the tax system, while increasing the role of the stimulating functions of the tax system for the exports of finished goods.

Spatial and sectoral determinants of regional productive capacity: theoretical genesis and methodological principles of the study

In the pre-war period, the stagnation of economic productivity was observed in Ukraine. It was manifested by a decrease in the annual growth rates of labor and capital productivity. The natural consequences of this include the inability to increase the growth rate of employees’ wages and their purchasing power, the increase in the share of raw material exports in the total volume, the country's growing dependence on energy imports, etc. The lack of positive productivity dynamics is related to the lack of active encouragement of domestic enterprises to improve resource efficiency. The article aims to substantiate the theoretical and methodological foundations of the study of the productive capacity of the regional economy in Ukraine and determine its potential growth accelerators across spatial and sectoral determinants. The evolution of the theoretical basis of the concept of economic productivity at the national and regional levels is examined. Based on the interpretation of the concepts of “productivity” and “capacity”, the authors offer their definition of the meaning of the term “regional productive capacity”. The article characterizes the achievements of foreign researchers regarding the study of regional development features and problems of productivity; identification and assessment of the impact of spatial factors on the productivity of the economy of territorial systems of different hierarchical levels; identification of spatial determinants of regional productive capacity. Based on the analysis of the experience of empirical research on assessing the impact of spatial factors on economic productivity, the article outlines a number of its growth patterns. The specific nature of interregional and intraregional productivity disparities is presented. The article proves that the interaction of spatial and sectoral determinants determines the level of productivity of the national, regional, and individual territorial communities’ economies. Special attention is paid to the issue of resource productivity. Ways for further theoretical and practical studies of regional productive capacity are suggested.

НОВЫЕ ПОДХОДЫ К ФОРМИРОВАНИЮ РЫНКОВ СБЫТА РОССИЙСКОГО УГЛЯ В УСЛОВИЯХ САНКЦИОННОЙ ПОЛИТИКИ ЗАПАДА

This scientific work examines new approaches to the formation of Russian coal sales markets in the context of the sanctions policy of the West, reflects the role and place of Russia in the global coal market before the imposition of sanctions. The author identifies the main potential consumers, reveals the main problems faced by coal companies in the conditions of reorientation of raw material exports to eastern markets. In conclusion, the author identifies possible ways to solve the main problems of the Russian coal industry in the context of the sanctions policy of the West.

National Innovation System and Economic Development in Nigeria

The paper analyzed the National Innovation System (NIS) and economic development in developing countries like Nigeria. The objectives of the paper were to examine the nature of innovation systems in Nigeria. It also investigates the effects of NIS on economic growth and development in Nigeria. The review of literature suggests that NIS is more than just technological innovations, it includes the interrelationships between firms, governmental institutions, NGOs, and international institutions who engage in one form of R&D activity or the other in a country. The paper employed both descriptive statistics and generalized linear models (GLM) to explain the NIS and economic development in Nigeria. The results from the descriptive analysis revealed that the nature of the Nigerian innovation system is weak and still evolving. It reveals that low performance and high variations in NIS indicators such as industrial design applications, patent right applications, trademark applications, methodology assessment of statistical capacity, high technology exports, ICT goods exports, ICT goods imports and ICT services exports, and agricultural raw materials exports and imports in Nigeria. The regression results also revealed that NIS (R&D expenditures) is a significant positive determinant of economic growth and development in Nigeria. The paper also showed that human capital, industrial production, stock market capitalization, trade openness, foreign direct investment, and exchange rate regimes are significant determinants of economic growth and development in the NIS in Nigeria. Projecting economic growth and development to higher levels and achieving the projections remains the main objective of government policies in Nigeria.

Development of the agro-industrial complex in Kazakhstan

The article is devoted to the analysis of foreign trade in agricultural products of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The analysis of indicators of export of agricultural products of the country. In the process of studying the foreign trade turnover of agricultural products of Kazakhstan, identified the main trading partners or importers of agricultural products of the Republic.
 The analysis of changes in the structure of exports of agricultural products of the Republic to the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States and the rest of the world. The main agricultural products occupying significant shares in the structure of export of the Republic are determined. For the analysis, a statistical review of the dynamics of foreign trade in agricultural products over the last five years is presented. The analysis of indicators of production of agricultural products, as well as the share of manufactured products for export (Simić, Stankov, 2020). 
 The study confirmed that the share of agricultural exports in the overall structure of the country's exports is insignificant. A significant part of the exported agricultural products are directed to the CIS countries and neighboring countries. A significant part of the export of agricultural products falls on cereals. The share of this category of goods in the total income from exports of food and agricultural raw materials is 90 percent.
 Thus, exports and foreign trade in agricultural products in General are a source of growth of the agricultural economy for the country, the external factor is important to take into account when building forecasts of economic growth and modeling the economic policy of the country in the field of agriculture.

Економічна сутність державного регулювання виробництва продукції сільського господарства

Abstract. Introduction. The article considers the theoretical foundations of the economic essence of state regulation of agricultural production through the direction of the country's agricultural policy for the development of competitive agroindustrial production and the mechanism of state support. Problematic issues concerning the distribution of budget funds to support agricultural production have been identified. The vision of scientists on the economic essence of state regulation and state support is highlighted and generalized. Purpose. The main purpose of the study is the economic essence of state regulation of agricultural production, identification of priority areas for improving the mechanism of state regulation and development of conclusions. Results. The essence and directions of stabilization of agricultural production and increase of efficiency of functioning of the agrarian market in foreign countries considering questions of export and import of agricultural raw materials are resulted. With regard to domestic producers, attention was drawn to the need to take into account the practice of state audit research and the development of science in developing targeted budget programs to support agricultural production, as well as to anticipate the consequences of their implementation and effectiveness. It was also noted that agriculture is one of the most important sectors for Ukraine. Due to its fertile soils, Ukraine is called the "breadbasket of Europe". Today, the system of state regulation, including public finance management, does not fully meet the requirements of the time. Therefore, the formation of a competitive national economy involves a systemic reform of public finance management. At the same time, Ukraine's agricultural policy is to guarantee the country's food security and identify priority development of agro-industrial production. Conclusions were drawn on the effectiveness of support for agricultural production through the objective allocation of budget funds for such purposes, including research in the field of agricultural production taking into account global challenges to food security and climate change. In general, the constituent elements of the economic mechanism of state regulation should create optimal conditions for the development of the agricultural sector as the main one in the economic complex.

Trade relations between Russia and the countries of North Africa in the food sector: state, problems and prospects

Currently, Russia is actively building economic cooperation with the states of the African continent. The state of trade relations between Russia and the countries of North Africa is studied. The dynamics of trade turnover, both in value and in physical volume, the commodity structure of exports and imports, the place of the countries of this region in the Russian export and import of agricultural raw materials and food, the influence of factors that stimulate and hinder trade relations between the countries are analyzed. The importance of the markets of the countries for mutual supplies is substantiated; the problems and prospects of expanding trade relations between these countries in the food sector are identified.

Strategic priorities for the development of the agri-food sector of Ukraine's economy

The article proves that the current stage of development of the agro-food sector of the country's economy is characterized by strong positions in world exports of agricultural raw materials and low-processed products (cereals, sunflower oil, etc.) and has import dependence on certain deep-processed products. . It is obvious that this situation does not contribute to food security, but also is an obstacle to increasing the global competitiveness of the studied sector and the country as a whole. It is argued that new risks, threats and opportunities necessitate the substantiation of strategic priorities for the development of the agri-food sector of the country's economy, taking into account current trends of innovation and sustainability. It has been determined that the development of deep processing of livestock products should be a priority in the meat processing industry and the deterrents of its implementation have been identified. Measures to implement this strategic priority are substantiated, namely the commissioning of new facilities for slaughter and deep processing, equipped with high-efficiency energy-saving innovative equipment, setting up the organization of raw material collection (including by-products). It is determined that the priority directions of development of milk supply chains should be: technical re-equipment, modernization and reconstruction of milk production, introduction of resource-saving and environmentally friendly technological lines; construction of new and modernization of functioning milk-receiving cooling and primary milk processing points, creation of small-sized milk processing shops on a cooperative basis; development of deep processing of raw milk and creation of production of such products as casein, whey powder, lactose, whey proteins, etc. The directions of development of deep processing of grain and sugar beets are given, which will promote the diversification of the product range. It is proved that in the current conditions of agri-food sector development the instruments of state regulation of certain types of production should be considered in the complex of support of both agricultural producers and processing enterprises, which will promote synergy for each level of the supply chain. It is argued that the development of agri-food production will be influenced by scientific and technological changes, increasing global challenges, increasing demand for food, slowing productivity growth in the sector and reducing its resource potential, growing urban population and implementing sustainable development principles. take into account in the strategic perspective. It is substantiated that one of the priority areas is the development of the sector of waste processing in agri-food production and food at the stage of consumption is a necessary condition for ensuring sustainability and competitiveness of agri-food production, which will increase added value and create new jobs natural environment, etc. Key words: agri-food sector, strategic priorities, in-depth processing, meat and dairy production, innovation, sustainability.

The impact of exchange rate volatility on trade: The evidence from Russia

This paper analyzes the effects of exchange rate volatility on exports and imports of a range of goods between Russia and its 70 trading partners from 2004 until 2018. The goods in question fall into eight product categories, as follows: (i) agricultural raw materials­; (ii) chemicals; (iii) food; (iv) fuels; (v) manufactured goods; (vi) ores and metals­; (vii) textiles; and (viii) machinery and transport equipment. Exchange rate volatility­ is measured using the standard deviation of the first difference in the logarithmic daily nominal exchange rate. The paper concludes that exchange rate volatility had a negative impact on exports of agricultural raw materials, manufactured goods, and machinery and transport equipment. In contrast, it was found to have a positive and significant impact on trade in fuels and imports of chemicals and textiles.

Cereals Export Factors and Impact on Wheat Price in Russian Regions

The study describes the problems of wheat exports from Russian regions. The Russian Federation is one of the largest exporters of grain. Taking into account the development of biotechnology in the world, this type of resource claims to be a «new oil.» In the light of this, the Government of the Russian Federation set the task of doubling the export of agricultural products and raw materials until 2024. At the same time, the most promising areas of export are determined – India and China. Speaking of the latter, wheat exports to China began in 2014 and by the end of 2020 accounts for less than 1 % of the total Russian wheat exports. It is assumed that export growth in the Asian direction should be due to the regions of Siberia (Krasnoyarsk Territory, Novosibirsk Region, Omsk Region and Altai Territory), which have never been the main exporters of wheat. In this regard, it becomes necessary to update the scientific provisions of the logistics doctrine based on the results of empirical studies of wheat export factors from Russian regions. The debate on this issue rests on different approaches to determining the significance of export factors. The article provides an overview of key modern approaches, including theories of export and production potential. Based on the integrated approach, as well as machine training methods, the study proposes an analysis of the array of monthly data by 72 regions from 2007 to 2021 years, which includes a set of parameters of export and production potential. As a result, a linear classifier model is proposed, which allows guessing the export status of the region with an accuracy of 96 % based on a set of factors. It is determined that market factors increase the probability of export, while factors of production potential (with the exception of flour production) reduce this probability. This conclusion supports the idea of an integral approach, according to which with the development of primary and deep grain processing in the regions, exports are expected to decrease, while the development of the «free» grain market and an increase in wheat reserves on elevators leads to an increase in Russian grain exports. Thus, taking into account these circumstances, proposals have been formed to increase wheat exports from Siberian regions, which make it possible to offset the negative impact of exports not on the price situation within the regions and to comply with the interests of domestic processors and grain traders

Revealed Trade Competitiveness between Korea and Japan. Is It Viable to Deepen Economic Integration?

Purpose – This study examines the trade competitiveness and complementarity of the economic structures of Korea and Japan. We focus on the sectors likely to be directly affected if the export control measures introduced by Japan on its exports of semiconductor machinery and raw materials to Korea in July 2019 are prolonged. Design/Methodology/Approach – The analysis applies Balassa’s Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), the Normalized Revealed Comparative Advantage (NRCA), the Bilateral Revealed Comparative Advantage (BRCA), the Relative Trade Advantage (RTA), and the Trade Complementarity indices to examine Korea’s and Japan’s trade competitiveness, bilaterally and globally. The empirical analysis focuses on forty-six major traded sectors and five Electronic integrated circuit-related industries, based on two-digit and six-digit data, respectively. Data applied is from the UNComtrade database. Findings – Expectantly, where Korea has bilateral trade competitiveness, Japan has a disadvantage, and vice versa. A sharp decline in the calculated results for sector HS854232 (Electric, integrated circuit sector) of Korea in 2019 in all indices compared to other periods is identified. Additionally, empirical results indicate that the export control measures by Japan have an immediate impact on Korea’s trade competitiveness, especially the Electronic integrated circuits and memory sector. Research Implications – This study provides an impact assessment of the export control measures imposed by Japan on its exports of semiconductor raw materials and machinery to Korea on the trade competitiveness of Korea, focusing on the Electric, integrated circuit sector at six-digit HS product classification. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to empirically analyze the impact of the export control measures by Japan on its exports of semiconductor raw materials on the trade competitiveness of Korea at the six-digit HS product code.

Upgrading the notion of “sustainable foods” in the European Union: concept and challenges

The article emphasizes that Ukraine, as an active exporter of agri-food products and agricultural raw materials to the European market, needs to take into account the new EU approach to categorization of products based on their sustainability indicators. The European Commission will formulate a legislative proposal on the framework of a sustainable food system, and general requirements for sustainable foods, and their certification and labeling according to sustainability indicators by the end of 2023. Based on the presently available EU documents (first of all, the Farm to Fork Strategy) the author generalizes the main principles and requirements for sustainable foods that will become standard for all foods placed on the EU market in accordance with public interests. It is substantiated that the quite new for Ukraine concept of "sustainable agri-food product" has a broader content than the concept of "eco-friendly product" or "organic product", as environmental friendliness is just one of the characteristics of sustainability, along with the climatic and social ones. The main differences between sustainable and eco-friendly/organic products are systematized. A prominent place in the article is given to the climate criterion of sustainability, in particular, the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in the production and supply of agricultural food (carbon footprint), which meets the target of decarbonization and achieving climate neutrality in Europe. In the context of creating a harmonized EU methodology for food sustainability, the author considers the content and components of the ecological footprint (land area used for production and utilization, water resources, carbon dioxide emissions, and food miles). The article provides global experience of voluntary certification of food sustainability, and national programs for certification of food sustainability, in particular soybeans in the USA and Canada, which testifies to the growing differentiation of the food market and a tendency towards official certification and labeling of sustainable foods. The author highlights the challenges for Ukrainian exports to the EU under the increasing requirements for the sustainability of agri-food products. In particular, high levels of greenhouse gas emissions from crops (corn and oilseeds) may lead to restrictions on their exports as raw materials for biofuel production. Tracking of chemical pesticide and antimicrobial residues in exported products is expected to be tightened, as the use of these hazardous substances in the EU should be reduced by 50% by 2030. The revealed asymmetry of the spread of the concept of "sustainable foods" between foreign (quite common) and domestic (almost absent) scientific and journalistic sources may indicate that domestic farmers might not be prepared for a timely reorientation to production and export to the EU of sustainable agri-food products. It is obvious that the better off countries will be those who manage to modernize their national agri-food systems in advance in the context of ensuring product sustainability.

ASSESSING EXPORT COMPETITIVENESS IN THE CONTEXT OF GROWTH IN EMERGING ECONOMIES. THE EXAMPLE OF UKRAINE

The purpose of this article is to clarify the content of the concept of "competitiveness", to develop and test approaches to assess the importance of basic, price and non-price competitiveness of commodity exports to ensure its dynamics on the example of Ukraine. Methodology. The article proposes to expand the content of the concept of "competitiveness" by generalizing the level of compliance of goods (services) with consumer preferences of market participants. This conceptual position is used to enhance the understanding of basic, non-price and price competitiveness of products and to clarify methods for its evaluation. The results of testing the methodology and technique showed that the cyclical process of alternating growth of non-price or price competitiveness of Ukrainian export products is mainly interrupted. The reason for this is the high price competitiveness of raw material exports, which is achieved mainly at the expense of low wages in the economy. On international markets, non-price competitiveness is inherent in a relatively small number of commodity groups of Ukrainian products. These include: insulated wires, cables and other insulated electrical conductors; fiber optic cables; turbojet engines, turboprops and other gas turbines; electric heating appliances and devices; parts of aircraft. Practical implications. It has been substantiated that in terms of finding a new economic growth strategy for Ukraine, the most relevant issues are not the intensification of export activities, but the renewal of the composition of the largest export commodity groups. The leading positions among them should be taken by goods with a large share of added value, increased technological complexity and non-price competitiveness. Value/originality. The beginning of this process will mean the emergence of new qualitative changes in the economy, as well as the effectiveness of the state policy of economic reforms.

Immunological Analytical Techniques for Cosmetics Quality Control and Process Monitoring

Cosmetics analysis represents a rapidly expanding field of analytical chemistry as new cosmetic formulations are increasingly in demand on the market and the ingredients required for their production are constantly evolving. Each country applies strict legislation regarding substances in the final product that must be prohibited or regulated. To verify the compliance of cosmetics with current regulations, official analytical methods are available to reveal and quantitatively determine the analytes of interest. However, since ingredients, and the lists of regulated/prohibited substances, rapidly change, dedicated analytical methods must be developed ad hoc to fulfill the new requirements. Research focuses on finding innovative techniques that allow a rapid, inexpensive, and sensitive detection of the target analytes in cosmetics. Among the different methods proposed, immunological techniques are gaining interest, as they make it possible to carry out low-cost analyses on raw materials and finished products in a relatively short time. Indeed, immunoassays are based on the specific and selective antibody/antigen reaction, and they have been extensively applied for clinical diagnostic, alimentary quality control and environmental security purposes, and even for routine analysis. Since the complexity and variability of the matrices, as well as the great variety of compounds present in cosmetics, are analogous with those from food sources, immunological methods could also be applied successfully in this field. Indeed, this would provide a valid approach for the monitoring of industrial production chains even in developing countries, which are currently the greatest producers of cosmetics and the major exporters of raw materials. This review aims to highlight the immunological techniques proposed for cosmetics analysis, focusing on the detection of prohibited/regulated compounds, bacteria and toxins, and allergenic substances, and the identification of counterfeits.

NORWAY’s ARCTIC STRATEGY AND SECURITY ISSUES

The article examines Norway’s Arctic strategy and the country’s policy in the field of defence and security. It is noted that Oslo, among the countries of the Arctic Council, is the leader in the development and further improvement of strategies in the Arctic, taking into account the peculiarities of the country and its northern territories. The country is implementing one of the most innovative economic strategies in the region, developing high-tech sectors of the economy, reducing its dependence on the export of hydrocarbon raw materials, improving the administrative-territorial division of the country in the interests of developing the northern provinces. Attention is paid to the development of the industrial sector of the economy, transport (primarily port) infrastructure, scientific and educational complexes, Arctic tourism and recreational business, migration policy and support of the indigenous population. The author pays special attention to Norway’s place in NATO, noting that the North of Norway is becoming one of Scandinavia’s most militarised regions. It is emphasised that this greatly hinders international cooperation with the closest neighbours, primarily with Russia. It is necessary to seek to improve relations between our countries, even in the face of the current friction at the interstate level in matters of security and severe contradictions in the area of the Spitsbergen archipelago.

Open challenges for ecological and microbiological safety of food and raw food materials in Azerbaijan

PurposeThe provision of safe food is a topic of increasing relevance worldwide. Several countries, including Azerbaijan, attempted to develop scientific, applied, social and economic solutions to the food supply and nutrition problems. However, Azerbaijan still faces important challenges, particularly providing appropriate, eco-friendly and microbiologically safe supplies and food. These issues occur in international export and import of raw food materials and food, provision of regional and municipal control in food supply and sales and teaching food culture to the public. This viewpoint paper aims to examine the challenges that impede the provision of safe food for Azerbaijan. Such information can facilitate policy implications for governments in developing solutions to the food supply.Design/methodology/approachExtensive literature review is done to base the discussions of this viewpoint paper.FindingsAcademic institutions and departments should take a more centralized and effective effort in scientific research concerning safety, hygiene and culture of nutrition. In conclusion, to ensure proper sustainment, it is necessary to provide strict microbiological, sanitary and hygienic control across the network of production and distribution of food and its import and export within regional and local food source provision systems and mechanisms.Originality/valueTo the authors’ best knowledge, there is no systematic study evaluating the challenges of ecologically and microbiological safety for food in Azerbaijan.

Structural and regional features of the development of Russia’s agri-food exports

The recent interest in the topic of agri-food exports is caused by investment activity in agriculture after 2014 and, as a consequence, the positive dynamics of the main indicators of the industry's development. Russia’s food exports has grown more than 15 times since the early 2000s, and the dozens of countries around the world buy this food. At the same time, there are structural and regional features that indicate the limited results achieved in foreign trade, but Russia’s agri-food exports are growing only at the expense of three categories of goods (grain, vegetable oil and fish) with a lower added value than by top-processed food products. It is noted that despite the large number of importing countries, only a few of them purchase significant volumes of Russia’s food. The aim of the study is to quantify the regional differences in the involvement of the territory in the export of food and agricultural raw materials. The assessment showed that most of the Russia’s regions are poorly involved in foreign trade, therefore more than half of all food exports belong to several regions that have a large seaport and produce one of the three main food products. Based on the assessment results, a typology of Russia’s regions is presented according to the criterion of involvement in Russia’s export of agricultural products, taking into account the characteristics of exported products (upper, middle or lower processing). The results obtained make it possible to assess the real export activity of the agroindustrial sector of the regions and the potential for its increase in the future. To calculate the dynamics and regional distribution of Russia’s food exports we used the database of the Federal Customs Service of Russia (HS codes 01-24). In the article, we also calculated the Balassa index and the export diversification index, modified for analyzing the involvement of Russia’s regions in the export of agricultural products.