Replacement Of Raw Materials Research Articles

Utilization of circulating fluidized bed coal ash in autoclaved aerated concrete manufacture by mineral carbonation

Using circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC) ash discharged from thermal power plants, we identified factors affecting mineral carbonation to sequester CO2 and produced autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC). To use CFBC ash as a raw material for AAC, free-CaO, which causes volume expansion, was replaced through hydration and carbonation. During the raw material replacement process, carbonation behavior was confirmed through pH and temperature. A Ca(OH)2 to liquid ratio similar to a fly ash to liquid ratio of 0.25 is considered to provide sufficient diffusion distance, and the reaction rate may increase due to the rise in water temperature caused by Ca2+ leaching. Additionally, the results of XRD, XRF, TG-DTA, and SEM analyses indicate that hydration and carbonation reactions were stably achieved in the materials, suggesting that CO2 sequestration allows the materials to be used as alternative raw materials. After identifying the characteristics of the CFBC ash and the substituted material, AAC was manufactured through pressurized carbonation. The weight change rate, carbonation depth, ventilation rate, pore structure, and compressive strength of the manufactured AAC were measured. As a result, the alternative raw material exhibited higher permeability and a larger pore size range in the specimens compared to the original material, indicating easier CO2 penetration into the specimens. Consequently, this experiment suggests the potential of using the material in AAC production by providing a theoretical basis for solving volume expansion issues associated with concrete admixtures and CO2 sequestration in waste materials.

Replacement of raw materials in the formulation of industrial products based on near-infrared spectroscopy and particle swarm optimization

The replacement of raw materials in formulations is a crucial but challenging issue in industrial production. The goal is to substitute the inadequate or costly raw materials or their combinations with the adequate or potentially adequate inventory but while still ensuring the consistency and stability of product quality. In the present study, near-infrared (NIR) technology is first used for rapid and non-destructive analysis and further comprehensive characterization of the chemical characteristics of different raw materials. Afterwards, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) method is modified for the processing of NIR data and formulation replacement. Under the conditions of optimal constraints, an integrated strategy for replacement and optimization of raw materials in formulation is fully established. This yields optimized results for replacements that meet real demands in formulation design. In addition, the simulation of NIR spectra is initially realized by combining multiple Gaussian functions, which constructs simulated datasets that are suitable for verifying the accuracy and reliability of the proposed method. The real example of the replacement of raw materials is applied to comprehensively demonstrate the effectiveness and capability of the strategies proposed in this study. Among the 3,000 combinations used for formulation replacement, the recommended results obtained through the PSO method exhibit a high targeted proportion, attaining 81.82%, in which the difference between the optimal and original formulation is less than 0.0005. The results of expert validation indicate that 83% of the evaluations are consistent with spectral similarity assessments, which shows that the replaced results effectively meet the requirements for objective, scientific and digitized requirements in product manufacturing. Furthermore, this proposed method is applicable to various analysis and application scenarios on the basis of NIR analysis and global optimization.

Investigation into the Methodology and Implementation of Life Cycle Engineering under China's Carbon Reduction Target in the Process Industry

The industrial sector is the primary source of carbon emissions in China. In pursuit of meeting its carbon reduction targets, China aims to promote resource consumption sustainability, reduce energy consumption, and achieve carbon neutrality within its processing industries. An effective strategy to promote energy savings and carbon reduction throughout the life cycle of materials is by applying life cycle engineering technology. This strategy aims to attain an optimal solution for material performance, resource consumption, and environmental impact. In this study, five types of technologies were considered: raw material replacement, process reengineering, fuel replacement, energy recycling and reutilization, and material recycling and reutilization. The meaning, methodology, and development status of life cycle engineering technology abroad and domestically are discussed in detail. A multidimensional analysis of ecological design was conducted from the perspectives of resource and energy consumption, carbon emissions, product performance, and recycling of secondary resources in a manufacturing process. This coupled with an integrated method to analyze carbon emissions in the entire life cycle of a material process industry was applied to the nonferrous industry, as an example. The results provide effective ideas and solutions for achieving low or zero carbon emission production in the Chinese industry as recycled aluminum and primary aluminum based on advanced technologies had reduced resource consumption and emissions as compared to primary aluminum production.

Valorization of agro-industrial wastes using fungi for industrial enzymes production

Huge quantities of the agricultural wastes are produced from practices related to industrial processing, which are mainly burned and thrown in landfills, becoming a threat to the human health and causing environmental pollution. Agro-industrial residues, such as sugarcane bagasse, orange peel, wheat bran, corn straw, barley, rice straw, corn cob, husk, soy bran, and coffee husk were considered as valuable raw materials that can be converted into products of biotechnological interest using microorganisms. Agro-industrial wastes rich in nutrients, such as proteins, minerals, and sugars that, used as possible low cost substrates, for the fungal cultivation, thus considered as an alternative eco-friendly tool for many biological products of economic value, such as enzymes. Fungi organisms are capable of synthesizing a wide range of relevant oxidative and hydrolytic extracellular enzymes, such as peroxidases, laccases, xylanases, and cellulases. The enzymes secreted fungi, are proteins that function as bio-catalysts, responsible for carrying out various biochemical reactions, which applied in food, detergent, cellulose, paper, cosmetics and textile industries, etc. Thus, the replacement of raw materials with lignocellulosic-sources can result in reducing environmental problems and resolving the pollution associated with their disposal, in addition a higher investment will be gained. Therefore, a review was carried out on the important value of agro-industrial wastes, and the cultivation of fungal isolates for economic production of the industrially important enzymes, based on submerged and solid-state fermentation processes, as well as the important application of these enzymes.

Study on the Use of Coal Bottom Ash as a Raw Material Replacement for the Production of Clay Bricks

Context: Masonry bricks are one of the most widely used building materials in the world, which leads to the overexploitation of its raw materials. Its production consumes a large amount of energy and has a large environmental footprint. The clay brick industry can add residues to its raw materials; among those reported are tea processing waste, brick waste, paper industry residues, waste from coffee mills, and coal ashes. Method: Bottom coal ashes were characterized by X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, electronic microscopy, and particle size analysis. In addition, their density and loss on ignition were determined. The incorporation of ashes in the elaboration of clay bricks was evaluated, with sand replacement percentages of 0, 3, 5, and 7%. Finally, the physical and mechanical properties of the bricks were evaluated. Results: The water absorption and apparent porosity increased, while the compressive strength and bulk density decreased with the incorporation of ash in the brick samples, except for those with a 3% replacement, which showed a better performance in the evaluated properties. Conclusions: Coal bottom ashes have great potential in the manufacturing of clay bricks. The findings of this study indicate that, by incorporating up to 3% ashes, bricks can be obtained which comply with the Colombian regulations.

The study of the feasibility and manufacture of slurry seal surface treatment with steel slag industry wastes: use of basic oxygen furnace (BOF) slag filler as raw material replacement

Slurry seal is a preventive maintenance method to preserve pavement. This research is focused on the effect of steel slag filler (SSF) as a natural filler (NF) substitute on the behaviour of slurry seal mixtures. Five different combinations containing 100% NF, 25% SSF + 75% NF, 50% SSF + 50% NF, 75% SSF + 25% NF, and 100% SSF based on the total filler weight were used. The samples were evaluated by the wet cohesion, wet track abrasion, loaded wheel-displacement, and loaded wheel-sand adhesion tests. For investigating the SSF impact on the performance characteristics of mixtures, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed. The results indicated that mixtures with 75% SSF increase the bitumen cohesion by 45%, decrease the displacement by 50.8%, improve the abrasion resistance by 48.3%, and reduce the bleeding by 29.3%. ANOVA results showed that SSF has the greatest effect on increasing the adhesion and reducing the displacement in slurry seal.

Utilization of steel slag waste as construction material: A review

Rapid population growth, technological advancements in the industry, and the widespread use of new products and services have all contributed to a rapid increase in the quantity and toxicity of modern waste generated in recent decades. The growing environmental pressure to reduce waste and contamination has prompted an extensive study to examine all viable waste reduction and recycling options. Also, the depletion of locally accessible resources and the escalation of transport costs created the possibility for the investigation of cost-effective alternative materials in the construction sector. Although considerable effort has been done over a long period of time in the exploitation of industrial waste, ferrochrome slag has received surprisingly less investigation. The utilization of industrial waste as a partial replacement for raw materials in the construction sector saves precious landfill space and reduces the need for the mining of conventional raw materials. Steel slag is generated as a by-product in significant amounts during the process of producing steel using a submerged electric arc furnace. Steel slag has attracted the attention of researchers as a potential green and sustainable building material because of its unique chemical composition, physical qualities, and mechanical characteristics. This study presents a summary of recent developments in the utilization of steel slag in various construction activities. In addition to this, the review paper looks into the possibility of employing steel slag as aggregates and filler material in place of traditional natural aggregates in construction industries.

Synthesis and hydration of ye’elimite-containing cement (YCC) produced with spent fluid catalytic cracking catalyst

The consumption of petroleum products from fluidized bed catalytic cracking (FCC) units has increased worldwide. One of the primary materials used in this process is the zeolitic catalyst which loses its catalytic capacity over time, generating the spent FCC catalyst – SFCC. This work evaluated the feasibility of using SFCC as raw material for ye'elimite-containing cements (YCC) production. Specifically, six types of clinkers were synthesized in the laboratory, varying the ye’elimite content, with and without SFCC. Powder and in-situ X-ray diffraction (XRD), isothermal calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were conducted in anhydrous and hydrated samples. Clinkers with SFCC stabilized more C4AF than those without SFCC; so there was less Fe3+ available in these systems than in the reference systems to stable the pseudo cubic ye'emelite. As a result, the SFCC-containing cements (with more orthorhombic ye’elimite) had higher reaction rates within the first 12–20 h of hydration. In turn, the higher ye’elimite contents in the high- and medium-ye’elimite reference clinkers led to the further formation of hydrated phases at 28 days of hydration on these samples. The equivalent ye’elimite content in low-ye’elimite clinkers led to equivalent cumulative heat and phase assemblage from 48 h to 28 days. Overall, the use of SFCC allowed to incorporate of up to 20.81 wt% of the residue in raw material replacement, resulting in cements with increased early-age reactivity.

Eco-friendly belite cement from crude calcareous oil shale with low calorific value

Many countries have resources of calcareous oil shale with low calorific value that are unsuitable for energy production. The chemical composition of calcareous oil shale is similar to that of Portland cement clinker. This study aimed to maximize the replacement of raw materials in clinker production with calcareous oil shale, while maintaining standard quality characteristics. Utilization of calcareous oil shale in raw state can partially replace both fuel and other raw materials. In this research, belite-rich Portland cement clinker was produced and studied in the laboratory. Grinding time and sulfate content were optimized and cement was prepared. The cement was investigated and its compliance with standard requirements was tested. We showed that oil shale can replace up to 76 % of raw materials in clinker manufacturing, which is sufficient for calcination and final burning in a rotary kiln. This means that oil shale can partially replace fuel, reducing CO2 emissions during clinker production.

Valuable Biodiesel Catalyst from Solvay Wastewater

Biodiesel is considered a renewable, green fuel as it is derived from renewable living resources like animal fats or vegetable oils. This research is utilized to investigate the possibility of using Solvay wastewater as a source of biodiesel catalyst, which is CaO. CaCl2 from Solvay wastewater reacts with CO2 to produce CaCO3. CaCO3 is then heated to produce pure CaO. Waste cooking oil, wastewater, and CO2, which are considered dangerous materials to the environment, are used to produce valuable products. This research has environmental and economic benefit benefits of using waste materials as a replacement for raw materials. The selected experimental parameters for the CaCO3 production step are stirring rate (500–1300) rpm, CO2 gas flow rate (900–2000) mL/min, amount of ammonia (15–35) mL, and glycerol volume (0–25) mL. The selected experimental parameters for the biodiesel production step are reaction time (2–6) h, methanol to oil ratio (9–15), catalyst loading (1–5) %, and reaction temperature (50–70) °C. The impact of reaction parameters on reaction responses was assessed using the response surface methodology technique. A formula that represents the reaction response as a function of all the independent factors has been created. The optimization of the process is done in two steps: the first one is for the CaCO3 process while the second one is biodiesel production optimization. The first optimization was done to get the CaCO3 with minimum particle size and yield. The second optimization was done to get the maximum amount of biodiesel using minimum energy and low reaction conditions. Process optimization resulted in another economic benefit for this research. The resulted biodiesel yield equals 95.8% biodiesel yield at 2 h reaction time, 15:1 molar ratio of methanol to oil, 56 °C reaction temperature, and 1% catalyst loading.

Assessment of Woodcrete Using Destructive and Non-Destructive Test Methods.

Utilizing solid wastes and industrial by-products as a partial replacement for raw materials has become an acceptable practice among researchers and scientists in the civil engineering field. Sawdust and wood shavings are not an exception; they are being used in concrete as a partial or total replacement for some of its constituents. The main goal of this research is to establish a relation between destructive and non-destructive testing for concrete containing wood shavings as a partial replacement of sand (woodcrete). With this type of material existing, thus the need to understand the behavior of such material becomes urgent and evokes the need to ease the process of the assessment and the evaluation of such materials and therefore provide more understanding of its behavior. In addition to the conventional concrete mix, five mixes of woodcrete were made by replacing fine aggregate by volume with wood shavings at different replacement levels varied from 5% to 50%. Cubic samples were tested at the age of 90 days using nondestructive tests (NDT), namely, rebound hammer test and ultrasonic pulse velocity test. Then, the specimens were tested using a conventional compressive test using a universal compression testing machine. Statistical analysis was performed to establish empirical relations between destructive and non-destructive results. The dynamic modulus of elasticity was calculated, and some formulas to estimate the (compressive) strength of woodcrete using NDT results were proposed and tested against experimental results and showed acceptable results.

Gypsum Mortars with Acacia dealbata Biomass Waste Additions: Effect of Different Fractions and Contents

In recent decades, interest in the eco-efficiency of building materials has led to numerous research projects focused on the replacement of raw materials with mineral and biomass wastes, and on the production of mortars with low-energy-consuming binders, such as gypsum. In this context, five different fractions (bark, wood, branchlets, leaves, and flowers) of Acacia dealbata—an invasive species—were evaluated as fillers for premixed gypsum mortars, at 5% and 10% (vol.) addition levels and fixed water content. Although these biomass fractions had different bulk densities (>50% of variation), all the mortars were workable, although presenting different consistencies. As expected, dry density decreased with biomass addition, but, while mortars with addition at 5% presented a slight shrinkage, a slight expansion occurred with those with 10% addition. Generally, the mechanical properties decreased with the biomass additions even if this was not always proportional to the added content. The wood fraction showed the most positive mechanical results but flexural and compressive strengths of all the tested mortars were found to be higher than the lower standard limit, justifying further studies.

Improving the marmalade technology by adding a multicomponent fruit-and-berry paste

The necessity to optimize the nutritional value of marmalade by using physiologically functional ingredients containing vitamins, dietary fiber, minerals, and other useful substances in its composition has been substantiated. Specifically, using the multicomponent fruit-and-berry paste from apples, quince, black currant has been proposed, which is obtained by an improved technique. The technique is characterized by the rapid dehydration (30...45 s, at 50 °C) of the blended paste in a rotor plant to 28...30 % of dry matter. When studying the dependences of the effective viscosity of paste compositions on the shear rate, it was found that the paste that demonstrated the best indicators contained apple in the amount of 40 %; quince ‒ 50 %; black currant ‒ 10 %. It has been experimentally proven that the rational amount of fruit-and-berry paste is 30 % with a decrease in agar by 30 %. This makes it possible to obtain the jelly-fruit marmalade on agar with a mass fraction of moisture of 18 %, a total acidity of 10 degrees, and a mass fraction of reducing substances not more than 28 %. The products have a sweet-sour taste, with a pleasant aftertaste and the smell of black currant, rich purple color, jelly-like form, and non-tight consistency. The strength of the new samples of marmalade with a decrease in the amount of agar is 18.9 kPa, similar to that of control. The improved technology makes it possible to expand the range of "healthy products", which is achieved by the partial replacement of raw materials with a fruit-and-berry paste, which contains a significant number of physiologically functional components. This allows for an increase in the nutritional value of marmalade, as well as a decrease in the formulation amount of agar, which is expensive, by 30 %. In addition, gentle concentration modes improve the process of paste making

Cleaner production alternatives for a cosmetics industry in Southern Bahia

The production of cosmetics has received attention due to the high demand for beauty and personal care items. In contrast, negative interferences are related to this sector, from obtaining the raw material to the final disposal of packaging. This study aimed to identify critical points and opportunities for environmental improvements in the cosmetic industry in southern Bahia based on the principles of Cleaner Production (CP). The methodology used was based on the principles of Cleaner Production proposed by UNEP/UNIDO and the data collection was carried out through on-site visits including consultation to the company’s files. Also was realized a cross-analysis of the study results with elements identified in the literature that allowed the identification and discussion of CP opportunities, as well as suggestions for improvements to the critical points found. The consumption of raw materials and the generation of solid waste were aspects with more critical points. The refuse of material and inadequate destination of solid residues (oil drums, pallets, among others), as well as the replacement of raw materials by alternative and renewable sources, reverse logistics implementation and redesign of the packaging process were the opportunities for improvement aimed. Other critical points were related to the consumption of water, energy and generation of atmospheric gases. The suggested proposals can promote the reduction in material waste, rework and productivity gains. In addition, they serve as a subsidy and direct environmentally actions more appropriate, once the "clean beauty industry" seems to be a growing trend and a business opportunity, as well as can be requested by environmentally responsible customers in some moments.

Production of asphalt mixes with copper industry wastes: Use of copper slag as raw material replacement

Copper slag is a waste obtained from copper production and it has a limited use, being mainly accumulated in landfills on a massive scale. This material presents a high hardness and it has hydrophobic properties, so it can be used as aggregate replacement in the production of asphalt mixtures. However, each size of copper slag behaves differently when used in asphalt mixes, especially under changing conditions of moisture or temperature. Precisely these climatic factors directly affect the service life of asphalt pavements. In this research, semi-dense graded asphalt mixtures were produced with copper slag as replacement of aggregates, varying the particle sizes used in the range from 2.5 to 0.08 mm to determine the size of copper slag with the best performance. Indirect tensile strength tests were used to analyze samples subjected to different moisture and temperature conditions and ageing degrees. The results show that copper slag can be used as aggregate replacement in asphalt mixes when the proper size is selected. The strength of the asphalt mixture increased as the size of the copper slag increased, especially under variable moisture and ageing conditions. Superior behaviour compared to a reference mixture was obtained when replacing the size of aggregate No. 8 with copper slag, increasing its indirect tensile strength and retained strength, reducing its stiffness under all the ageing periods, and being equally effective at the different temperatures, which results in mixtures with improved durability and delayed cracking. Furthermore, it would help to reduce between 15 and 20% of the virgin aggregate needed to produce asphalt mixes and it would also allow reducing the accumulated volume of this waste, decreasing the environmental impact of both industries.

Determining the authenticity of turmeric

The paper examines the problem of the composition instability in the ready ground spice, turmeric. Analysis of the prevalent methods for turmeric adulteration and substances used for these purposes is given. The visual assessment of color tints of the turmeric root, spices containing it and chemical dyes based on chromium salts is presented. The studies on determination of the lead and chromium content were carried out to study the content of these metals and test the hypothesis of using lead chromate as a dye in adulteration of turmeric. Using the method of electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy, it was found that the lead content in the analyzed turmeric samples varied from 1.72 ± 0.58 to 5.03 ± 1.80 mg/kg, while the chromium content was in a range of 5.56 ± 0.85 to 16.15 ± 2.32 mg/kg. As a result of species specific PCR, wheat DNA was revealed in all purchased samples of ground turmeric. The levels of the main raw material replacement were established, which were 0.14% to 14.95% with the correlation coefficient close to 100%; efficiency of the reaction was 1.95, which was 97.5% when expressed as percentage. These levels of an undeclared allergen in the product composition can cause a serious allergic reaction. The authors tested the hypothesis of introduction of sodium and potassium salts for correction of the color spectrum in the ready spice and its correspondence to the natural color within the color spectrum of turmeric. As a result of the complex study of the spice composition, quite high values of chromium were found, presumably not only from the lead chromate compound but also from chromic acid salts, as the high level of potassium that significantly exceeded the native content of this element was found.

Using of non-traditional raw materials in the technology of cooked sausages with functional purposes

In modern conditions of meat production, one of the priorities of the meat processing industry is the production of products with improved consumer properties. To perform this task, it is necessary to include in the industrial circulation of physiologically functional ingredients of plant origin, which will provide the body with nutrients and expand the range of functional foods. The paper covers the issues of partial replacement of raw materials of animal origin with germinated sea-buckthorn seeds (GSBS) flour as a functional ingredient in the production of sausages. The chemical and vitamin composition of the physiologically functional ingredient has been studied. Three experimental recipes for sausages from GSBS flour has been developed. The positive influence of GSBS flour on functional-technological and physical-chemical properties of the received forcemeat is proved. Organoleptic parameters of sausages from GSBS flour are determined. The use of GSBS flour as a functional ingredient in the technology of sausages affects the appearance, taste, smell. It is established that the increase in the amount of GSBS flour introduction leads to an increase in pH by 0.4–0.8 % and finished products by 6.8 %. The improvement of functional and technological properties of experimental minced meat of sausages based on the use of GSBS flour is proved. The optimal amount of replacement of the main raw material with a physiologically functional ingredient, which is characteristic of the experimental sample № 2. The changes in the qualitative characteristics of the developed sample of sausages, which where within the regulatory requirements. The addition of 10 % GSBS flour to the minced meat of sausages leads to a slight increase in protein with a significant reduction in lipid content by 4.4 % in the finished product. As a result, the caloric content of Altaiska functional sausage is reduced by 13.2 % compared to traditional products. Production of such products will allow to expand the domestic range of functional products. Consumption of such sausages allows to consider them as foodstuff with essentially new functional properties which would correspond to modern requirements concerning food.

Evaluating Biomass Ash Properties as Influenced by Feedstock and Thermal Conversion Technology towards Cement Clinker Production with a Lower Carbon Footprint

Purpose: This study evaluates the potential of biomass ash as raw clinker material and the influence of biomass feedstock and thermal conversion technology on biomass ash properties. Methods: A set of criteria for biomass feedstock and ash properties (i.e. CaO/SiO2 ratio and burnability) are established. A large dataset was collected and the best combination of biomass feedstock and conversion technology regarding the desired ash quality was identified. Results: Wood biomass has the highest potential to provide the right CaO/SiO2 ratio which is needed to form clinker minerals. Bark content and exogenous Si inclusion in wood biomass have a large influence on the CaO/SiO2 ratio. Paper sludge is composed of Ca, Si and Al and can potentially serve as a source of cement elements. Wood fly ash from pulverized fuel combustion can substitute a considerable amount of raw clinker materials due to its similar burnability. The replacement ratio is determined by the content of adverse elements in the ash (i.e. MgO2 and P2O5). Conclusion: Using biomass ash to lower the CO2 emission from clinker production depends on the joint effort of bioenergy producers, by providing higher quality biomass ash, and cement makers, by adapting the kiln operation to enable a high level of raw material replacement by biomass ash.The presented evaluation of the ash production chain, from biomass selection through combustion technology and ash management, provides new insights and recommendations for both stakeholders to facilitate this sustainable development.Graphic

Recovery of Mining Wastes in Building Materials: A Review

The use of materials from waste in buildings compensates for the lack of natural resources, solves the problem of waste management and provides an alternative technique for protection of the environment. There are a large number of industrial wastes that are used for full or partial replacement of raw materials in some construction materials. This review assesses mining waste in concrete as a substitute for aggregates and cement; in fired bricks as a substitute for soil; and in road backfill as a substitute for soil. This paper reviews some mining tailings, mine waste rocks and some slags obtained in the exploitation and/or processing of some ores including iron, gold, lead, phosphate, copper, coal, etc. Different physical properties, mechanical properties, chemical properties, heavy metal content, mineralogic composition, geotechnical properties and environmental properties (leaching test) of the mine wastes were examined. The physical, mechanical and environmental properties of the materials obtained by substitution of raw materials by mine waste were examined and compared to reference materials. Mining waste in cementitious materials offers good compressive strengths, while the porosity of the concrete and/or mortar is a factor influencing its toxicity. As for the waste in fired bricks, fired at a temperature of 900°C or more, it offers convincing compressive and flexural strengths. The few research studies obtained on the use of mining waste in road embankments have shown that mining waste can be used as a sub-base layer and backfill as long as it is not toxic. In addition, several other mining wastes require special attention as substitutes for raw materials in construction materials, such as coltan, cobalt.

Veterinary-sanitary evaluation of high-class boiled sausage “Likarska”

Today in Ukraine the part of the sausage production segment is about 30 % of all ready meat products. The boiled sausages play the main role among them. About 65 % of general assortment belongs to them among consumers. Safety and quality assurance of sausage is impossible without the conformity of requirements and recipes. The SSTU 4436:2005 “Boiled sausages, sausages, meat breads. General specifications” regulates them in Ukraine. However, today is observed the significant growth of sausages assortment, which are produced by recipes of producers. It allows them to use in production different nutritional supplements, replacement of raw materials, etc. Recent publications of experts shows that about 80 % of food products are falsified. The most common is assortment falsification. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to analyze the conformity of quality and safety parameters of high-class boiled sausage “Likarska” from the different producers to the SSTU 4436:2005 “Boiled sausages, sausages, meat breads. General specifications”. The materials of our study were the samples of high-class boiled sausage “Likarska” from the several domestic producers: LLC “Alan” (Dnipro), JV “Vekka” LLC (Odessa region, Lyman district, Blagodatne), LLC “Globino Meat Factory” (Poltava region, Globin district, Globino), LLC “Khodoriv Meat Factory” (Lviv region, Zhydachiv district, Khodoriv). The samples were selected by the control purchase in Odessa trading network (“METRO”, “Silpo”, “FOZZY”) and in Lviv trading network (“Vopak”, “МЕТРО”, “Silpo”). As a result 20 samples were selected and investigated in general. The studies were conducted during 2019–2020 on the basis of Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Veterinary Medicine (Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biotecnologies of Odessa State Agrarian University) and on the basis of the laboratory of Department of Veterinary-Sanitary Inspection (Stepan Gzhytskyi National University of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies, Lviv). We selected the samples, carried out sanitary assessments of sausages, determined the microbiological parameters in accordance with applicable regulations. We determined the physico-chemical parameters using the device FoodScan, radionuclides content – by β-γ-spermometry and the general toxicity – using the express method with the infusorium Colpoda steinii. According to the results of analysis of labeling we found out that the packaging (label) of all producers which were studied contains the basic production and consumer information. The analysis of the organoleptical, microbiological indicators and the radionuclides content of samples which were studied established their compliance with the requirement of SSTU 4436:2005. The total toxicity of sausages also wasn’t established. At the same time the analysis of physico-chemical parameters revealed non-compliance with SSTU 4436:2005 requirements by the mass fraction of protein in sausage “Likarska”, which was produced by JV “Vekka” LLC (10.95 ± 0.01 %) and LLC “Globino Meat Factory” (10.68 ± 0.02 %).