Components Of Raw Materials Research Articles

RESEARCH OF THE PROCESS OF ABSORPTION AND DISTILLATION OF SODA ASH PRODUCTION BY THE AMMONIA METHOD AS A CONTROL OBJECT

Soda soda is one of the largest volume chemical products and the most important raw material component in various industries. The volume of soda ash production significantly affects the development of a number of other industries, including the production of glass, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. Not only the sphere of production, but also the sphere of consumption of soda ash is characterized by a high degree of concentration. The global consumption of soda ash in 2012 was, according to experts, 54.7 million tons / year, its growth is 1% per year. As a technological facility for the production of soda ash, it is distinguished by a complex scheme of material flows flowing mainly through column-type devices, multi-stage continuous chemical-technological processes, multidimensionality, inertia, complex dependencies between input and output parameters of technological modes, etc., i.e. it has all the characteristic features complex systems. The production of soda ash includes 8 main and 3 auxiliary departments (a department means a group of devices that are connected by the commonality of processes occurring in them due to the presence of leading flows and appropriate collectors for storing raw materials). The article analyzes the possibility and necessity of decomposition of the general task of control soda ash production into the subtask of managing absorption and distillation departments; carbonation, filtering and calcination and other production departments. Such a decomposition is technologically natural, since the absorption and distillation departments do not have headers for collecting the steam-gas mixture and makes it possible to develop and implement control systems for such departments and the production of soda ash as a whole by stages, provided that the productivity of the relevant departments is coordinated. The article also conducts a study of the absorption and distillation department as an object of control and sets the general task of control this department.

PRODUCTION OF COMPOUND FEEDS IN THE CONDITIONS OF FARMS WITH LOADED RESERVATION OF DOSING AND MIXING

Two options for resource-saving technology of mechanized production of compound feeds and PVMS with flexible connections were developed and implemented in farm conditions with loaded backup of Tweighing batchers and mixers and with loaded backup of mixers. The studies have established that the dosing accuracy of 0.1 kg., the mixer shaft revolutions have an impact on the mixing quality indicator, so at 30 rpm. mixing quality is 95.18%, and at 46 rpm. – 96.1% and 1 min of mixing. Based on a multifactor experiment, polynomial linear and quadratic models were obtained for the mixing quality of compound feed ingredients due to the factors: rotation speed, number of blades and operating time with a mixer volume of 0.54 m3. The time spent on performing operations for the production of compound feed was determined and two versions of the cycle diagrams of the process of compound feed production of technological lines were constructed: with loaded redundancy of weighing batchers and mixers and with loaded redundancy of mixers. The time of the initial cycle of the process of compound feed production of technological lines was established: – with the redundancy of weighing batchers and mixers, the time of the initial cycle was 9.7 min. and the established cycle was 6.9 min. – with the redundancy of mixers, the time of the initial cycle of the process of compound feed production of technological lines with a capacity of 2 tons per hour was 9.7 min. and the established cycle was 5.9 min. It was established that the productivity of technological lines for the production of compound feed was: – using technology with flexible connections and loaded redundancy of two weighing batchers and two mixers – 1.974 t. – using technology with flexible connections and a weighing dispenser, which provides unloading of raw material components in two opposite directions and loaded redundancy of two mixers – 2.307 t.

Развитие методических подходов при моделировании свойств многокомпонентных гранулитов, применяемых в условиях низких температур и других осложняющих факторов

The article addresses the questions of modelling the properties of multicomponent granulites to be used in conditions of low temperatures and other complicating factors. A methodical approach is used which is based on identifying a set of basic and indirect features that characterize the modelled multicomponent simple explosives as a complex object with essential features, distinctive properties, qualitative and quantitative characteristics, and technological indicators. An algorithm to modify the properties of multicomponent granulites was developed in order to solve the problem. This algorithm structurally separates the varying indicators and parameters in the manufacturing and application processes. Specific features of the used raw material components are shown as well as limitations in low-temperature applications. The effects of physical, mechanical, structural and other characteristics of granulite components on the explosive properties are shown, as well as the technical and technological aspects of production. The material mix of recycling materials formed in the processes of mining, concentration and processing of mineral raw materials is provided and the comparative efficiency of granulites is shown with account of cost indicators of the materials used. A method of desulphurisation during explosion of multi-component granulites is proposed which is aimed at neutralization of sulphur dioxide in the blast products. Natural and climatic factors, economic and geographical characteristics of the field location, geocryological conditions and characteristics of the permafrost soils are considered, as well as mining, geological and technical conditions of the development that affect blasting operations in the permafrost soils.

Saturate Acts as Both a "Lubricant" and an "Activator" during the Conversion Process of Mesophase in Fluid Catalytic Cracking Slurry Oil.

Saturate (Sa), the lightest component in fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) slurry oil, exhibits a poorly understood influence on the formation and development of mesophase, thereby constraining the production of premium-quality mesophase pitch. To address this issue, Sa is isolated from FCC slurry oil, and its concentration is modulated to investigate its impact on the formation and development of mesophase. The results indicate that Sa contains a high concentration of long alkane side chains and naphthenic structures, which render it an effective "lubricant" and "activator" within the reaction system. The addition of a small amount of Sa (≤5 wt %) maintains a low viscosity state of the reaction system, further facilitating the migration of aromatic molecules and promoting mesophase formation. It is crucial to note that excessive amounts of Sa (>10 wt %) significantly reduce the aromaticity and reactivity of the reaction system, further delaying the formation of mesophase. The reaction system exhibits moderate aromaticity and reactivity with low viscosity at 10 wt % Sa, leading to the formation of mesophase pitch with a moderate softening point (270 °C) and a wide-area optical texture (anisotropy length >60 μm, width >10 μm) within a short time of 6 h. This work establishes a robust theoretical foundation for producing premium-quality mesophase pitch through the regulation of raw material components.

Preparation of needle coke from low-temperature coal tar pitch based on modification, component separation and component blending

Needle coke is widely used in the production of ultra-high power electrodes, special carbon materials, carbon fibers, and their composites. How to prepare needle coke with excellent performance through directional adjusting of raw material components is a hot research topic. In this paper, coal tar pitch (CTP) was extracted from low-temperature coal tar (Low-coal tar). To further increase the content of quinoline-soluble, CTP was modified by formaldehyde via chemical polymerization. By adjusting the blending ratio of hexane-insoluble toluene-soluble (HI-TS) and toluene-insoluble tetrahydrofuran-soluble (TI-AS) obtained by modified coal tar pitch (HCTP) separation adopting solvent extraction, a series of green needle coke and needle coke were prepared. The physicochemical structures were analyzed using FTIR, TG, Py-GC/MS, XRD, PM, and SEM, and the electrochemical properties were evaluated and analyzed. The results show that the Lc and La of green needle coke and needle coke firstly increase and then decrease with the decrease of TI-AS content, while the ID/IG demonstrated the opposite tendency. When the content of TI-AS is 16.67%, it is favorable to improve the micro-morphology of needle coke and increase the content of the ideal graphite lattice (from 24.47% to 31.88%) and needle coke yield (44.03%). In this paper, the composition distribution of CTP was adjusted, and the effect of the blending ratio of HI-TS and TI-AS on the structure of green needle coke and needle coke was investigated, improving the added value of Low-coal tar and providing data reference for the directional regulation of needle coke.

Reduction of losses of the initial n-hexane reactant with commercial isomerizate

The isomerization processes of paraffin hydrocarbons ensure a reduction in the content of aromatic and low-octane hydrocarbons in gasoline. The octane number of the commercial isomerizate used in compounding in gasoline depends on the clarity of separation of the components of the isomerization reaction mass, in particular, the presence of non-converted reactants in it leads to a decrease in the octane number and loss of these raw material components. The commercial isomerization unit of a typical low-temperature isomerization unit of the light gasoline fraction PGI-DIG, together with the target products, contains low-branched and raw normal hydrocarbons, in particular, n-hexane is present, which degrades the quality of the commercial isomerization due to its low octane number (OCI= 25). One of the flows of the technological scheme forming the commercial isomerizate from the installation is the cubic product of the deisohexanizer column, the content of n-hexane in which is up to 3.5% by weight. Therefore, in industrial conditions it is advisable to extract it from the cubic product of the deisohexanizer with subsequent recycling into the raw material stream. The paper proposes a change in the technological scheme of the low-temperature isomerization installation in order to reduce the loss of raw hydrocarbons with commercial isomerization by including an additional Kdop distillation column in it. The research was carried out using the Unisim Design modeling program. The calculations performed have obtained appropriate technological modes of operation and structural parameters of the Kdop column: the number of single-flow valve plates is 30, the pressure in the Rniz column = 160kPa and Rvc = 110kPa, the temperature in the reboiler and condenser is 102.4 and 81.3 ℃, respectively, the phlegm number R = 2.5. The inclusion of an additional Kdop distillation column in a typical technological scheme ensures a reduction in losses of n-hexane with commercial isomerizate by 1.78% while simultaneously increasing its octane number by up to 2.4 points.

КЕРАМИКАЛЫҚ ЖОЛ ТӨСЕНІШТЕРДІ ӨНДІРУДЕГІ КЕРАМИКАЛЫҚ МАССА КОМПОЗИЦИЯСЫН ЖЕТІЛДІРУ

The article presents the results of a study of the chemical and mineralogical composition of the raw material components in the ceramic mass and provides techniques for the technology of laying ceramic material by vibropressing using talc rock in the mass and methods for determining the composition of clay raw materials. Formulations for the production of ceramic road surfaces, taking into account the factors of preference for mixtures to improve the properties of the finished product as a molding, drying and ceramic material, have been studied in two different components. It was found that the introduction of talc into the ceramic composition has an effect on the formation of high-temperature augite and amphibole phases and the intensification of the formation of minerals in clay, on the formation of high-temperature phases - sanidine, ackermanite elements. This process leads to an increase in the physical and mechanical properties of the resulting samples.The main patterns of formation of the structure and phase of ceramic compositions by firing in the temperature range 1000оC-1100оC were studied by isothermal control.In this pattern, sintering processes with solid and solid liquid-phase syntheses were carried out to ensure the phase - mineral composition, the study clarified the production of high-strength and frost-resistant ceramic pavement. In order to be used in the improvement of the city territory (sidewalks, alleys, park areas, playgrounds, etc.), the possibility of obtaining ceramic road surfaces that meet environmental and operational requirements has been proven. It has been established that one of the priority properties of ceramic road surfaces is a significant abundance of their porosity (25-30%), which allows you to quickly absorb moisture from precipitation (rain, sleet, etc.) and filter water through the body into the ground.Such properties of ceramic paving stones prevent the accumulation of moisture on the surface of the roadway and create comfortable conditions during pedestrian movement, reducing the likelihood of ice formation on the surface of the paving stones in the cold season.

Coke breeze combustion and emission behaviors of CO and NO during iron ore sintering

CO emission reduction, especially the coordinated emission reduction of CO and NO in sintering flue gas, has attracted widespread attention in the world. The effects of different sintering raw materials, temperature and atmosphere on coke breeze combustion and CO and NO emission behaviors were studied. The results show that, sintering raw materials significantly improved the combustion performance of coke breeze, and promoted the simultaneous reduction of CO and NO emissions. Among them, Dolomite had the strongest catalytic effect, which reduced the apparent activation energy of coke breeze combustion reaction from 99.35 kJ/mol to 56.11 kJ/mol, and the emission reductions of CO and NO were as high as 47.84 % and 73.25 %, respectively. The catalytic ability of the raw materials components was CaO ＞ MgO ＞ Fe2O3. However, during the combustion process of coke breeze without raw materials, the reduction of NO by CO was affected by the atmosphere of the boundary layer, the conversion of N element was negatively correlated with the content of CO. When the temperature increased from 600 ℃ to 1 050 ℃, the combustion performance was improved, the thickness of the combustion zone was reduced by 47.92 %, the total emission of CO was decreased by 65.39 %, and the total emission of NO was increased by 23.05 %. The O2 concentration decreased from 21 % to 10 %, the combustion rate decreased, the combustion zone thickened by 90 %, incomplete combustion was promoted, the total emission of CO increased by 101.15 %, and NO decreased by 21.09 %. The CO2 concentration increased from 5 % to 15 %, the gasification reaction was enhanced, the combustion time was extended, the combustion zone thickened by 45.9 %, the total emission of CO increased by 87.12 %, and the reducing atmosphere was enhanced, which was conductive to the reduction of NO by CO, and the total emission of NO decreased by 50.59 %.

Dual channel green closed loop supply chain using dual collection approach, collection effort and wholesale price discount

This paper inquires about a dual-channel closed-loop supply chain of green products containing three members. The manufacturer sells products online and in retail channels, whereas he offers retailers a discount on wholesale prices in the retail channel. In reverse flow, the recycler and retailer collect used products through the online and retail channels, respectively. The recycler offers extra collection efforts. After collection, the recycler recycles them as raw material components and sells them to the manufacturer. The manufacturer produces new products using recycled and new raw materials. The crux of this study lies in finding optimal decisions on retail prices, greening level and collection effort level under centralised and decentralised scenarios. The results are illustrated with numerical examples, highlighting the importance of these decisions in the supply chain. Additionally, sensitivity analysis is accomplished to ascertain relevance. The paper's managerial implications indicate that manufacturer profit is highest in all scenarios. The vertical Nash scenario suits the retailer, and the Stackelberg game is appropriate for the manufacturer. Collection efforts help the recycler consistently gather more used products than retailers, and higher collection ensures higher profits. Again, discounts on wholesale prices, up to a specific threshold, benefit channel members except the manufacturer.

EVALUATION OF THE FLUORAMMONIUM TECHNOLOGY OF DISCLOSURE OF ILMENITE WITH OBTAINING THE REQUIRED MATEALS FOR INDUSTRY AND MEDICINE

Purpose. Evaluation of the advantages of the innovative direction of obtaining the sought-after titanium and silicon oxides using the technology of hydrofluorination of ilmenite concentrates Research methods. Evaluation of the quality of laboratory samples – products of hydrofluorination of ilmenite with regard to the possibility of integrating the obtained materials into existing production schemes for the production of current titanium and silicon products, as well as in providing raw materials for promising technological processes. Chemical analysis was carried out by the method of atomic spectral analysis. In the laboratory studies, the raw material component was used – ilmenite concentrate from the Malyshev deposit (Vilnohirsky MMC, Ukraine). A fluorine-containing complexing agent – ammonium fluoride (NH4F) was used as a reagent. Laboratory studies of the decomposition of ilmenite in an aqueous solution of ammonium fluoride at temperatures not exceeding 200 °C were performed. Obtained results. Determination of the temperature range and conditions for conducting the ilmenite decomposition process ensures its high productivity and obtaining products that are intermediate and the composition of which determines the content of the subsequent processes of obtaining the target products. Implementation of decomposition of ilmenite using reactions in the solid phase provides a high potential for environmental safety of the technology. Scientific novelty. The obtained data can be used to justify a workable version of the energy-saving technological process of decomposition of ilmenite concentrate. Based on the obtained chemical analyzes of the decomposition products by hydrofluorination of ilmenite, the compliance of the obtained products with the requirements for the starting materials of a number of areas of their use in metallurgy and medicine was established. The possibilities of integration of the obtained materials into the existing production schemes of titanium and silicon products, as well as in providing the raw material needs of promising technological processes are shown. Practical value. The indicators of the purity of the obtained products confirm the prospects of the researched integration of the considered technology into the existing production schemes for obtaining products containing titanium and silicon.

Topologically optimised facade brackets: an embodied carbon, structural and residual stress analysis

The research investigates the topological optimisation of the metal brackets that connect curtain wall panelling to the floor slabs of a building. As is typically the case with standard building components, the brackets are overdesigned with higher load margins than real applied loads. Optimising them results in reduced mass and a more evenly spread stress distribution. Correspondingly, the question that the project asks is whether the optimised designs have a comparable structural performance to the standard bracketry used in construction, and a lower embodied carbon. To answer this, several optimisations of a standard facade bracket are performed, resulting in a total of six converged design options, with three of them progressed for fabrication. The manufactured designs are then horizontal and vertical load and residual stress tested to assess their performance, and an embodied carbon analysis is performed to calculate the corresponding emissions for raw material extraction, processing, and component fabrication. The results indicate the presence of compressive yield magnitude residual stresses, and that structural performance is comparable to a standard bracket, but embodied carbon is in most cases higher. The paper concludes with a discussion of the findings, and possible next steps in the optimisation, structural testing, and embodied carbon analysis workflow.

Unsupervised transfer learning for fault diagnosis across similar chemical processes

Fault diagnosis plays a crucial role in chemical processes to prevent major accidents. Recent advancements have leveraged deep learning to enhance fault diagnosis capabilities significantly. However, the success of deep learning diagnosis models primarily relies on access to the extensive labeled dataset of faults. Another limitation is the variation of ambient temperature and raw material components contributing to diverse operating conditions. These challenges lead to the current fault diagnosis techniques being unsuitable for universal application across different devices. In this paper, a novel unsupervised transfer learning method called multiple source domain adaptation network (MSDAN) is proposed for industrial fault diagnosis across similar chemical processes. Owing to the limited availability of fault data in industrial manufacturing, fault samples for model training are expanded via an efficient generative adversarial network variant. Categorical features of various source domains are precisely extracted through distinct channels by an integration model of Transformer and multiscale convolutional neural network. Multi-channel Domain adaptation based on polynomial kernel-induced maximum mean discrepancy aligns the joint distributions of multiple domains and facilitates subsequent classification tasks. The effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method are demonstrated through experiments conducted on the multimode Tennessee Eastman process and the real-world fluid catalytic cracking process across different units.

Effect of Aminating Lignin Loading with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Soil Aggregate Structure Improvement.

Lignin is an important component of plant fiber raw materials, and is a three-dimensional network structure aromatic polymer with abundant resources and a complex structure in nature. Lignin is generally used as industrial waste, and its potential value has not been fully utilized. Modern agriculture extensively uses chemical fertilizers, leading to the gradual degradation of soil fertility and structure, which seriously affects crop growth, nutrient transport, and root respiration function. Based on soil bulk density, porosity, aggregates, and their stability indicators, this study analyzed the effects of aminated industrial lignin and its loading with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on soil structure improvement and plant growth. It was hoped that resource-rich lignin could play a beneficial role in improving soil structure and promoting crop growth. The phenolic hydroxyl group of lignin was epoxidized and further aminated to load with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. The results indicated that amine-modified lignin could effectively load with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. The application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi-supported aminated lignin to soil aggregate structure improvement greatly reduced the bulk density of soil, and increased the porosity of soil and the content of large granular soil. Compared with unmodified soil, soil bulk density decreased by 73.08%, the porosity of soil increased by 70.43%, and the content of large granular soil increased by 56.38%. Using the improved soil for corn cultivation efficiently increased the biomass of corn. The plant height was increased by 72.16%, the root-shoot ratio was increased by 156.25%, and other indexes were also improved to varying degrees. The experimental method provides an important basis for the effective utilization of lignin materials in agriculture in the future.

Growth and Digestion Level of Baronang Fish (Siganus sp.) Fed with the Addition of Alstonia acuminata Plants

One of the main challenges in cultivation is the availability of feed made from local raw materials. Artificial feed with good nutritional value is known to increase fish growth and feed digestibility. Therefore, we must look for cheaper raw materials so that we can reduce feed prices. One approach that can be used is to use natural ingredients, both vegetable and animal, based on local raw materials, as energy providers for fish growth. The use of the Alstonia acuminata plant as a local raw material component for feed is aimed at increasing growth, feed digestibility, and resistance to disease. This research aims to determine the addition of A. acuminata plants at different doses in feed to increase the growth, survival, and feed efficiency of rabbitfish fry. This research used a completely randomized design consisting of four treatments and three replications. A. acuminata plants at doses of 0, 1, 2, and 3% were mixed into isoprotein feed. The test fish used were rabbitfish fry with an initial weight of around 10–20 g, kept in an aquarium measuring 50 cm x 40 cm x 40 cm with a stocking density of 10 fish per aquarium. Fish were given test feed twice a day at 07.00 and 17.00 at satiation. Maintenance was carried out for 42 days. Growth measurements were carried out at the beginning and end of the experiment. The results showed that treatment C provided absolute growth, the highest specific growth rate, a 100% survival rate, as well as high feed efficiency.

3D printed Nanohydroxyapatite/Polyamide 66 scaffolds with balanced mechanical property and osteogenic ability for bone repair

The biomaterial requirements for bone tissue repair are extremely strict. It not only requires the biomaterial to have good biocompatibility and biological activity, but also requires sufficient mechanical strength. Polyamide 66 (PA66) and nano-hydroxyapatite (n-HA) have been widely investigated in bone tissue engineering scaffold, however, its composites require further research. In this study, the 3D printing technology was utilized to fabricate personalized n-HA/PA66 bone tissue scaffold. The mechanical properties of n-HA/PA66 composite can be adjusted by configuring different raw material components and applying different porosity. It was found that 50 % porosity n-HA/PA66 composite scaffold showed a uniform porous structure and a compressive strength of 33.9 MPa. The composite scaffold also exhibited excellent biological properties while improving mechanical properties, in vitro cell tests indicated that the 3D printed n-HA/PA66 composite scaffold promoted differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) into osteoblasts. In in vivo animal model proved that the scaffold promoted endogenous bone regeneration in rabbit patellar bone defects, with newly formed bone volume of 20.9 % after two months of implantation. This research proposed a 3D printed polyamide/nano-hydroxyapatite composite with balanced mechanical property and osteogenic ability for customized bone tissue repair, and it has promising application prospects.

Resin acid derivatives: fungicidal properties and prediction of the spectrum of biological activity

Biologically active substances that confer antiviral, anti-tumour and antimicrobial effects, which are found among the components of plant raw materials, as well as the products of their chemical modification, are the subject of considerable research interest. These objects include tricyclic diterpenoids – extractives of wood of abietic and pimaric types (resin acids). The presence of two reaction centres (double bonds and a carboxyl group) in the structure of resin acids opens up a wide range of possibilities for synthesising useful compounds on their basis. One of the most promising areas for the study of resin acids and their derivatives consists assessing their fungicidal properties to inform their introduction into compositions as additives, as well as in the application of protective films to increase the resistance of composite building materials against the aggressive effects of microorganisms. In the present work, the fungicidal activity of the N-phenylimide of maleopimaric acid and its polyfluoroalkyl ethers synthesised by us was evaluated on the cells of the filamentous fungi Aspergillus niger, Alternaria alternata and Penicillium sp. by the rate of colony formation and growth. A comparative analysis of the biological activity of resin acids and their in silico derivatives was performed. According to the AntiBag Pred forecast, the test compounds having the maximum values of the probabilities of the presence and absence of each type of activity are characterised by the manifestation of antibacterial activity in relation to strains of gram-positive bacteria. The results of the predictive model are consistent with previous experimental data. However, AntiFun Pred data related to the calculation of fungicidal activity were not confirmed in vitro.

MODELING IN INVENTORY MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS UNDER UNCERTAINTY AND TAKING INTO ACCOUNT (INFLATION) RISKS

A model that can be used in the problems of inventory management under uncertainty and taking into account various types of risks, in particular, inflation risks, is presented and substantiated. The strategy of stock management under uncertain (stochastic) demand usually requires the creation of a certain reserve of a predetermined volume, and then the next deliveries of stocks are made. If at a certain point in time the total stock is reduced to the size of the reserve, then an urgent order for delivery of a new batch is made. If the fulfillment of the request requires a certain time (this process is not instantaneous!), then the request for its replenishment is submitted when the stock decreases to a level exceeding the predetermined amount of the reserve. The study provides one of the simplest ways to solve the reserve problem, namely, applying the principle of guaranteed result, i.e. electing a large enough reserve that guarantees minimum risk, namely, compensation of any random deviations, which requires large costs for their storage and the like. This also leads to the so-called opportunity risk as large reserves are associated with the diversion of significant funds. In this connection, additional hypotheses are introduced in the paper, and the concept of acceptable risk - the probability that the need for reserves will not exceed the available reserve - is used as the basis for calculating the required reserve. The concept of risk coefficient is introduced, which expresses the probability that the need for reserves will be unsatisfactory due to the insufficiency of the reserve and will exceed its volume. The value of the risk coefficient can be equal to 5% or 1%. The paper uses a modified formula for calculating the nominal rate of interest with inflation interest rate risk, which includes the following components: 1) real safe rate of interest; 2) inflation premium; 3) inflation risk premium; 4) investment project risk premium (reserve creation is a kind of investment); 5) synergistic premium for investment project and inflation risk; 6) synergistic premium for investment project and inflation risk; 7) liquidity premium (in fact, it is an assessment of liquidity risk). In the study the volumes of raw materials (components) reserve are determined, which leads to the reduction of risk degree; within the framework of M. Miller and D. Orr's model the volumes of cash reserves are determined, where inflation risks are taken into account in the value of missed opportunities (which is related to the content of cash reserves balance); in the task of reserves management under uncertainty and the risk caused by it, the total costs of maintaining the reserve per unit of time are minimized and the value of the optimal reserve together with the reserve is determined (within the framework of the modified model of V. Miller and D. Orr). The paper provides a rather simple method of accounting for possible risks arising in the creation of stocks (raw materials, cash, etc.), solved the problem of selecting a specific rational value of the risk coefficient (based on expert procedures and utility theory), which allows to reflect and take into account the attitude of decision-making subjects to risk.

A comprehensive technology strategy for microbial identification and contamination investigation in the sterile drug manufacturing facility-a case study.

A comprehensive strategy for microbial identification and contamination investigation during sterile drug manufacturing was innovatively established in this study, mainly based on MALDI-TOF MS for the identification and complemented by sequencing technology on strain typing. It was implemented to monitor the bacterial contamination of a sterile drug manufacturing facility, including its bacterial distribution features and patterns. In three months, two hundred ninety-two samples were collected covering multiple critical components of raw materials, personnel, environment, and production water. Based on our strategy, the bacterial profile across the production process was determined: 241/292 bacterial identities were obtained, and Staphylococcus spp. (40.25%), Micrococcus spp.(11.20%), Bacillus spp. (8.30%), Actinobacteria (5.81%), and Paenibacillus spp. (4.56%) are shown to be the most dominant microbial contaminants. With 75.8% species-level and 95.4% genus-level identification capability, MALDI-TOF MS was promising to be a first-line tool for environmental monitoring routine. Furthermore, to determine the source of the most frequently occurring Staphylococcus cohnii, which evidenced a widespread presence in the entire process, a more discriminating S. cohnii whole-genome SNP typing method was developed to track the transmission routes. Phylogenetic analysis based on SNP results indicated critical environment contamination is highly relevant to personnel flow in this case. The strain typing results provide robust and accurate information for the following risk assessment step and support effective preventive and corrective measures. In general, the strategy presented in this research will facilitate the development of improved production and environmental control processes for the pharmaceutical industry, and give insights about how to provide more sound and reliable evidence for the optimization of its control program.

Studying the influence of vibration on the process of obtaining semi-finished products for distillery production

Liquor products are represented by a wide range of drinks. Despite this diversity, they are all united by the use of semi-finished products (alcoholic juices, pestilences and infusions) during blending. Extraction of components of plant raw materials is one of the key processes for obtaining semi-finished alcoholic beverages. The quality indicators of the finished liquor product directly depend on their composition and quality. The purpose of the research is to study the vibration effect as a physical method of intensifying the process of extracting flavoring and aromatic compounds of fruit and berry raw materials when obtaining semi-finished products for distillery production (infusions and juices). To study the effect of vibration exposure on the content of substances responsible for taste, such technical factors as frequency (f), amplitude (A) and duration (τ) of exposure have been taken into account. The mass concentration of phenolic and coloring substances has been taken as controlled indicators. The processing was carried out on the installation developed at the Department of Winemaking and Fermentation Technology named after Professor A.A. Merzhanyan of FSBEI HE «KubSTU». The research was conducted on semi-finished products obtained from raspberries and cherries in the process of obtaining alcoholized components of a blend of liqueurs. In this case, the ratio of components was equal to 1:1. A comparison of the indicators was carried out with a sample obtained by stationary infusion. The positive influence of vibration during the extraction process with aqueous-alcohol solutions on the quality indicators of semi-finished products was established. Optimal processing parameters were also determined to reduce the duration of the process. The data obtained allow us to judge the feasibility of using vibration in the alcoholic beverage industry as a technique that accelerates infusion and improves the quality of semi-finished products.

Microalgae and insects as alternative protein sources: Benefits and risks

Animal products have traditionally been considered the main sources of protein, but due to the increasing population of the planet and environmental pollution, there is a need to find new solutions to meet basic human nutritional needs. An alternative can be insects and microalgae — groups of organisms that, in their nutritional properties and chemical composition, are not inferior to products of animal origin. They are able to have a beneficial effect on the human body due to their high content of vitamins, polyunsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants. Introducing edible insects or microalgae into the human diet has many environmental benefits, including reducing overall greenhouse gases and reducing land and water consumption. This review examines the chemical composition of microalgae and some types of insects, notes the influence of raw material components on human health, describes associated biologically active compounds, as well as basic cultivation technologies and examples of commercial use. In Russia, due to climatic conditions, only seasonal cultivation of microalgae in open pools is possible. Phytobioreactors for year-round operation require significant financial investments, especially for additional lighting and heating. Microalgae are not very popular in Russia; they are mainly used as part of dietary supplements. Edible insects can be grown using recycled resources and require less initial investment. Today they are considered by scientists as a source of protein for farm animals.