Raw Material Procurement Research Articles

Traceological analysis of lithics from the Camel Site, al-Jawf, Saudi Arabia: an experimental approach to identifying mineral processing activities using silcrete tools

The Camel Site is in the north of Saudi Arabia in the province of al-Jawf. It is characterised by three decaying sandstone hillocks with life-sized 3D engravings (or reliefs) of camels and equids likely carved during later prehistory. A survey in the central area of the site identified clusters of flakes and other flintknapping remains in the lower areas between the sandstone spurs and larger silcrete tools directly underneath the animal depictions. Some of these tools presented abraded edges, possibly from prolonged contact with the soft and abrasive sandstone that constitutes the rock spurs where the animals were carved. Experiments were performed to test this hypothesis and have a reference collection for further traceological analysis. The chaine opératoire of the experimental engraving tools, from raw material procurement, tool manufacture and use, reuse and discard, was conducted with locally available materials comparable to the archaeological specimens. Specific experimental variables, including how the force was applied, in what direction the movement took place and the orientation of the stone tool during the experiment, were also recorded. Macro- and microscopic analyses of the experimental collection and a sample of archaeological artefacts seem to show that the ancient tools found on the surface were probably used to make the camelid and equid reliefs at the site.

Subjective Well-Being of the Employee In Manufacturing Industry In Pandemic Covid-19

This study aimed to determine the impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on the subjective well-being of the employee in Rattan Industry Trangsan Sukoharjo, Central Java, Indonesia. The mixed methods were used in this study. There are used the well-being scale to measure the subjective well-being of the employee and also used interviews for a qualitative approach. The research subjects were 30 employees consisting of 6 women and 24 men. The subjective well-being scale used in this study refers to the concept proposed by Diener (2000) which consists of 15 items with 5 choices. The results of the t-test show that there are differences in subjective well-being between the sample of subjects and the population. The hypothetical and empirical mean t-test shows that t=58.563 (p<0.05). This study indicated that the subjective well-being of the employee in the Rattan Manufacturing Industry Trangsan is better than the population. The data from interviews show that during the pandemic, exports demand from overseas such as Australia, the USA, and Europe increased. These demands allow the employee to continue their activity and led to the salary increment of the employee. Increasing income makes workers happier at work it improves their subjective well-being. However, the employees have complained about the lack of raw materials and containers. This study is expected to provide information for the government and policymakers to facilitate the export process and procurement of raw materials. Therefore, the sustainability of the product and the production process will be able to run smoothly and it also has an impact on increasing the subjective wellbeing of the employee.

Los Aljezares archaeological site (Alicante, Spain) and the MIS 6/5 open‐air settlement in the Iberian Peninsula

ABSTRACTThe record of open‐air Middle Palaeolithic sites in the Iberian Peninsula—specifically in the Mediterranean basin—is scarce, hampering the interpretation of the landscape use strategies developed by Neanderthals in this area. In this work, we present Los Aljezares, a new Middle Palaeolithic site found in Pleistocene fluvio‐lacustrine deposits in the sedimentary basin of the Vinalopó River. A U/Th age (132 ± 10 ka) from associated carbonate deposits allows us to attribute the site to the uppermost part of the Middle Pleistocene to Late Pleistocene (marine isotope stage 6/5). To date, a total of two levels of human occupation have been identified in which the density of lithic remains is low compared with cave and rock shelter sites in the region. The first results of technology and use‐wear, raw material procurement and geological data indicate a settlement in Los Aljezares along a territory characterised by ephemeral channels and their associated palustrine and lacustrine zones. This palaeoenvironmental setting provided biotic and abiotic resources in a transit area between inland and coastal locations.

Sustainable changes in beauty market trends focused on the perspective of safety in the post-coronavirus disease-19 period.

BackgroundIn February 2020, WHO announced the outbreak of coronavirus disease‐19 (COVID‐19) in a global epidemic, and the COVID‐19 vaccine has recently been developed and approved in many countries to release disease radio waves. Immediately distributed and used to control and control infections. During the COVID‐19 pandemic, the world closed extensively in beauty and beauty services to control the spread of the virus.ObjectivesTherefore, this study for the first time that the perspective of safety in sustainable may be applied to the entire alteration of beauty industry market in the post‐COVID‐19 pandemic for literature review.MethodsA Narrative Review is proposed as a new report and commentary on the sustainable change of beauty market trends centered on safety due to the COVID‐19 pandemic in December 2020. It was written with reference to keywords such as “Covid Beauty Market,” “Covid Sustainable,” “Covid clean beauty,” and “Safety beauty.” This study was performed by searching on PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and ResearchGate. A total of 383 papers were retrieved, of which 36 were successfully included in this study.ResultsAnalysis of customers and markets in the beauty industry since COVID‐19 was absolutely required at this time. Harmful and safe edible ingredients of clean beauty perspective should be compared and analyzed. In addition, importance of sustainability value from a clean beauty perspective should be considered.ConclusionThere is an era in which the perspective of safety in sustainable may be applied to the entire beauty industry today. In addition, depending on the customer's perception change, beyond the ingredients, raw material procurement of products, manufacturing process, product experiments, etc. are part of clean beauty to minimize carbon emissions, water use, recycle product containers, and reduce waste.

New perspectives on an “old” technique: Lipari obsidian and Neolithic communities investigated by Fission Track Dating

Abstract “Lipari obsidian and Neolithic human communities in the Aeolian islands” is a project aimed at studying the connection between obsidian flows on the island of Lipari and Neolithic populations on the Aeolian archipelago, in Italy. As it is well known, obsidian is of particular interest to trace prehistorical trading patterns; indeed, Lipari obsidian has the widest distribution and has been found in southern France, Dalmazia, Sicily and mainland Italy. The project outputs will give a general vision of both archaeological and volcanological aspects through the stratigraphic and radiometric dating of eruptions which produced obsidian, in relationship with the first phases of the human settlements and row material exploitation. To reach this goal, we are considering both raw materials (geological samples) from different flows and artefacts from Neolithic settlements (archaeological samples) on the Aeolian islands, and performing fission-track dating to get the age of obsidian sources and artefacts. Obtained results are expected to shed some new light on the raw material procurement and on the ability of the Neolithic populations to move from their locations, with particular attention to the consequences of environmental features on the first human settlements on the Aeolian islands.

Archaic Period Lithic Technology, Sedentism, and Subsistence in Northern Belize: What Can Debitage at Caye Coco and Fred Smith Tell Us?

Despite the abundance of lithic debitage at preceramic sites in the Maya Lowlands, these data have rarely been studied in detail. We analyzed the chipped chert debitage from Caye Coco and Fred Smith, two Archaic period sites in the Freshwater Creek drainage of northern Belize, to evaluate strategies of lithic raw material procurement, stone tool production, and tool use. The technological and use-wear analyses of the debitage demonstrate that the sites’ inhabitants procured most of their tool stone from the Northern Belize Chert-bearing Zone (NBCZ) and relied on hard-hammer percussion to produce flakes for use as expedient tools and some crude bifaces and unifaces. Although similar patterns of raw material procurement and tool production are demonstrated at both sites, some differences exist, including bipolar reduction at Caye Coco. Based on use-wear analysis, the debitage at the island site of Caye Coco was primarily used for working wood, shell, and hard contact materials and for digging soil. On the shore at Fred Smith, most use-wear is consistent with working wood, plants, and hard contact materials, as well as digging soil. For both sites, analyses suggest the increasing importance of a horticultural subsistence strategy with reduced mobility and reliance on some cultigens that were locally produced.

A method of plantation growing of fir and a device for planting it

The article deals with the creation of innovative technologies that ensure the rational use of natural resources in the forestry industry, in particular, the technology of plantation artificial reproduction of fir trees. A methodological approach to the design of fir plantations for sustainable forest management in the production of fir oil has been developed. The aim of the work is to solve problematic issues of procurement of raw materials for the production of fir oil and other products of processing of fir boughs. A rational sequence for the development of forest areas and the design of a device for planting containerized fir seedlings are proposed.

Survey for Chert Outcrops in the Western Hisma Basin, Southern Jordan and Its Implications for Paleolithic Raw Material Procurement

Survey for Chert Outcrops in the Western Hisma Basin, Southern Jordan and Its Implications for Paleolithic Raw Material Procurement

Inventory Modeling: A Five Step Approach

Inventory is the array of finished goods, spares, raw materials, and other substances required in the production of the finished goods and it is a major asset to a typical manufacturing company. When utilized properly, it can yield great profits for an organization and when not managed in an optimized way, it can incur big losses. There are various methods for inventory control, some of them being JIT (just in time inventory), cross-docking, and cycle counting. But these methods never yielded dividends to companies in getting control over their inventories. Therefore the need for proper inventory models to help maintain optimal stock keeping in mind the specific constraints of each company/organization is essential, say the least. This paper presents a generic version of an inventory model for raw materials, finished goods, and spares in a stock-keeping unit (SKU) where the overall stock is considered as a dependent variable and it is expressed as a function of various parameters or independent variables such as seasonality, demand and lead times ( to name a few). The model allows the prediction of inventory levels of raw materials, finished goods, and spare parts of the machinery with a very high degree of accuracy and can subject the predictive model to various sensitivity and scenario analyses thus being able to gauge the opportunities and risks involved. As a result, there will be all-around improvements in vendor performance, procurement of raw material, handling the finished goods, and spare stocks resulting in an optimized environment in the inventory.

Emergence of monopoly-Copper exchange networks during the Late Bronze Age in the western and central Balkans.

In this paper we present the first results of an interdisciplinary research project focused on Late Bronze Age metallurgy in the western and central Balkans. The comprehensive chemical and lead isotope analysis, and a strict consideration of archaeological criteria, has provided a deeper insight into supra regional metal exchange networks between the 14th and 9th century BC in this part of Europe. Particularly interesting and surprising are results regarding the provenance of raw materials for copper production, which have a chemical composition and lead isotope ratios that closely correspond to ore deposits in the southern Alps (North Italy). Based on the examination of 57 objects of different functions, chronology and distribution, it becomes apparent that copper from the southern Alps was almost an omnipresent raw material in the territories of the western and central Balkans with only a few finds from North Macedonia to indicate alternative sources. The analyses demonstrate that the reuse of fahlore-based copper is attested for the first time in the regions under study. The remarkable fact that other archaeological parameters do not indicate such an intensive connection between the Balkan area and Northern Italy raises a number of questions. The sustained and long-lasting networks of raw material procurement stand in contrast to the expected cultural interaction between metal producing and metal consuming prehistoric societies. The results of this work also highlight the currently underestimated role of the southern Alps as one of the main copper producing areas in Bronze Age Europe, and demonstrate for the first time that the region of western and central Balkans was one of the major recipients.

Dynamics of the development of the feed industry in Belarus

A diagram of fodder production and the use of feed and a schematic diagram of the organization of the procurement of feed raw materials and its processing are given. A steady positive dynamics of indicators of key types of livestock products from 2014 to 2020 is noted and the process of changes in agricultural production (crop and livestock production) during this period is considered. The main indicators of feed production for 2020–2025 are presented. and factors affecting the economic efficiency of the industry

Observasi Pengendalian Mutu, Sanitasi dan Higiene pada Produksi Teh Telang Lemon di UMKM Sarisa Merapi

<em>Sarisa Merapi is a small and medium-sized micro enterprise (MSME) engaged in food processing such as telang lemon tea, candied salak, dodol salak, sari salak and egg roll. Among these products, telang lemon tea became the choice in this study because of the large number of productions and the relatively low price. In addition, telang lemon tea has health benefits because it contains antioxidants and can be used as a substitute drink for tea. The quality of telang lemon tea is determined by the quality of raw materials, the application of sanitation and hygiene in the production process. But in reality, it is less noticed by business owners. The purpose of this practice is to observe quality control, application of sanitation and hygiene in the production process of telang lemon tea in Sarisa Merapi MSME. The method of data collection is carried out by observation, interviews with staff and employees, documentation and literature studies focused on the process of preparing raw materials, processing, packaging and application of sanitation and hygiene on the production of lemon tea in Sarisa Merapi MSMEs. The process of processing telang lemon tea has three stages, namely the procurement of raw materials, the manufacture of intermediate products and the final product. The results showed that the application of quality control, sanitation and hygiene were quite well performed in the procurement of raw materials, the manufacture of intermediate products, the final product process, packaging and storage. However, in the application of sanitation and hygiene, there were still some problems such as workers did not routinely wear aprons and masks during the production process, the absence of barriers between production rooms. Therefore, Sarisa Merapi needs to pay more attention and evaluate these problems.</em>

The Implementation of Balanced Scorecard as Performance Measurement: A Case Study of Palm Sugar Business in Indonesia

One of the leading commodities to support national food security is sugar palm. Food security is a significant issue in efforts to fulfill food needs and community welfare. In implementing palm sugar business management, the problem faced is the management that has not been integrated from upstream (supply of raw materials) to downstream (commercialization of products). For this reason, management integration is needed starting from the procurement and availability of palm sap raw materials as the only source of raw materials, processing palm sugar products, distribution to products to consumers. One of the performance measurement methods used is the Balanced Scorecard method”performance measurement using the Balanced Scorecard, which is then integrated with AHP. The results showed that the palm sugar business could be said to be profitable because the profitability value is > 0, and it can be said to be efficient with a performance value of 89.03.

ANALISIS PENGADAAN BAHAN BAKU, KEUNTUNGAN, SALURAN PEMASARAN, DAN JASA LAYANGAN PENDUKUNG AGROINDUSTRI KERIPIK SINGKONG DIKELURAHAN GANJAR ASRIKECAMATANMETRO BARATKOTA METRO

This research aims to: analyze the procurement of raw materials, profits, marketing channels,and the role of cassava chip agroindustry support services in Ganjar Asri Village. This study used a census method on five agroindustry cassava chips in Ganjar Asri Village West Metro Subdistrict Metro District. The determination of the location was done deliberately with the consideration that Ganjar Asri Village was a center of cassava chipsagroindustry actively produce and have the potential to be developed. The respondents were the owners of five agroindustries. The results showed that: there are two components of raw material procurement that were in accordance with expectations carried out by the five cassava chips agroindustries, namely quantity and type, while the other five components have not been in accordance with expectations, namely time, place, quality, and price. The highest profit is in Matahari Agroindustry and amounted to IDR 1,412,017.80 in one production. All agroindustries have benefits, so they were worthy of effort and development. Support services that helped the process of cassava chip agroindustry activities are financial institutions, transportation facilities, and communication information technology.Key words: advantage, agroindustry, cassava chips.

PRIORITIES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF MEDICINAL PLANT GROWING IN A POST-PANDEMIC ENVIRONMENT

The year 2020 was heavily influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic in all areas of human and social life. Today, it is difficult to imagine sectors of the economy that would not be affected by the pandemic, but the pharmaceutical industry and pharmaceutical companies are facing serious challenges. On the one hand, the pharmaceutical industry is forced to function in restrictions, like any other type of business in a pandemic, and on the other hand, it is forced to ensure uninterrupted production and supply of medicines, quickly increase their production, and strategically plan its activities in the post-pandemic world. All phases of pharmaceutical companies are affected by the pandemic, from the production and procurement of raw materials to research and development and doctor-patient interaction processes. The pharmaceutical industry, along with the health care system, has been at the epicenter of the global fight against the pandemic and its aftermath. In addition to new opportunities for the pharmaceutical industry in the fight against COVID-19, such as vaccine development and clinical trials of medical drugs to treat COVID-19, the pandemic has harmed the supply chain and production of herbal medicinal raw materials. The global pharmaceutical industry has faced the consequences of the closure of China’s customs borders for quarantine, as China is currently the leader in the production of medicinal pharmaceutical raw materials, accounting for about 40% of the world’s production of medicinal plant pharmaceutical raw materials. China has gained a leading position in the pharmaceutical raw materials industry due to its high production volume and low cost. Closed borders and quarantine-induced lockdown predetermined serious threats in the supply chain for the needs of pharmaceutical production, which was automatically reflected in rising logistics and freight prices. The presented study reviews the current state of the pharmaceutical herbal medicine industry and justifies the priorities of its development in post-pandemic conditions.

ANALISIS PENGADAAN BAHAN BAKU DAN PENDAPATAN AGROINDUSTRI IKAN ASIN TERI DI KECAMATAN KALIANDA, KABUPATEN LAMPUNG SELATAN

The purposes of this research are to analyze the processing and determine the process of raw materials procurement that corresponds to six right (on time, right place, right quality, right quantity, the right type, and the right price), and to analyze income of anchovy fish agroindustry in Kalianda District, South Lampung Regency. This location is selected purposively for it is the center of salted anchovy producers in Kalianda. This study is included census survey method in the villages of Maja and Merak Belantung. The data were collected in December 2019 - January 2020 and analyzed by using descriptive analysis of quantitative and qualitative. The results of this study indicated that the six components of raw material procurement was right during the east wind and normal monsoon, but was not on time and not in the right quantity during the west wind season. On the west monsoon revenue over cash and total cost is IDR3,637,031 and IDR122,114 with R/C values of 1.20 and 0.99. The income on cash and on total costs respectively during the east wind season is IDR241,702,427 and IDR209,674,762 with R/C of 1.29 and 1.25, the normal wind season of IDR56,225,240 and IDR50,536,536 with R/C of 1.20 and 1.18.Key words: agroindustry,income, moonson, salted anchovy

ANALISIS KERAGAAN AGROINDUSTRI KOPI LUWAK : STUDI KASUS PADA AGROINDUSTRI RATU LUWAK DI KECAMATAN BALIK BUKIT KABUPATEN LAMPUNG BARAT

This study aimed to analyze management of raw material procurement; cost of production, added value and profit; distribution channels in the luwak coffee aroindustry. The method used was a case study on the Ratu Luwak Agroindustry in Balik Bukit District, West Lampung Regency. The research was conducted from April 2020 to June 2020. The data analysis methods used were quantitative and qualitative descriptive analysis. The results of this study indicated that the management of raw material procurement was not yet economical; the cost of production, added value and profit of the agroindustry had positive values which means that the agro-industry was profitable; distribution channels shown that the marketing was efficient. Key words: agroindustry, luwak coffee, performance, regular coffee.

Modelling Underload Cascading Failure and Mitigation Strategy of Supply Chain Complex Network in COVID-19

The outbreak of COVID-19 has caused problems such as shortage of workforce, cost increase, cash flow tension, and uncertainty of supply chain. It has a specific negative impact on the raw material supply, procurement management, production resumption, logistics, and market of the supply chain, which can trigger cascading failures in supply chain networks. Aiming at the failure of upstream/downstream firms in supply chain networks due to the decreased product demand/material supply under the COVID-19, the present study adopted an underload cascading failure model for the supply chain networks. In this model, the hierarchical supply chain networks were constructed based on the Erdos Renyi (ER) model and Barabasi Albert (BA) model. The validity of the model was verified under random attack and target attack. In the random attack mode, the influences of model parameters were studied, and in the target attack mode, the influence of target protection and random protection measures on enhancing network invulnerability was also studied. Simulation results showed that the initial load and capacity lower bound of nodes impact cascading failure size. The former has a positive correlation with cascading failure size, while the latter negatively correlates with cascading failure size. Furthermore, random protection measures are more practical to prevent cascading failures.

Analysis of Halal Supply Chain at the Bakery Product Msmes by using SCOR and HOR Method

The lack of understanding and knowledge about the halal supply chain could affect the easiness of maintaining the quality of the product’s halal aspect. This article will discuss the halal supply chain in the bakery product MSMEs, This research aims to study the activity of the supply chain in the production process of bakery products that might have a potency of contamination towards the product’s halal aspects, starting from the raw material procurement process to the delivery process, and to determine which risks that can be exposed to further improvement in order to maintain the halal quality of a product. Supply Chain Operation Reference (SCOR) and House of Risk (HOR) are methods applied in this research. The results of this study were obtained through House of Risk 1 which began with SCOR which was used to map supply chain business processes consisting of plan, source, make, delivery, and return. Then based on the results of the SCOR is used to identify risk events and risk agents and assess their severity and occurrence which is used to calculate Agregate Risk Potential (ARP). Based on the ARP value, risk agents are ranked in order from the highest value to the lowest value. From the results of House of risk 1, it is processed with a Pareto diagram to determine the priority of risks that will be given the right handler and improvement based on the cumulative total percentage of ARP. the next stage, after determining the priority of the risk agent, mitigation of these risks can be carried out by taking into account the capabilities of MSMEs.

Polynesian Quarrying at the Bottom of the World – Raw Material Procurement and Adze Production in Bluff Harbour, South Island, New Zealand

Polynesian Quarrying at the Bottom of the World – Raw Material Procurement and Adze Production in Bluff Harbour, South Island, New Zealand