Raw Material For Bioethanol Research Articles

Modification of PVDF ultrafiltration membrane for high concentration of nannochloropsis as a raw material for bioethanol: Computations and experiments

Nannochloropsis sp., which is abundant in the ocean and has a high carbohydrate content, has great potential if used as a raw material for bioethanol. However, the low concentration of microalgae in the culture medium (0.5-2 µg/L) and the small size of the microalgae Nannochloropsis sp. (2-8 µm) become problems in the harvesting process. This study aims to increase the concentration of Nannochloropsis sp. during the harvesting process using a LiCl-modified polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane. In addition, a computational approach was used to select the best solvent for PVDF and explain the conformational changes of PVDF. The results showed that N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone is the best solvent for PVDF polymer (the lowest solvation energy is -86.25 Kjmol−1, and the highest binding energy is 1.8 Kjmol−1). The membrane, with the addition of 2% LiCl, had the best performance, increased the microalgae concentration ten times (from 596.4 to 5098 ppm), flux (150 Lm−2h−1bar−1), and rejection (100%). Adding LiCl to the dope solution increased the water flux (from 516 to 614 Lm−2h−1bar−1), changed the PVDF conformation from alpha to beta, and decreased the hydrophobicity of the membrane (from 94.89 to 81.68 °). Layer pore fouling is the fouling that plays a role in reducing microalgae flux during microalgae filtration by Nannochloropsis sp. Meanwhile, the type of washing recommended to overcome layer pore fouling is rinsing by increasing the speed of the filtration flow and immersion in chemical compounds.

Morphological characterization of sweet sorghum lines which has the potential as a raw material for bioethanol

Sweet sorghum is a potential plant as a raw material for bioethanol. This plant has the potential to be developed in tropical, semi-tropical and arid climates. To obtain information on elite lines as raw material for ethanol, it is necessary to characterize qualitative and quantitative traits. This study aims to obtain information about the quantitative and qualitative characters of several sweet sorghum lines that have the potential as raw materials for bioethanol. The research was carried out from August to December 2019 on the Experimental Farm of Indonesian Cereals Research Institute (ICERI), at Maros, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The genetic materials used in this study were ten sweet sorghum lines, namely 15020B, 1115-C, 4-183ABEOTO, AB-6-1-1, EA-13-1-1, KL2, 10 (1-1), 23 (1-1), Buleleng Abang and WR2 and two varieties as check, namely Super-1 and Super-2, using a randomized block design in which genotype was the treatment factor. Qualitative data is explained by a descriptive method which refers to UPOV. Analysis of variance indicated significant differences in the quantitative and qualitative characters. Significantly different characters quantitatively were plant height, leaf length, leaf width, day to flowering, panicle length, and weight of 1000 grains. While the significant qualitative data are green leaf intensity, leaf bone color, pistil color, pistil length, dry stamen color, panicle shape, panicle density after pollination, self-pollination, husk color, husk length, grain color, seed shape, and endosperm texture. Based on morphological data, the promising elite lines as raw material for bioethanol were EA-13-1-1, KL2, WR2, Buleleng Abang, 61 (1-1) and 15020B. However, other scientific supporting data are needed to recommend superior sweet sorghum lines as raw material for bioethanol.

Microwave Assisted Hydrolysis Ulva sp. Using HCl for the Production of Bioethanol Raw Materials

The challenges faced by the Indonesian state are increasing greenhouse gases, climate change, and depleting fossil fuel reserves. This requires the exploration of alternative energy that is environmentally friendly and sustainable. Algae biomass, especially Ulva sp. is one of the resources that have the potential for bioethanol production as an alternative energy producer. The purpose of this study is to determine the potential of Ulva sp. as raw material for bioethanol and to determine the effect of particle size, solvent concentration, and power on the hydrolysis process. This study used Ulva sp. as raw material. hydrolyzed with HCl solvent using the microwave assisted hydrolysis method. Hydrolysis with HCl concentrations of 0.1 N, 1 N, 2 N, variations of microwave power 150 watts, 300 watts, 450 watts, and particle sizes of 60 mesh, 80 mesh, and 100 mesh. Measurement of reducing sugar levels was carried out using the dinitro salicylic acid (DNS) method. The results showed that the best conditions for hydrolysis were when the HCl concentration was 0.1 N, the microwave power was 450 watts, and the particle size was 80 mesh which resulted in a reducing sugar content of 20.751 mg/mL.

Recent Developments in Cassava (Manihot esculenta) Based Biocomposites and Their Potential Industrial Applications: A Comprehensive Review.

HighlightsRecent advances in the research on cassava (Manihot esculenta) biopolymers and fibers, and their potential industrial applications, were discussed.Properties of starch, fibers, polymers, and composites derived from cassava were discussed.Efforts to enhance the properties of cassava composites were brought into focus.Detailed reports on macro and nano-sized cassava fibers and starch, and their fabrication as blend polymers, biocomposites, and hybrid composites, were reviewed.The rapid use of petroleum resources coupled with increased awareness of global environmental problems associated with the use of petroleum-based plastics is a major driving force in the acceptance of natural fibers and biopolymers as green materials. Because of their environmentally friendly and sustainable nature, natural fibers and biopolymers have gained significant attention from scientists and industries. Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is a plant that has various purposes for use. It is the primary source of food in many countries and is also used in the production of biocomposites, biopolymers, and biofibers. Starch from cassava can be plasticized, reinforced with fibers, or blended with other polymers to strengthen their properties. Besides that, it is currently used as a raw material for bioethanol and renewable energy production. This comprehensive review paper explains the latest developments in bioethanol compounds from cassava and gives a detailed report on macro and nano-sized cassava fibers and starch, and their fabrication as blend polymers, biocomposites, and hybrid composites. The review also highlights the potential utilization of cassava fibers and biopolymers for industrial applications such as food, bioenergy, packaging, automotive, and others.

The potency of Mentega Cassava (Manihot esculenta) Variety Peels Waste as Raw Material for Bioethanol by Enzymatic Hydrolisis

Mentega cassava skin waste can be used as an energy source in the form of bioethanol. Ethanol (C2H5OH) is the result of conversion from sugar fermentation using the help of microorganisms. This study aims to determine the levels of bioethanol produced from butter cassava peels obtained from Ibun district, Bandung regency through enzymatic treatment. The research procedure started from pre-treatment of cassava peel waste as a substrate, enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation. Enzymatic hydrolysis used Trichoderma viride isolates with 3 inoculum concentrations of 10%, 15% and 20%. Meanwhile, the fermentation process uses Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolates. The highest reducing sugar of 21.28 mg/L was produced by hydrolysis treatment for 60 hours and an inoculum concentration of 10%. The highest bioethanol content was 4.9 mg/L with a fermentation time of 96 hours.

Enhancement of bioethanol production from tofu waste by engineered simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) using co-culture of mold and yeast

Tofu waste is a potential raw material for producing bioethanol since it has 52,82 % carbohydrate content, among which 35,12 % is starch. Indonesia has approximately 315 tofu business units that produce 2,6 million tons of tofu per year, so the availability of tofu waste is abundant, and its current use is only for feed. The use of starch as the raw material of bioethanol needs two steps, namely saccharification and fermentation. Application of Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) technique may reduce the processing time of bioethanol production from starchy materials. The SSF involves co-culture, namely aerobic molds (Aspergillus niger) that hydrolyze starch into sugar and facultative anaerobic yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) that ferment sugar into ethanol. The objectives of the study were to obtain a production technique of bioethanol from the starch of tofu waste, which has more productive and higher yield through Engineered SSF/ESSF (stop aeration at a particular time) technique using co-culture of mold and yeast and to compare it with Conventional SSF/CSSF (complete aeration) technique. ESSF produced bioethanol at 11.39 g/L with the product yield per substrate used (Yp/s) of 0.36 g/g. In comparison, CSSF produced bioethanol at 7.69 g/L with the Yp/s of 0.23 g/g. ESSF technology has been proved to be more productive and efficient than CSSF since it can increase bioethanol production and Yp/s of 1.5 and 1.6 times, respectively. The study results also prove that the starch from tofu waste can be utilized as media for bioethanol production.

Assessment of Changes in Corn Husk Fibres after Acid Treatment

Sustainability is desirable in any activity, including farming. Adding value to agricultural wastes such as stover (waste from corn cultivation) would provide financial benefits to farmers while reducing the environmental load of disposal. The literature identifies stover as being a raw material for bio-ethanol and a reinforcement for composites. Fibre from corn husks is generally extracted using an alkali digestion method followed optionally by enzymatic degradation. In this study, acid treatment was investigated for its feasibility to improve the desirable characteristics of alkali extracted corn husk fibres. The results revealed that increasing the acid concentration decreased fibre properties such as average fibre length, linear density and elongation at break. However, breaking tenacity achieved a maximum value, on treatment with 7.5 g/l sulfuric acid, before decreasing. These properties indicate the treatment’s adequacy for use in textile products. Acid treatment did not significantly alter thermo-gravimetric analysis values, indicating that the fibre could withstand wet processing conditions.

Measurement of macroalgae total carbohydrate content found in Lendang Luar coast, Lombok, Indonesia for potential sources of bioethanol

Bioethanol is a renewable alternative energy through the process of fermenting sugar from carbohydrate sources by adding microorganisms such as yeast or bacteria. Macroalgae or known as seaweed is one of the producers in the marine environment which has a high carbohydrate content so that it can be used as raw material for bioethanol. Macroalgae contains specific carbohydrates including laminarin, mannitol, alginate, agar and polysaccharides. The high carbohydrate content indicates the ethanol content produced. The aim of the study was to initial screen total carbohydrates in red algae (G. latifolium and G rugosa) and brown algae (M rosea, S. crassifolium, S. cristaefolium, S. polycystum, P.australis and T. muray ana). Carbohydrate total analysis was performed by colorimetric assay using the BioVision kit. The overall carbohydrate content found in macroalgae samples in this study was 28.23 fig (DW)1. The highest carbohydrate content was obtained by G. latifolium (37.50 fig (DW)1), followed by G rugosa (34.27 fig (DW)1) and S. cristaefolium (33.33 fig (DW)1). Current results show that macroalgae exhibits sufficient amounts of carbohydrate which could potentially be further developed as source for biotehanol.

Measuring the competitiveness of cassava in East Java, Indonesia: evidence in Jember regency

The development of cassava is vitally important in the effort to supply non-rice carbohydrate foodstuffs, diversify local food consumption, develop food processing industries and agro-industries, source foreign exchange through exports, and support increased food security and food self-sufficiency. The problem of cassava production and productivity in the management of cassava farming in Jember Regency has strong implications about the specification and response estimation of the production function. If productivity is one component of increasing the competitiveness of cassava, there will be a discontinuity in responding to incentives in the market. The purpose of this study was to measure the competitiveness of cassava in Jember Regency using revealed comparative advantage (RCA) analysis techniques. The results show that the cassava commodity has a value of 17.23 or above one, which means cassava has a comparative advantage compared to other regions with the same commodity. The high RCA value can occur due to several things, for example, the influence of the need for dried cassava to the industry so the cassava production is prioritized to meet the needs of dry cassava outside the region (exports), or the domestic dry cassava flour industry is developing, efficient, or attractive for investors to engage in the agro-industry because of the large profits. This value has increased when compared to the previous year which was 16.31. This can occur because the demand for cassava from outside the region has also increased as a raw material for bioethanol and its derivative products as well as improved prices at the farm level and the average price of cassava in the national market.

Waste of rice straw as renewable energy: An overview of the potential availability, content, and production process

Indonesia’s crude oil balance has been in deficit during the last decade. The increase in domestic crude oil consumption is inversely proportional to its production. New crude oil reserves are needed to anticipate a prolonged energy crisis. This study examines the potential of agricultural waste as a renewable energy source that can be produced in terms of availability, content, and production process. A systematic literature review was chosen as the method of this study. The biomass content in agricultural was can be used as bioenergy raw material, one of which is lignocellulose. Rice waste is an agricultural waste that is available in large quantities and contains high lignocellulose. Through biochemical processes, lignocellulose is broken down into lignin in the pre-treatment process. Cellulose is converted into glucose using acids in the process of hydrolysis. The conversion of glucose into ethanol is carried out in the fermentation process. Bioethanol is purified by a distillation process to increase the ethanol content. The high content of lignocellulose in rice waste and high annual production in various regions in Indonesia is a major potential. A comparison of the availability of agricultural waste as raw material for bioethanol is discussed.

Kinerja Teknologi Budidaya Jagung Hibrida di Indonesia

The performance of hybrid maize cultivation technology in Indonesia. Maize is the most important crop after rice. Beside as a food, maize has other functions as forage and raw material of bioethanol. In Indonesia, the need of maize increases every year. To fulfil the need, an appropriate breakthrough that can increase maize production significantly, is required. The most popular breakthrough is the use of hybrid variety, that is the first generation derived from two or more pure lines crossing. This review discusses the results of hybrid maize researchs and assessments at various types of agroecosystem. Maize hybrid variety planting accompanied by the appropriate location specific technologies could increase maize productivity significantly.

PRODUKSI DAN ANALISIS KELAYAKAN FINANSIAL AGROINDUSTRI BIOETANOL BATANG SAGU DI KABUPATEN MIMIKA, PAPUA

The utilization of sago as a product which have higher value have not used maximally yet. Sago (Metroxylon spp.) is one of original plant from Indonesia which could be used as raw material for bioethanol. The objectives of the study were to analyze production of bioethanol with the variation of yeast Saccharomyces cereviceae concentration added (7%, 12%, 17%), fermentation time were (5 days and 7 days) and analysis of the financial feasibility industry from sago palm. The methods of the study analyze the financial feasibility by NPV, IRR, Net B/C, PBP, and sensitivity analysis. The result showed that fermentatiom time 7 days and yeast consentration 12% is the optimum tretments producted bioethanol from sago which result consentration 3,05% (v/v). The financial feasibility are Net Present Value is positive amounted Rp . 125 859 652 242, Internal Rate of Return of 17%, Net B/C ratio by 1,53, Payback Period for 6 years, and Sensitivity analysis showed that the 12% increase in raw material and 8% decrease in selling price, effect on the viability of the project. From the above considerations investment criteria, indicates that the business of bioethanol based on sago is feasible to run.

Potential of durian, avocado and jackfruit seed as raw material of bioethanol: a review

The using of fuel oil is very consumptive so that it increases every year, as decreasing the availability of non-renewable natural resources, therefore the use of alternative energy (renewable energy). Renewable energy is a natural source of energy produced that will not be exhausted and can be sustainable if managed properly, among another biofuel. The purpose of this article to review the potential of tropical fruit seeds: durian, avocado, and jackfruit as raw materials for bioethanol production include stages: starch extraction, hydrolysis process using acid as catalyst, and fermentation. From available research data, the potential of tropical fruit seeds needs to be developed as raw material for making bioethanol.

Action of bioactive compounds in cellular oxidative response

Nowadays there is a growing demand for biodiesel production which can be made, among other resources, from mushroom biomass. It is well established the continuous growth of the population affected with premature aging and numerous diseases in which reactive oxygen species (ROS) are implicated. This fact leads to an increasing consumption of antioxidant rich nutrients, such as mushrooms, which are effectively produced on lignocellulosic biomass substrate. The aim of this study was to investigate, in brain slices, the effect of polysaccharides extracted from the Boletus edulis and Tricholoma equestre mushroom species, in the formation of neuronal ROS, using the fluorescent indicator H2DCFDA. The polysaccharides compounds from both mushroom species had no effect on ROS signals at 0.1 g/L and 0.5 g/L, but decreased the amplitude of the signal at the concentration of 1.0 g/L. These results are in agreement with the idea that polysaccharides have antioxidant properties. Besides the nutritional value of mushrooms, the biomass residues from their production can be used as raw material for bioethanol and biobutanol production, being the later an even more efficient biofuel than ethanol or methanol.

Preliminary study to determine the glucose levels in cassava peel waste (Manihot esculenta Crantz) as a result of enzymatic activities of fungi Aspergillus fumigatus

The aim of this study was to utilize cassava peel waste, with a lignin content of 19% as a raw material for bioethanol. The process of obtaining bioethanol from this material was conducted in 4 stages, and these include pretreatment/delignification, hydrolysis, fermentation, and distillation. The delignification was conducted using fungi Aspergillus fumigatus in Potato Dextrose Broth media and 40 mesh was prepared. Moreover, the pretreatment process was conducted by varying the ratio of cassava peel powder as a substrats to fungi at 1:1, 2:1, and 1:2 and at contact times of 1, 3, and 5 days and analyzed through the use of Chesson method. Moreover, the hydrolysis stage used variations of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) at 1, 3, 5% (v/v) heated at 100°C with contact time varied at 30, 60, and 90 minutes. The process was further analyzed by using the DNS method to obtain sugar levels. The result therefore showed the best lignin content after pretreatment to be 8% and the delignification of cassava peel was obtained from the enzymatic activity of A. fumigatus. It was also discovered that 10 g/L of sugar was produced from the total sample used. However, further research is needed to increase the sugar content of cassava peel raw material.

Hidrolisis Ampas Biji Sorgum dengan Microwave untuk Produksi Gula Pereduksi sebagai Bahan Baku Bioetanol

Sorgum merupakan tanaman serealia yang dapat tumbuh pada berbagai keadaan lingkungan sehingga potensial dikembangkan, khususnya pada lahan marginal beriklim kering di Indonesia. Sorgum manis mempunyai potensi yang besar digunakan sebagai bahan baku etanol selain tebu. Budidaya sorgum manis mengalami pergeseran dari bahan baku pangan dan pakan menjadi bahan baku industri, baik skala kecil maupun skala besar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan kadar gula pereduksi sebagai bahan baku bioethanol melalui hidrolisis menggunakan microwave. Sebanyak 10 gram serbuk sorgum disuspensi dengan larutan H2SO4 encer 0,1 N, 0,3 N dan 0,5 N sebanyak 250 mL lalu dipanaskan menggunakan iradiasi microwave pada temperatur 200 oC selama 20 dan 40 menit. Fraksi cair hasil hidrolisis dianalisis kandungan gula pereduksi dengan metode DNS menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Vis. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa kondisi optimum hidrolisis menggunakan microwave dicapai pada konsentrasi H2SO4 0,5 N temperatur 200 oC dan waktu hidrolisis 40 menit. Kadar gula pereduksi sebesar 42,71 mg/L. Kadar gula naik sebesar 19,95% dibanding waktu hidrolisis 20 menit.

Effect of Organosolv Pretreatment on Delignification for Bioethanol Feedstock from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB)

Lignin degradation of Oil Palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) as raw material for bioethanol production has been successfully performed by organosolv pretreatment. This paper presents the study and optimization of organosolv pretreatment on Delignification of OPEFB as raw material of bioethanol. Ethanol was used in organosolv pretreatment as the organic solvent. Organosolv pretreatment disrupted the lignocellulosic matrix to a considerable extent and increased hydrolysability of pretreated materials. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to determine the optimal condition operation of each significant variable, which included organic solvent concentration, reaction time, and particle size. The Box-Behnken Design (BDD) was employed to investigate the individual crucial component of the condition operation that significantly affected lignin degradation. The maximum lignin degradation was obtained 27.68% which correspond to 65% (v/v) of ethanol, with reaction time 65 min and 50 mesh of particle size. Therefore, it can be concluded that organosolv pretreatment can be used to degrade lignin from OPEFB as a bioethanol feedstock.

Optimization of Hydrolysic Process of Sorgum Seed For Bioethanol Fermentation and Use of Health Components

Sorghum bicolor (Sorghum bicolor, L Moench) is very strong as a raw material for bioethanol industry. In various areas have emerged small bioethanol factories made from raw sorghum sapodilla. In order to optimally utilize sweet sorghum plant as raw material of bioethanol, besides the utilization of sorghum juice should also be attempted to use sweet sorghum seeds as raw material by efficient process method. In the hydrolysis of seeds still need assessment of pretreatment process because the process of starch hydrolysis inhibited by the matrix protein or protein body attached to the starch of sorghum starch. In order to improve the utilization of sorghum plant as raw material of bioethanol production, it is necessary to conduct a study to obtain efficient hydrolysis process conditions and optimum bioethanol conversion and able to produce other useful products. From the data obtained, it is known that sorghum seeds can be used as raw materials of bioethanol both local varieties and Numbu varieties. Differences in the results of DE (Dextrose equivalent) do show treatment with perendalaman in NaOH solution slightly better than with treatment without immersion, and it also affects the fermentation results that can produce greater ethanol. The optimum condition of sorghum seed process for local varieties (Hermada) and Numbu (sweet sorghum) was achieved under immersion conditions with 0.05 % NaOH at 45 °C for 1.5 hours. The fermentation ratio for Local varieties (Hermada) with immersion of NaOH is 86.75 %, without immersion 85.81 %. Meanwhile, the fermentation ratio for Numbu varieties with immersion of NaOH was 89.67 %, without immersion 87.68 %. For 2 (two) varieties of sorghum that were tried, did not show significant differences between treated and without treatment.

Bio ethanol from sewage sludge: A bio fuel alternative

In this study, the potential to fully exploit sewage sludge as a raw material for bio ethanol a source of bio fuel is investigated. Sewage sludge hydrolysate was first made by introducing Bacillus flexus in order for saccharification to take place before fermenting to bio ethanol using yeast. The hydrolysate was then prepared for fermentation by introducing 10 g/L of peptone, 2 g/L of KH2PO4 and 1 g/L of MgSO4. Afterwards, fermentation was allowed to take place at varying pH (4.0–7.0), temperature (15–45 °C), incubation time (10–70 h) and yeast concentrations (2–10% (v/v). Bio ethanol concentrations were characterized through spectrophotometry and its physicochemical properties analyzed by standard methods. Pearson Correlations Coefficients in MATLAB 13.0 were used to determine the coefficients of interaction between the various parameters in bio ethanol production at 95% confidence interval. Highest bio ethanol yields of greater than 40 mL/L were achieved at an incubation period of 10 days, with an operating temperature of 30 °C and pH of 6.5 with yeast concentration of 6% wt. The interactions between incubation temperature and pH had the best interaction coefficient of 0.9759 being achieved for optimal bio ethanol yield. The bio ethanol produced had a flash point of 19.2 °C, pour point of 4.9 °C, cloud point of 20 °C and viscosity of 1.30 cP.

Delignification and Hydrolysis Lignocellulosic of Bagasse in Choline Chloride System

Bagasse was the waste which has a fairly high content of lignocelluloses and has not been utilize optimally. With a cellulose content of up to 40%, bagasse then potentially be used as raw material for bioethanol. In this research, delignification process was carried out using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in the ionic liquid system and without ionic liquids. The purpose of this research was to find out the highest content of cellulose which contained in the bagasse and the best hydrolysis conditions was obtained at the hydrolysis process in the choline chloride (ChCl) system. The hydrolysis stage in this research was carried out at temperature 105 °C, catalyst (H2SO4) 10% (w/w) cellulose, ChCl 10%, 15%, and 20% (w/w) cellulose and it was stirred at constant speed 120 rpm with reaction time of 30, 60 and 90 minutes. Delignification research results used ChCl obtained highest content of cellulose was 39.8%, hemicellulose 18.59%, and lignin 3.62% in cooking treatment 90 minutes and 20% ChCl. While delignification without ChCl obtained highest content of cellulose is 24.98%, hemicellulose 8.25%, and lignin 18.99% in cooking treatment 90 minutes. The maximum glucose yield of 39.4% was obtained at reaction time 90 minutes and 15% of ChCl.