Proportion Of Raw Materials Research Articles

Experimental Determination of Physical Properties of aSun Dried Clay Bricks with Cement and Ashes

The rising cost of cement and the problem of waste disposal with regard to coconut and rice husks lead to research on a clay brick with good physical properties that can replace cement brick and at the same time keep our environment clean. In line with this, bricks were moulded with clay, cement, rice husk ash, and coconut husk ash. The bricks were analyzed to determine their physical properties. In this study, a set of tables for mixing the proportion of raw material in grams with 33.3 cm3 of water, the table involved the addition of a certain additive to clay to improve the physical properties of adobe bricks developed. Five bricks were constructed for seventeen samples that give a total of 85 bricks which were tested in the laboratory for physical properties. The results shows that the bricks constructed with clay mixed with cement and coconut husk ash has the highest compressive strength of 4270.0 x 10-3 Nmm-2 and a modulus of rupture of 1750.0 x 10-2 Nmm2. The bricks constructed with clay, cement and ricehusk ash and bricks of clay mixed with cement and rice husk ash and coconut husk ash both are having the highest water absorption of 1000 cm3. This result indicated that the brick moulded with clay, cement and coconut husk ash is stronger for building thatcan stay for many years without collapsing. Also, it indicated that the bricks moulded with clay, and coconut husk ash were good for the low heat conduction in the houses. And also bricks constructed with clay, cement, rice husk ash and coconut husk ash has low weight and can be used for the construction of lightweight houses.

Effects of raw materials proportions on the sensory quality and antioxidant activities of apple/berry juice

In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to study the effects of proportions of raw materials on the antioxidant activities of juices comprising mixtures of apples and berries (mixed juice; MJ). Among the four juices added, Acanthopanax sessiliflorus juice (ASJ) and its interaction with other juices had the most influence on the antioxidant activities. The MJ was optimized by blending 30% apple juice (AJ), 5% raspberry juice (RJ), 20% BJ, and 20% ASJ with 25% water. Sensory evaluation (SE) scores, scavenging rates of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) in MJ were 89.67%, 64.80%, and 73.30%, respectively. The results of electronic tongue (e-Tongue) analysis show that the MJ reduced sourness, astringency and bitterness and improved sensory acceptance. Total phenolic content (TPC) and free radical scavenging activities in MJ was also increased compared with individual component juices. These findings should provide guidance for formulating new apple/berry compound juices.

Analysis of Rational Proportion of Raw Materials Based on Biomass

Most of the air pollutants in the steel industry come from the sintering process, and the air pollutants produced by the sintering process mainly come from the sinter fuel (coke breeze). The S and N content of biomass fuel is low; therefore, biomass fuel is used instead of coke breeze for sintering to reduce the emission of the sinter flue gas pollutants. However, the use of biomass fuel reduces the sintering layer temperature, which results in the deterioration of the sinter properties. In order to ensure the quality of sintering base on biomass fuel, the thermodynamic calculation and related experiments were carried out, the effects of different basicity, MgO and Al2O3 content on the formation of low melting point minerals in sintered mixture were studied, and the suitable composition of sintered mixture was determined in this paper, so as to reduce the liquid phase formation temperature of sinter and increase in biomass fuel addition, which provided theoretical support for the application of biomass fuel in sintering. Experimental results indicate that the suitable conditions for the low-temperature sintering were a basicity of 2.0, and MgO and Al2O3 contents of 1.0% and 1.8%, respectively. Under this condition, more biomass fuel can be used to replace coke breeze, and the emission of flue gas pollutants can be greatly reduced.

Mahogany Sawdust Tannin as Ink Source

This study aimed to produce ink from Mahogany sawdust tannin. Specifically, it sought to determine the physical properties of ink using different amounts of glycerol as mordant; the physical properties of ink using different amounts of glycerol in terms of color, odor, and pH; the acceptability of the ink in terms of color, odor, and absorptivity; the best proportion of raw materials in the production of ink; and whether a significant difference exists in the physical properties of the inks in terms of pH. The study used the developmental and descriptive method that involved the production of ink, observation, and testing of the aforementioned properties, as well as a survey of the acceptability of the ink. One-way Analysis of Variance was used to determine whether significant difference exists in the pH of the inks produced using different amounts of glycerol. Findings of the study show that all three sample proportions were black, had a faint pleasant odor, and the pH values were consistent. The ink from Mahogany sawdust tannin was acceptable in terms of color, odor, and absorptivity. The best proportion of the raw materials in the production of ink is 10 milliliters tannin extract, 1 gram ferrous sulfate, 1 gram sodium chloride, 1 milliliter ethyl alcohol, and 3 milliliters glycerol. It has a darker color compared to the other two proportions containing 1 mL and 2 mL of glycerol, respectively. There is no significant difference in pH among the three ink samples containing different amounts of glycerol. The ink produced from Mahogany sawdust has been found very highly acceptable.

Preparation of Bulk TiZrNbMoV and NbTiAlTaV High-Entropy Alloys by Powder Sintering

The refractory HEAs block material was prepared by powder sintering, using an equal atomic proportion of mixed TiZrNbMoV and NbTiAlTaV metal powder raw materials. The phase was analyzed, using an XRD. The microstructure of the specimen was observed, employing a scanning electron microscope, and the compressive strength of the specimen was measured, using an electronic universal testing machine. The results showed that the bulk cubic alloy structure was obtained by sintering at 1300 °C and 30 MPa for 4 h, and a small amount of complex metal compounds were contained. According to the pore distribution, the formed microstructure can be divided into dense and porous zones. At a compression rate of 10−4s−1, the yield strengths of TiZrNbMoV and NbTiAlTaV alloys are 1201 and 700 MPa, respectively.

Production of Lightweight Concrete by Using Polystyrene (cork) waste

There are two important subjects in the local and global areas, the first is the environmental pollution and the second is economic advantages of recycling and reusing of industrial materials. One of the most important industrial materials is cork waste. Because of many good properties of cork, like compressibility and a good ability to mould according to human needs, this material become as an important material in several life categories. This research work includes production of new type of light weight concrete and studies the mechanical and thermal properties. Several proportions of raw materials were used to produce this type of concrete. This study is intended to produce light weight concrete with low thermal conductivity so that it can be used for concrete masonry units. Polystyrene aggregate was added as percentages by weight of cement to improve the thermal properties of this type of concrete. Mechanical, and thermal tests with difference ages were made in this work. For polystyrene concrete with polystyrene cement ratio (p/c) of (2.67 – 6)%, the 28-day compressive strength range is from (4.31 – 2.67)MPa, flexural strength range is from (3.05-1.719) MPa, density range is from (1493-1213) kg/m3, and thermal conductivity range is from (0.91-0.782)% as a percentage by that of reference mix. The study show suitability of this type of concrete to be used in concrete masonry units of non-bearing walls.

바이오디젤부문의 경제적 파급효과 비교 분석

This study sought to investigate the economic effects of a biodiesel sector. To achieve this goal, this study applied an input-output (IO) analysis to evaluate the economic effects of biodiesel and diesel sectors using the 2018 IO table published by the Bank of Korea in 2020. As a result of IO analysis for a biodiesel mixing ratio of 3% (750 thousand k1), biodiesel showed a higher production-inducing effect, value-added creation effect, and employment-inducing effect over diesel. In comparisons between biodiesel scenarios, with the exception of the import-inducing effect, the higher the proportion of domestic raw materials, the higher the production, value-added, and employment inducing effects were.

Stiffness and strength development of the soft clay stabilized by the one-part geopolymer under one-dimensional compressive loading

In this paper, the one-part alkali-activated geopolymer was adopted as the soil binder to stabilize the soft clay under the one-dimensional compressive loading. Factors influencing the stiffness and strength of the one-part geopolymer stabilized soil such as the proportion of silicon-aluminum raw materials, the mass ratio of solid NaOH (NH) to raw materials and the water-binder ratio were taken into account. The stiffness development of the one-part geopolymer stabilized soft clay under one-dimensional compressive loading was investigated by an improved transducer system equipped with a pair of bender extender elements and the tactile pressure sensor, from which the time history of earth pressure coefficient (i.e., K0) and elastic wave velocity (i.e., the compression wave velocity VP and the shear wave velocity VS) of the stabilized soil sample could be measured, respectively. Furthermore, the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of the stabilized soil sample cured under varied one-dimensional compressive loadings was tested to reveal the strength development of the geopolymer stabilized soil sample. Among different mixing proportions, the alkali-activated binary precursor [90% ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and 10% fly ash (FA)] exhibits the highest performance in terms of the VS, VP and UCS of the geopolymer stabilized soil sample when the activator/precursor and water/solid ratio are 0.15 and 0.7 (i.e., the 4.67 mol/L of NH solution), respectively. The prediction of UCS for the one-part geopolymer stabilized soft clay was proposed and established based on the elastic wave velocity (i.e., VS and VP). The outcome of the current study sheds light on the practical use of the one-part alkali-activated geopolymer as a soil binder in ground improvement.

Foaming performance of the closed–pore foamed ceramics using silicon nitride as a foaming agent and sodium tetraborate as a modifier of foaming

Using silicon nitride as a foaming agent and sodium tetraborate as a modifier of foaming, foamed ceramics (FCs) with porous internal structure and dense surface were prepared by a high temperature foaming method based on the foaming mechanism which is simultaneous occurrence of oxygen diffusion from the air into the molten matrix balanced with the generation of the oxidation–derived nitrogen from silicon nitride at a specific molten matrix viscosity. The foaming performance of the FCs was improved significantly by establishing the conditions for the best synergy between the generation rate of the oxidation–derived nitrogen and the viscosity of the molten matrix during sintering. By synergistically changing the proportion of raw materials and the sintering time at 1150–1250 °C, the FCs demonstrated excellent overall properties with a high closed porosity of 89 %, a low bulk density of 0.32 g/cm3 and a relatively high compressive strength of 6.2 MPa.

Low-cost and facile fabrication of recyclable and reusable waste-based geopolymer for visible-light photocatalysis degradation

The development of a cost-effective and highly reusable visible-light responsive photocatalyst is necessary for reducing the costs of contaminant photodegradation. In this study, a novel visible-light driven waste-based loaded-geopolymer photocatalyst was prepared by a facile method. CdS nanoparticles were successfully loaded in the geopolymer slice by geopolymerization, and the optimal proportions of raw materials (CdS, Fe2O3, drinking water treatment residual, granulated blast furnace slag) were determined. The results indicated that the waste-based geopolymer loaded with 4 wt% CdS achieved the best photocatalytic performance of organic dye in aqueous solution. Geopolymer slice provided an easily recyclable and reusable carrier for CdS nanoparticles in the photocatalytic process that efficiently separated the photogenerated charges. In this sample, the recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs and photocorrosion of CdS were reduced, which effectively enhanced the reusability of loaded geopolymer. Overall, this work presents an effective and facile method for the rapid fabrication of visible-light driven loaded photocatalyst and provides a strategy by which the recyclability of photocatalyst could be enhanced.

Synthesis of N-doped hierarchical porous carbon with excellent toluene adsorption properties and its activation mechanism

Typical organic pollutants from coal-combustion flue gas such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) need to be effectively controlled. This work synthesized a series of nitrogen-doped hierarchical porous carbons (NHPCs) by one-step activation with various proportions of cellulose, (NH4)2C2O4 and KHCO3/NaHCO3. The NHPCs have a high specific surface area and pore volume up to 2816 m2/g and 1.413 cm3/g as well as a hierarchical porous structure with micro-meso-macropores distribution. The dynamic adsorption tests of toluene at 600 ppm showed that NHPCs have a high adsorption capacity up to 585 mg/g (NHPC(K)131), this was about 3 times more than that of AC (208 mg/g), and is a better absorbent compared to many other carbon adsorbents. The porous characteristics and toluene adsorption properties of NHPCs improved along with the fluctuation of the proportions of raw materials and active agents. The micropore size of the material is the main factor that affecting the toluene adsorption capacity. The analysis of toluene dynamic adsorption breakthrough curves revealed that NHPCs had great toluene adsorption kinetics with high adsorption rate constants and short mass transfer zone. The excellent toluene adsorption kinetics of NHPCs can be attributed to the hierarchical porous structure. The abundant 2–10 nm mesopores and macropores of NHPCs act as mass transfer channels for toluene molecules. The XPS analysis showed that the NHPCs have nitrogen doping up to 6.71% (NHPC(Na)161) and they effectively promote toluene adsorption. The nitrogen doping mechanism can be attributed to the reactions between cellulose pyrolysis substances and NH3 which decomposed from (NH4)2C2O4. Moreover, the pore forming reactivity of KHCO3 is better than that of NaHCO3 in the NHPCs activation process.

Concrete Mix Design by IS, ACI and BS Methods: A Comparative Analysis

Concrete is one of the most consumable construction materials on the earth. The concrete constitutes cement, sand, gravel, water and/or additives in definite proportions. The proportions of raw materials of concrete are decided by the concrete mix design. The mix design depends on the various factors. For mix design, most of the countries have their own specifications. In the present study, standard guidelines of India, Britain and America for the concrete mix design have been discussed. The concrete grades of M25, M35 and M45 were designed and compared. Indian Standards were also compared. It was concluded that new revised version of Indian Standard code has the lowest value of water/cement ratio and highest quantity of cement as compared to other standards.

Effect of Ni-Cr-Fe powder formulation on performance of porous materials based on Ink-jet Printing technology

Ni-Cr-Fe porous material has the advantages of high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance and good permeability. It has good application prospect and development value as filtration, sound absorption, energy absorption and biological functional materials. In this paper, Ni-Cr-Fe as the main raw material, and PVP, carbon powder, starch as additives, using In-kjet printing molding process, the proportion of raw materials and additives as different levels of orthogonal experiment, the optimal formula was studied. The optimum combination of parameters was obtained by means of open porosity test, hardness test, compression test and comprehensive factor balance analysis. The results showed that the ratio of Ni-Cr-Fe was 20:50:30, carbon powder was 3%, PVP was 15%, and starch was 0.8%. The technological process of preparing Ni-Cr-Fe porous materials by Ink-jet printing technology is discussed in detail, and the adhesive formula and ink formula suitable for Ni-Cr-Fe powder material are provided, which provides practical proof for the indirect pore forming theory of binder.

Preparation of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete from Construction Waste

This research focuses on the preparation of autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) with construction waste as the main raw materials. The properties of dry density and compressive strength of AAC were tested to determine the optimum mix proportion of raw materials and the construction waste fineness. The results indicated that the optimum mix proportion of raw materials was consist of 55-65% construction waste, 15-21% cement and 18-22% quicklime, together with 2% gypsum and 0.1% aluminum powder, the construction waste was mechanically milled for 20 min, and cured in the conditions of autoclave pressure 1.5 MPa for 6 h, the compressive strength of AAC samples were higher than 5.0 MPa, and dry density value could reach 650-700 Kg/m3, which meet the requirements of A5.0 B07 grade in the Autoclaved aerated concrete blocks (GB11968-2006). The analysis of microstructure and phase compositions of the AAC samples showed that the tobermorite, calcite and CSH were formed in the process of autoclave curing, and CSH gels were combined through the skeletons formed by tobermorite crystals, the interconnected and porous microstructure contributed to the good properties of low density and high strength of AAC.

Recycling nutrient-rich hop leaves by composting with wheat straw and farmyard manure in suitable mixtures

The harvesting of hops (Humulus lupulus L.) generates large amounts of nutrient-rich leaves that can be used in composting mixtures to add value to other organic resources on the farm. In this study, hop leaves were mixed with cow manure and wheat straw in several combinations with the aim of establishing guidelines on how farmers can manage the raw materials and better use these valuable organic resources. The composting process was monitored and the quality of the composts evaluated in relation to the effects on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) grown in pots over two consecutive cycles. The mixture of hop leaves with cow manure produced a stable compost after nine months of composting which may be used in horticultural crops, irrespective of the proportion of raw materials, due to their low and similar C/N ratios. However, when using mixtures of leaves and straw in proportions of less than 2:1, the composts did not mature properly, showing high C/N ratios. Their application to the soil led to a strong reduction in plant tissue N concentrations, due to biological N immobilization, which significantly reduced lettuce dry matter yield. Thus, to reduce composting time and increase the quality of the compost, the ratio leaves/straw should be as high as possible, at least 2:1. Alternatively, either the composting process should take longer, or the poorly-matured compost be applied far in advance of sowing a crop so that complementary biological processes can take place in the soil, as recorded in the second cycle of lettuce. Ash from hop stems did not benefit the composting process and proved itself not to be worth using in mixtures.

Optimization Model and Pollution Treatment of Sintering Ore Distribution

sintering process plays an important role in iron and steel smelting process. The subsequent production of blast furnace ironmaking is directly affected by the quality of sinter. Among them, the proportion of raw materials and the advanced degree of sintering process are the two main factors affecting the quality of sinter. Because the control parameters of sintering process are too many and the physical and chemical process is too complex, it is difficult to establish and control the model accurately. Therefore, workers have long relied on experience to set temperature and other factors to engage in production, resulting in the quality of sinter is unstable, the cost is not easy to be controlled. Moreover, the flue gas produced in the sintering process will have different effects on the environment. Through the data analysis of the ore distribution scheme and the results of the physicochemical analysis of sinter in a steel plant, two aspects of the work are completed: one is to establish the optimal model of the cost of the sintering process, and the most suitable temperature for the sintering process. The second is the analysis of harmful components produced in sintering process.

Characteristics of vegetarian patties burgers made from tofu and tempeh

Patties burgers are generally made from beef with the addition of seasonings and produced through molding and heating process. This study aimed to development of vegetarian burgers aims by determining the effect of the proportion of raw materials on characteristics of vegetarian burgers. The treatments being tested were proportion of raw materials namely tempeh (100%), tempeh: tofu (50:50), and tofu (100%). The results showed that raw material had significant effect on moisture content, color of raw and cooked burgers, texture, cooking yield and moisture retention of vegetarian burger. Tempeh-based burgers produce more compact texture compared to tofu-based burgers. Tempeh-based burgers have highest texture values, namely 7.51 N hardness, 2.18 mm springiness, 4.75 N gumminess, and chewiness 10.32 mJ. Tofu-based burgers have highest brightness color values, at raw L 71.19 and at cooked L 51.61. The highest moisture content in raw burgers was found in tofu burgers 74.49%, but in cooked burger, tofu burger has lowest moisture content 23.35%. Tempeh burgers has highest cooking yield 78.05% and highest moisture retention 34.84%. The use of tempeh in tofu and tempeh mixed burgers increases value of texture, cooking yield and moisture retention of burger compared to tofu-based burgers.

Biomass bottom ash waste and by-products of the acetylene industry as raw materials for unfired bricks

This research aims to study the feasibility of using wastes: biomass bottom ash resulting from the combustion process of a mix of pine-olive pruning in power generation plants, and Geosilex, a by-product obtained in the acetylene industry, as raw materials in the manufacture of unfired bricks. These materials were characterized physically, chemically and mineralogically. Different proportions of raw materials have been investigated; biomass bottom ash (100-20 wt %) and Geosilex (0–80 wt %). The specimens were obtained by compression at 10 MPa and cured for 28 days in water. The physical, mechanical and thermal properties of the unfired bricks have been evaluated. Optimum results have been obtained for specimens with 70–60 wt % of biomass bottom ash and 30–40 wt % of Geosilex, presenting the best mechanical properties, with compressive strength values of 52 MPa and thermal conductivity of 0.52–0.57 W/mK, respectively. These unfired bricks presented a greater quantity of hydrated calcium silicates and hydrated calcium aluminates that provide mechanical properties. This fact is due to that these specimens had the optimal amount of pozzolanic materials, Ca(OH)2 present in the cementing agent Geosilex and SiO2 and Al2O3, present in the ash. Recycling these raw materials in unfired bricks implies significant economic and environmental benefits owing to wastes are used as substitutes for natural raw materials.

Preparation of CdS semiconductor nanomaterials with different morphologies

Cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanocrystals were successfully prepared by hydrothermal method, and chromium nitrate [Cd(NO3)2] was used as the source of cadmium, thiourea as the source of sulfur, and hexamethylenetetramine [(CH2)6N4, HMT] as a capping agent. In this paper, the shape and size of nanocrystals were regulated by adjusting the preparation process, such as the proportion of raw materials and the amount of capping agent. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to identify structure of CdS nanostructures, and morphologies were examined by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

Prediction of compressive strength of geopolymer products using central composite design

Geopolymer products are formed by mixing of raw materials in the presence of activator solution of sodium hydroxide. The raw materials such as fly ash & bottom ash are by-products of power plants and granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) is a by product of steel production units. Environment friendly disposal of these by products are a challenging problem because of the cost involved. This paper deals with the development of eco-friendly geopolymer products by using these industrial by- products. For effective use of these products it is important to know how the composition, concentration of activator solution and exposure to adverse environment affects the compressive strength of the product. In order to develop mathematical models to predict the effects of proportion of different raw materials, exposure time in various atmospheres (such as air, acetic acid, magnesium sulphate, sodium sulphate and sodium chloride) and concentration of activator solution on compressive strength of geopolymers, the statistical technique of Central Composite Design is chosen. The maximum compressive strengths predicted by the models for the cases, when samples are exposed to 1%, 2%, 3% NaCl solution are 12.79Mpa, 10.91 MPa and 11.38 MPa respectively, at the end of 140 days. Compared to that, the predicted compressive strength of the sample exposed to airis 14.33 MPa at the end of 140 days. The other important observation is that, in both the cases, the compressive strengths are increasing with the length of exposure time. This assumes importance as NaCl solution is highly corrosive. The peak values in both the cases are yet to reach. These are the most significant results that are obtained in this study.