Shortage Of Raw Materials Research Articles

Statistical Overview of Drug Shortage in Syria

Access to medications is a fundamental aspect of healthcare and vital for human well-being. Medicine shortages are widespread and impact countries across all income levels. This research aimed to monitor the characteristics of drug shortages in Syria through a distributed survey. 76% of the sample were females. 88.9% of the sample were 20-29 years old. A high percentage of the participants were single (86.6%). 62% were students. Pharmacy is the profession or field of study for most participants (83.4%). Half of the participants live in the city (51%). Most participants work at a local pharmacy. The majority (79.5%) have fewer than 5 years of experience. Most participants were well-informed about medication shortages and personally experienced the impact of this issue in their professional or personal lives. A shortage of baby supplies, specifically baby milk, was reported by 70.33% of the surveyed parents. Tablets and capsules are the pharmaceutical formulations that experience shortages most commonly. Shortages were reported in all categories of medications. Participants identified the shortage of raw materials and low profit margins as significant factors contributing to drug shortages. Further research into drug shortages in Syria is warranted to address this issue.

A review of enhancing the properties of concrete containing silica fume along with fibers

It is well known that there is a serious shortage of raw materials for construction and the production of building materials causes environmental pollution and must be stopped immediately. Therefore, waste materials such as silica fume, slag, various fibers, etc. can be used to replace some of the raw materials that are not easily available. The use of these waste materials will ultimately reduce the cost of construction while improving many strength properties. It is necessary to review some of the literature on the improvement of concrete properties by adding fiber steel and silica fume to examine the effect of incorporating silica fume alone and subsequently adding silica fume together with fibers to replace the weight of cement and improve the properties of the reference mix prepared using locally available materials.

Opportunities and Challenges in the Solar PV Supply Chain

Energy is the cornerstone of modern civilization, with solar energy, particularly photovoltaic (PV) systems, driving the renewable energy transition. By 2024, the global PV market exceeded 1,000 GW of installed capacity, highlighting its rapid growth and potential. The PV solar energy supply chain is central to this transition, involving raw material extraction, manufacturing, distribution, and installation of PV systems. This paper examines the PV supply chain, focusing on key components like raw material sourcing, PV cell and module production, and logistical challenges. Through a detailed literature review, the study identifies technological advancements, market trends, and barriers to sustainable growth. The methodology involves reviewing academic journals, industry reports, and market data to synthesize current knowledge and identify gaps. Preliminary results show advances in production efficiency and cost reduction, increasing solar energy’s accessibility and competitiveness. However, challenges persist, such as supply chain disruptions due to geopolitical tensions, raw material shortages, and environmental concerns about the PV lifecycle. Key findings stress the importance of risk management strategies, recycling technologies for PV systems, and supportive policy frameworks. Future research should focus on integrating advanced technologies, assessing environmental impacts, and exploring regulatory frameworks for sustainability and resilience in the PV supply chain. Addressing these issues will enhance the industry's growth and sustainability.

A Study of Mathematical Problems as Control Agents in the Industrial Sector

PD Utama Jaya Plasindo, a company specializing in plastic pellet processing, faces several production challenges, such as fluctuating demand, raw material shortages, machinery downtime, and labor management. To address these issues and improve production planning, the company uses MATLAB's linprog tool, which is designed for Linear Programming (LP) and aims to maximize profits. The company's profit is calculated using the formula: Profit = 37A + 46B + 38C + 46D. This calculation takes into account seven constraints related to raw materials, machinery usage, labor hours, and product demand. With this method, PD Utama Jaya Plasindo earns a daily profit of Rp. 837,600 from its plastic buckle products, totaling Rp. 16,752,000 over 20 working days in a month. These profit figures, based on clear objectives and constraints, help ensure that production goals are met and facilitate the monitoring and optimization of production capacity. By leveraging MATLAB's linprog, the company can better manage demand fluctuations and optimize the use of raw materials, machinery, and labor.

Current status and the significance of local wisdom biofertilizer in enhancing soil health and crop productivity for sustainable agriculture: A systematic literature review

Soil fertility is recognized as a crucial factor in supporting plant growth and productivity. The utilization of biofertilizers as environmentally friendly fertilizers is aimed at enhancing soil fertility and plant productivity. This study aims to explore the potential of local material for developing local wisdom biofertilizers (LWB) for achieving sustainable agriculture. A systematic literature review was conducted using bibliometric analysis, Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews, and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method, employing the Scopus search engine with the keywords "local AND wisdom AND biofertilizer" OR "biofertilizer" OR "local AND microorganism" OR "soil AND health OR crop AND productivity OR sustainable agriculture". The search yielded 704 articles, of which 11 were deemed eligible after selection. Based on the literature review, it was found that there are local materials, including fish waste, seaweed, Azolla, fruit waste, Moringa oleifera, microalga, bamboo roots, banana hump, golden snail, mangrove leaves, fruit, and vegetable waste that can be used as raw materials for LWB to improve soil health, plant growth, and productivity. The development of LWB as a new fertilizer technology faces challenges such as lack of regulations, low public trust, limited farmer awareness, weak promotion, and raw material shortages. Further research is needed to intensively study and enhance the effectiveness of LWB through enrichment using beneficial microorganisms.

Alkaline-Acidic Sodium Chlorite Pretreatment of Bamboo Powder for Preparation of Excellent Mechanical, Transparent, and Biodegradable Films.

Bamboo is widely distributed around the world as an excellent renewable resource. However, the structural and morphological changes in the bamboo samples in extracting bamboo cellulose fiber using alkaline-acidic sodium chlorite are unclear, and the potential for preparation of cellulose packaging films is yet to be explored. In this paper, the changes in micro-morphology, chemical structure, and pyrolytic behavior of moso bamboo powder during alkaline and acidic sodium chlorite pretreatment were intensively investigated. The bamboo cellulose fiber (BC) diameter decreased from 14.41 to 11.79 µm with the treatment as a result of the removal of amorphous materials such as lignin and hemicellulose. The BC was dissolved in NaOH/urea aqueous solution, and all-cellulose composite films were obtained with excellent mechanical properties and high transparency. When the BC contents reached 4 wt%, the resulting films had a light transmittance of about 90% in the visible light range (400-780 nm), and the tensile strength was as high as 57.9 MPa, which was much higher than that of the polyethylene packaging film (PE, 35 MPa). In addition, the film also suggests superior biodegradability compared to PE films. Therefore, the current shortage of raw materials and environmental pollution faced by plastic packaging materials may be expected to gain new inspiration in this study.

Challenges in Sesame Production and Marketing: Insights from Kerala's Onattukara Region, India

Sesame is one of the nine major oilseeds grown in India, with cultivation spread across every state. Although sesame is grown in 11 districts in Kerala, the sesame cultivated in the Onattukara tract has unique characteristics. In Kerala, sesame is cultivated on 326.51 hectares, with a total production of 163.1 tonnes and a productivity rate of 499 kg per hectare. This study aims to analyze the challenges faced by farmers in the production and marketing of sesame in the Onattukara region of Kerala. The districts of Alappuzha, Pathanamthitta, and Kollam were purposively selected for the study, as the Onattukara region is located within these three districts. A total of 163 farmers were included in the sample, comprising eighty farmers each from Kollam and Alappuzha districts and three farmers from Pathanamthitta. Constraints faced by farmers in sesame cultivation were ranked using the Garrett ranking technique. Sesame cultivation in the Onattukara region faces various challenges in both production and marketing, such as inadequate seed availability, high input costs, low yields, labor shortages, low prices, weather-related issues, price fluctuations, delayed payments, low demand for the final product, and the lack of institutional market mechanism. Similarly, sesame processing unit owners also encounter issues in production and marketing, including raw material shortages, a lack of skilled labor, poor raw material quality, costly production methods, lack of support, low product prices, price volatility, inadequate storage facilities, inefficient markets for final products, and limited consumer awareness. A micro-level study on sesame production and marketing would help producers make informed and specific decisions to improve their income. These insights can guide producers in making informed decisions and assist policymakers in implementing corrective measures like resource allocation for inputs, training and capacity building, improving market linkages to enhance sesame production, productivity, and market stability. These interventions, grounded in micro-level data, could substantially support both short-term gains and long-term sustainability in sesame production, demonstrating the practical utility of the research in enhancing both farmers livelihoods and local agricultural policy.

Role of MSMEs in India

In the current business environment, micro, small, and medium-sized businesses are acknowledged as the main force behind economic growth and the advancement of equitable development. Additionally, MSMEs are essential to the growth of industries and the creation of job opportunities. When compared to India's entire industrial sector, the MSMEs sector has continuously shown a greater growth rate. Due to factors including raw material shortages, ignorance or a lack of entrepreneurial skill development, and a lack of funding and technical support from relevant local authorities at the district, state, and federal levels, the distribution of MSME's throughout India is unequal. The primary issues facing MSME's are the absence of contemporary technology, the high cost of credit, the lack of research and developments, the lack of training and skill development, the complexity of labour laws, and the lack of an adequate and timely credit facility. Nevertheless, there are a number of chances for MSME development. Additionally, the MSME sector might draw in international technology and investment. The growth of MSME's increases the likelihood of employment. After taking into account the customers' expectations first, the MSME's will be able to meet their wants to a large degree. Allowing young people to work in rural regions can stop them from migrating there. The development of MSME would be aided by the exchange of technology among the various MSME kinds, financial and technical support, lenient labour regulations, and training and skill development. The Indian government provided numerous opportunities for the slogans "Made in India" and "Vocal for local" to succeed.

Prediction of Tempe Raw Material Needs for Home Industry Using Tsukamoto Fuzzy Logic Algorithm

The home tempeh industry is faced with the challenge of accurately predicting raw material needs. Implementing an effective prediction system can help estimate the amount of tempeh production in the future, so as to avoid stock shortages of raw materials. In addition, when tempeh producers have accurate predictions, they can manage soybean stocks better, especially when there is a stock shortage, so that production is not affected by rising soybean prices. This research aims to develop a Tsukamoto Fuzzy Logic based prediction system to overcome this problem. Research methods include collecting historical production data, designing fuzzy models, and system testing. Interim results show that the developed system is able to increase prediction accuracy by up to 95%, which in turn can reduce production costs and minimize waste of raw materials.

Unlocking renewable fuel: Charcoal briquettes production from agro-industrial waste with cassava industrial binders

Increasing global fuel demand has created challenges in sourcing raw materials, making agro-waste biomass utilization for energy production a critical alternative. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the production of charcoal briquettes using different base materials such as coconut shells (TC1), Leucaena leucocephala wood (TC2), and assorted wood charcoal residues (TC3), along with binders derived from cassava industry by-products—namely, tapioca starch (TB1), cassava peel (TB2), and cassava tubers (TB3) at binder content (BC) ratios of 5, 10, 15, and 20 by volume. Initially, assessing the physical properties, including proximate and ultimate analyses, was crucial for predicting effective charcoal production. The TC2 briquettes, using TB2 and TB3 binders at a BC20 concentration, were found to be optimal, displaying a high production capacity and low specific energy consumption. Using cassava peel and tubers as binders not only efficiently uses agricultural by-products, thereby reducing costs and avoiding competition with food resources (TC1) but also results in high-quality briquettes. In scenarios of raw material shortages, TC3 and TC2 can effectively replace TC1. Mechanically, TC3 and TC2 briquettes exhibited superior characteristics. Although BC20 enhances the mechanical properties and facilitates handling, it may compromise heat release. Thermally, a higher BC decreases the charcoal proportion, leading to increased ignition time, reduced calorific value, and heating effectiveness. In conclusion, the successful production of charcoal briquettes from agro-industrial waste using cassava industrial binders presents a viable pathway towards more sustainable energy practices, improves waste management, and adds value to agricultural waste.

Analisis Penentuan Metode Peramalan Persediaan Bahan Baku UKM Tempe Pak Fadli di Desa Parerejo

This study aims to find out the right forecasting method in determining the amount of raw material needs and the amount of safety stock to minimize errors in the purchase of soybean raw materials at Pak Fadli Tempe UKM. The benefit of this research is that it can reduce the excess or shortage of raw materials through forecasting methods, as well as determine the need for the right amount of safety stock. In this study, there are 3 permalan methods used, namely moving average, exponential smoothing and naive method, as well as determining the need for safety stock of raw materials that will be used as a reference for future demand for Pak Fadli Tempe UKM. From the results of this study, it can be seen that of the 3 forecasting methods used, the best method with the smallest error value is the exponential smootihing method a = 0.1, with an error value of MAD of 90, MSE of 10,181, and MAPE of 6.9. Meanwhile, in the calculation of safety stock with a service level value of 95%, the lead time is 3 days, so that the recommended safety stock value can be known as 289 kg.

Perencanaan Bahan Baku Produksi Menggunakan Metode Material Requirement Planning (MRP) Studi Kasus Teh Botol Sosro

Raw material inventory is a serious problem for manufacturing companies. Shortages of raw materials can stop production, while inventories that are too large cause high storage costs and result in idle capital. Therefore, research entitled "Planning Raw Materials for Production of Sosro Bottled Tea Using the Material Requirement Planning (MRP) Method at Sinar Sosro Deli Serdang" was carried out. The aim of this research is to determine the planning of the amount of raw materials needed for production. This research is descriptive with primary and secondary data. The research results show that the raw material requirements for the production of Teh Botol Sosro for the period January 2022-December 2022 are as follows: Sugar 5,213,184 kg, Dry Tea 365,329 kg, Water 6,455,592,000 ml, Bottle Cap/Crown Cork 2,934,600 pcs, Bottles 2,934. 600 pcs, and Krat 1,222,650 pcs. Lot size calculations using the Lot for Lot (LFL) and Period Order Quantity (POQ) methods show that the POQ method is more economical with a minimum cost of IDR 1,944,412.59. Keywords: Lot For Lot, Material Requirement Planning (MRP), Period Order Quantity, Raw Material Planning

Analysis of the Impact of China's Carbon Neutrality Policy on the Environment and Economy at Home and Abroad

China has made remarkable achievements in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, especially in achieving the emission reduction targets set for 2020. This progress is mainly due to China's reduced dependence on coal and other fossil fuels, which not only promotes significant improvements in air quality but also lays the foundation for the transformation of China's economic structure. Especially in the energy and industrial fields, carbon neutrality policies are driving companies to transform into greener and more sustainable operating models. Facing the economic challenges brought about by the COVID-19 epidemic, China is actively seeking a path to low-carbon economic recovery by increasing public investment in renewable energy and other fields. From an international perspective, China's carbon neutrality commitment has the potential to inspire other large carbon-emitting countries, especially countries along the Belt and Road and neighboring countries, to strengthen their emission reduction efforts. At the same time, Southeast Asian countries face shortages of technology, equipment, and raw materials, as well as insufficient investment when developing renewable energy. In this regard, Chinas experience and investment have a significant impact on Southeast Asian countries carbon neutrality policies and renewable energy development. China can use its technological and manufacturing advantages to share resources with neighboring countries in renewable energy technology and equipment manufacturing, and provide support for ASEAN countries to achieve their renewable energy goals.

Toward a Circular Lithium Economy with Electrodialysis: Upcycling Spent Battery Leachates with Selective and Bipolar Ion-Exchange Membranes.

Recycling spent lithium-ion batteries offers a sustainable solution to reduce ecological degradation from mining and mitigate raw material shortages and price volatility. This study investigates using electrodialysis with selective and bipolar ion-exchange membranes to establish a circular economy for lithium-ion batteries. An experimental data set of over 1700 ion concentration measurements across five current densities, two solution compositions, and three pH levels supports the techno-economic analysis. Selective electrodialysis (SED) isolates lithium ions from battery leachates, yielding a 99% Li-pure retentate with 68.8% lithium retention, achieving relative ionic fluxes up to 2.41 for Li+ over transition metal cations and a selectivity of 5.64 over monovalent cations. Bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED) converts LiCl into high-purity LiOH and HCl, essential for battery remanufacturing and reducing acid consumption via acid recycling. High current densities reduce ion leakage, achieving lithium leakage as low as 0.03%, though hydronium and hydroxide leakage in BMED remains high at 11-20%. Our analysis projects LiOH production costs between USD 1.1 and 3.6 per kilogram, significantly lower than current prices. Optimal SED and BMED conditions are identified, emphasizing the need to control proton transport in BMED and improve cobalt-lithium separation in SED to enhance cost efficiency.

A preliminary investigation of banana pseudo-stem (Musa cavendish) for pulp and paper production: morphology, chemical composition, FTIR, XRD and thermogravimetric analysis

Abstract In today’s world, the use of paper and cardboard increasing but the availability of raw materials and the environmental impact on the paper industry is a big concern. To address these concerns, researchers are exploring the potential of agricultural waste products as raw materials for pulp production. This study uses morphological, chemical composition, FTIR, XRD, and thermogravimetric analysis to examine the potential of banana pseudo-stem as a raw material for paper pulp to address environmental concerns and raw material shortages in the paper industry. The study reveals favorable characteristics for papermaking, including long fiber length (1750 μm), thin cell wall thickness (9.7 μm), and large lumen diameter (22.15 μm). The chemical composition of banana pseudo-stem contains cellulose (44.93 %), hemicellulose (23.7 %), and Klason lignin (11.1) showing its suitability for pulp production. FTIR analysis highlights the functional groups present on the banana pseudo-stem. The XRD analysis shows that it has a similar cellulosic peak and crystallinity index with common raw materials used in pulp production. The thermogravimetric analysis shows that the banana pseudo-stem has high thermal stability. The findings demonstrate that banana pseudo-stem, both by itself and in combination with other raw materials, might be a potential raw material for the pulp production.

ANALISIS PENGENDALIAN PERSEDIAAN SIMPLISIA PRODUK WEDANG UWUH (STUDI KASUS: CV SALAMA NUSANTARA)

CV Salama Nusantara had not conducted calculations regarding inventory, and there were still raw materials accumulating in the warehouse (overstock), which could result in a reduction in profit and an increase in company expenses. Additionally, it was observed that there was a shortage of raw materials (stockout), leading to production interruptions and the company incurring higher costs for reordering in smaller quantities. This research aimed to understand the inventory system when using ABC and EOQ methods and the difference in Total Inventory Cost (TIC) values between the company’s and EOQ methods The study showed that the ABC method in the simplisia inventory system classified category A with 66.58% of the investment value for one type of simplisia, requiring greater control compared to categories B and C. The use of EOQ for ginger simplisia resulted in the highest EOQ value of 134.72 kg with an ordering frequency of 7 times. The comparison of Total Inventory Cost (TIC) for simplisia such as red ginger, cardamom, sappanwood, cinnamon, cloves, and nutmeg showed that the EOQ method resulted in a lower TIC compared to the company’s policy, with differences of Rp2,365, Rp12,973, Rp14,116, Rp65,494, Rp4,768, Rp16,055, and Rp66,048, respectively.

Bronze casting in Late Antiquity in the Marche Region

This essay reviews the discovery of three sites where deposits of bronze fragments have been found, in the Roman cities of Pisaurum, Sentinum and Potentia. Each site yielded small bronze fragments and some tools, which lead us to suppose that these were sites of Late Antique foundries, where large bronze statues and other bronze objects were broken up to be remelted. The foundries were located on land previously occupied by taverns in the forum area or by residential quarters. This means that the urban plan of the cities had already been partially transformed, probably due to Christianisation and the construction of churches, which became the new community centres, to the detriment of the older areas of the forum. The rampant poverty and shortage of raw materials, especially metals, made foundries indispensable and, consequently, their widespread presence, even within the cities, probably became customary. Perhaps the numerous bronze fragments found in other centres of the region should also be interpreted in this same sense, as indications of foundries, even if the structures where the metal was worked have not been preserved.

Чинники ефективності інтегрованих аграрних підприємств

Research on the efficiency factors of integrated agricultural enterprises is scientifically significant and practically important for economic development and maintaining social stability. Integration is an effective tool for strengthening the positions of agricultural enterprises in rapidly changing conditions, which makes it an important object of study and implementation. The article studies the efficiency factors of integrated agricultural enterprises in modern conditions. It is established that integrating agricultural enterprises can increase the agricultural sector’s efficiency, optimize production processes, and ensure resilience to economic challenges. In modern conditions, integrating agricultural enterprises has become a tool that helps to cope with economic and political challenges, including logistics problems, shortage of raw materials, price fluctuations, and other factors. This makes it one of the most promising areas of development for the agro-industrial complex in conditions of globalization and economic instability. Several main factors that will help build a holistic strategy for the effective management of agricultural enterprises are economic, technological, organizational, environmental, social and political, and legal. The primary forms of integration of agricultural enterprises are identified and analyzed: horizontal, vertical, conglomerate, and cooperative. It is proven that the integration of agricultural enterprises provides them with opportunities to reduce costs through process optimization and shared use of resources, increase profitability through improving product quality and expanding sales markets, increase resilience to crisis situations through diversification of activities, and reduce dependence on external factors. Keywords: agricultural enterprise, costs, diversification, integration, efficiency, product quality.

Study on properties of alkali activated titanium gypsum artificial aggregate concrete

Abstract In order to solve the problem of raw material shortage and solid waste disposal in the construction industry, titanium gypsum was used as raw material to prepare titanium gypsum artificial aggregate by alkali-activated cold bonding. The physical properties and microstructure of aggregates were studied, they were used to replace natural aggregates in unfired bricks. The unburned aggregate of ternary cementitious material system (titanium gypsum, cement, silica fume) was designed, and the best artificial aggregate ratio was selected by physical performance analysis, XRD and SEM analysis. The unburned bricks were prepared by replacing natural gravel with different replacement rates. The physical properties and durability were analyzed by physical test, dry and wet cycle test, and the best utilization method was sought. Main research contents and conclusions: (1) When the ratio of titanium gypsum: cement: silica fume = 7: 2: 1, NaOH: CaO = 1: 1 as the activator, the comprehensive performance of artificial aggregate is the best. According to XRD and SEM analysis, the main products in the titanium gypsum artificial aggregate system are C-S-H and AFt. (2) The compressive strength of the unburned brick prepared by titanium gypsum artificial aggregate completely replacing natural gravel reached 31.40 MPa, and the water absorption rate was 10.18 %. The unburned brick specimens with different substitution rates showed good dry-wet cycle resistance after 15 dry-wet cycles.

ONION CRACKERS SALES FORECASTING USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK METHOD AND HOLT'S DOUBLE EXPONENTIAL SMOOTHING

Changes in product demand is a problem that is often faced by the industry as well as one of them is onion crackers. Tapioca flour is the main ingredient used to make onion crackers. Because the demand for crackers is always changing, this company often experiences excess or shortage of raw materials. If there is an excess of raw materials, the company must incur additional costs for the maintenance and storage of raw materials so that raw materials can be properly stored in accordance with existing standards, which of course costs a lot. Therefore, companies must plan to solve this problem by planning raw material requirements by forecasting raw material requirements using the artificial neural network method and double exponential smoothing holt. The results showed that the artificial network method had a mean square error of 0.120 and the mean square error using the double exponential smoothing method yielded a value of 206.19. Based on these two values, it can be concluded that the artificial neural network method is more accurate than the double exponential smoothing holt method. This can be seen by comparing the roat mean square error values of the two methods..