Collection Of Raw Materials Research Articles

Load of Secondary Raw Material Collection System in Lithuania

Based on various statistical data and calculations, the article analyzes the load of the secondary raw material collection system in Lithuania, distinguishes territorial regularities. A more detailed analysis of the survey results, the existing municipal waste management policy and the organization of the secondary raw material collection system indicate possible causes of territorial differentiation, also taking into account socio-economic assumptions.

An economic assessment of lignocellulosic biomass power plants

In 2016, electricity generation from solid biomass increased by 0.7 Mtoe in EU, compared with 2015, to 10.3 Mtoe (119.78 TWh), a 7.6% growth rate. Solid biomass may be used for: i) heating & cooling and hot water for domestic uses, ii) heating for industrial processes and iii) power generation. Unlike other renewable energy sources (RES), such as wind and solar photovoltaic (intermittent energy sources), solid biomass power plants provide dispatchable energy when needed. Therefore, the security of supply could also be increased. In addition, the use of solid biomass has significant advantages, such as the creation of jobs related to the power plant and collection of raw material used to produce energy. In this paper, an economic assessment of forest biomass power plants is carried out in the Iberian electricity system. According to current Spanish electrical regulation, in which three economic parameters are considered as income (day-ahead market, operation and investment), an economic model has been developed for the regulatory useful life (25 years). Investment costs for biomass power plants of 15, 30 and 50 MWe have been estimated. Operation & Maintenance and fuel costs, considering different prices of wet biomass (50-60 € t-1) with a moisture content of 40% and a lower calorific value of 2.8 MWh t-1 on average, have also been considered in the economic model. Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and payback period have been obtained in all scenarios. The results obtained show that a biomass power plant with a power of 50 MWe may produce 337.5 GWh year-1of net electrical energy using 446.43 kt year-1 of wet biomass. Considering a price of electrical energy of 145 € MWh-1 and a woody biomass cost of 0.0178 € kWh-1, the NPV and IRR reach 165.6 M€ and 17.63%, respectively.

Extraction,Characterization and Optimization of pectin from Banana peel by using Acid Extraction

This paper basically focused on the production of pectin from banana peel, an agricultural waste. The production process used in this work was raw material collection from Hawassa City, and characterizing the raw material for its physic-chemical composition. The raw material was prepared and grinded to a averageparticle size of 0.25mm after drying at a constant temperature of 600C. The extraction of oil from the banana peel was conducted using a solvent extraction using ethanol. After separating oil from banana peel powder cake, cake was dried at 600C in oven until constant weight was obtained. The design of experiment was conducted using software called Design Experiment 7.0.0. byBox Behnken methodwith a total experimental runs of 17 and the corresponding yield of pectin was analyzed using ANOVA. The factors in this stage were banana peel to ethanol ratio, residence time and pH at the corresponding operating range of 1:1, 1:1.5, 1:2; 60min, 90min, 120min; and 1, 2, 3; respectively.The maximum yield obtained was 20% at average particle size 0.25 mm, extraction time of 1 hour, pH of 2 and banana peel filtrate to ethanol ratio of 0.5w/v. Whereas the minimum percentage pectin yield from banana peel was 11% obtained at average particle size of 0.25 mm, extraction time 2 hour, at pH of 3 and banana peel filtrate to ethanol ratio 0.75 w/v. qualitative and quantitative analysis of extracted pectin werealso done. FT-IR analysis shows the presence of functional group of carbohydrate, carbonyl, alkene, aromatic, alkane, aliphatic amine, carbocyclic, alcohol and methyl ester which is highly close to pectin reported in literature. Another analytical technique for characterizing pectin was also done by GC-MS and it is observed that the pectin extracted in this work is high in methyl ester which highly fits with the commercial pectin. Key words: banana peel, pectin, galacturonic acid, filtrate, methyl ester pectin

Dynamics of the Accumulation of Essential Oils in the Roots ofFerula foetida(Bunge) Regel) Depending on the Age and Place of Growth in the Mangistau Region (the Western Kazakhstan)

For the first time, the dynamics of the accumulation of essential oil in the underground organs ofFerula foetidagrown on the territory of the Mangistau region (the Western Kazakhstan), depending on the age of the plant and the place of growth, are investigated. The maximum accumulation of essential oil is noted for the 4th year of vegetation (0.98%), the minimum – for the annual plants (0.14%). The largest quantitative composition of essential oil is noted in the sands of Tuyesu and on the elevation of Tynymbay Shoky, the minimum – in the vicinity of the Karkol wintering. As the results of the study the optimal places of raw materials harvesting and collection dates are determined.

Problems and prospects of metal processing industry and secondary raw materials market

The article analyzes the current state of the metal processing industry and the secondary raw materials market, considers the problems and identifies prospects for its development. The relevance of the article is due to the rapid development of new information and communication technologies, thanks to which there is a new way to manage the processes of collection and processing of secondary raw materials, which is based on fundamentally different rules than the traditional one. To create conditions, it is advisable to work on improving the reliability and international comparability of data, the development of quality standards of secondary raw materials, the creation of an information platform of common access, which will not only monitor the development of the economic system, but also to share information with all participants in the sector. The results of the study can be used to improve the methodology for the formation of mechanisms for the effective use of secondary raw materials by processing companies.

OPPORTUNITIES FOR MODIFIED STARCH TECHNOLOGIES DEVELOPMENT

The paper provides an overview and analysis of the possibilities of solving some problems in students of NTU "KhPI" training in the framework of integrated modified starch production technologies development from potato and maise (part 2). The aim of the study is to increase the efficiency of use of varieties of products for various industries at complex and integrated sites for the modified starches production. Research is aimed to study such issues as the organization of the collection and transportation of raw materials, its identification and quality control methods; selection of scientifically based processing methods and further modifications; development of the necessary process flowsheets and equipment for processing raw materials; selection of enterprises for production and justification to select each types of resources for the implementation of these design decisions. Opportunities of the topic are presented in the form of materials for complex projects of students using examples of processing various raw materials and varieties of modification of its properties.

Improved environmental impact in the architecture industry: LCA analysis of an alternative masonry element

The environmental performance of a building used for living or working depends to a large extent on its design and structure, but the total impact has additional influencing factors as well. The role of masonry elements is especially important when taking the entire life cycle of a building into consideration. This paper aims to analyze the environmental impacts of producing and using an alternative masonry element (AME) which is composed of natural cellulose and biodegradable three-component glue. The direct goal is to compare the environmental impacts of the alternative masonry elements and traditional ones. The calculations model the total life cycle of the elements, including the collection of raw materials and the post-use treatment. Calculations are supported by GaBi Professional software. The study also covers alternative plant installation possibilities in different countries which employ different energy-mixes to cover the energy used for production.Results of the study show that remarkably saving can be achieved when using the new alternative masonry element.

Low-molecular-weight fucoidan: Chemical modification, synthesis of its oligomeric fragments and mimetics

Fucoidan is a unique polysaccharide that has various biological activities partly owing to its capability to act as mimetics of natural ligands of protein receptors. However, its use is limited due to a number of reasons including those associated with molecular weight and composition variation in relation to an algae type and habitat, raw material collection time, extraction method and duration. The main problem which limits its application in therapy is high molecular weight and seasonal composition. To expand the scope of its application, it is necessary to develop a validated procedure of high-molecular-weight fucoidan depolymerization or synthesis of its oligomeric elements . Therefore, there is a need for the synthesis of polysaccharideoligomeric components and/or polymer mimetics which allow for the creation of chains with a certain degree of sulfation, molecular weight and yield. This paper presents the most commonly used methods of fucoidan homopolysaccharide and heteropolysaccharide fragments synthesis as well as problems associated with their synthesis, including fucoidan analogues available in the form of glycopolymers that are obtained by using different methods of radical polymerization. These fucoidan mimetic glycopolymers have a biological activity similar to that of native fucoidans with high yield, which allows for their use as potential agents in the pharmaceutical industry.

Stocks of raw materials of wild medicinal plants in the Western Baikal Region

The paper presents the results of resource studies of wild medicinal plants of the Western Baikal. The area of thickets, productivity, operational stock and volumes of possible annual procurement of raw materials of the studied species are determined, 10 species are recommended for industrial blanks for the needs of the region and for Russia, 5 species are recommended for regional and district use. The collection of medicinal raw materials is possible subject to scientifically grounded recommendations on the procurement of medicinal plants, taking into account the frequency of collection and the possible annual removal of raw materials from a specific territory.

Perancangan Model Simulasi Tata Letak Gudang Bahan Baku dengan Menggunakan Metode Shared Storage pada PT. Braja Mukti Cakra

Braja Mukti Cakra (PT) is a company engaged in manufacturing that produces high-precision machined products, in the form of automotive components in Indonesia. Problems that occur at PT. Braja Mukti Cakra is in the warehouse of raw materials, where the laying of raw materials that are not optimal is due to the lack of naming and distribution of the types of raw materials on the shelves or pallets in the warehouse. This causes operators to have difficulty in finding raw materials to be sent to the production floor and causes the time to take raw materials to be long so that there will be delays in shipping to the production floor. The purpose of this study is to design a simulation model to improve the layout of the raw material warehouse from the storage area to the warehouse exit that can be used to evaluate the time taken for raw materials and the time of transfer of raw materials. In this study the first step is to evaluate the warehouse layout of raw materials using a checksheet to determine the condition of the current raw material warehouse and use a map of the raw material extraction process flow to determine the flow of the raw material extraction process. Next is the initial simulation model of raw material warehouse layout to understand the actual system. The model that has been built is then verified and validated. If the model is declared valid, improvements are made to existing problems by improving the warehouse layout of raw materials and the placement of existing raw materials using the shared storage method as a proposal for raw material warehouse layout. Standard raw placement, pay attention to raw materials that have the same purpose and are made into the same rack or pallet or located adjacent to the shelf or pallet to each other so as to get a shorter time in the shipping process. The number of proposed improvements in the raw material warehouse layout are 3 proposals. The first proposal is the addition of material handling, the second proposal uses the shared storage method and the third proposal uses shared storage methods and the addition of material handling. For the selection of the best proposals, the Benferonni method was used and used the results of the checksheet evaluation. The best proposal is the third proposal with the time of raw material collection and the transfer of raw materials to the warehouse exit which is equal to 71.18 hours. Compared with the initial simulation model which has the time to take raw materials and the transfer of raw materials to the warehouse exit of 122.23 hours. From this best proposal, it was obtained a time savings of 51.05 hours or 41.76%.

The role of preservation in the variability of regenerative medicine products.

Regenerative medicine (RM) has the potential to restore or establish normal function of cells, tissues and organs that have been lost due to age, disease or injury. It is common for the site of raw material collection, site of manufacture and site of clinical use to be different for RM products, and at the same time cells must remain viable and functional during transportation among different sites. Freezing products down to cryogenic temperatures along with cold chain transportation has become an effective method of preserving RM products. The quality of RM products along this supply chain represents the cumulative effects of all of the processing steps and all of the reagents used in the process. A variety of sources of variability in the preservation of RM products can result in both cell losses and greater variability in the quality of RM products. The purpose of this article is to review the sources of variability in the preservation process as well as the methods by which variability can be controlled or avoided.

Zooarchaeological evidence of large-scale cattle metapodial processing in the 18th century in the small town of Rauma, Finland

SUMMARY: In this article we examine and interpret a cattle-bone assemblage from the small town of Rauma, Finland, dating to the early 18th century, exhibiting evidence for large-scale raw bone material collection and preparation. Sawn ends of bovine metapodials originating from at least 230 individuals were found in shallow pits near the town border. Bones from adult male cattle dominated the sample. The uniformity of the craft process, careful selection of the bones and the concentrated deposition of the waste indicate a professional large-scale operation aimed at preparation of half-finished products. The shafts were probably not worked further at this site. It is likely that metapodial shafts were exported to larger cities, such as Stockholm, because Rauma, or possibly even the whole of 18th-century Finland, would not have had the markets for such a large number of end products.

Samples of the Collection of Old Medicine Raw Materials of the Department of Pharmacognosy of St. Petersburg Chemical Pharmaceutical University, Which Can Be Used in Food

Samples of the Collection of Old Medicine Raw Materials of the Department of Pharmacognosy of St. Petersburg Chemical Pharmaceutical University, Which Can Be Used in Food

Aspects of non-grain part harvesting for corn and sunflower as solid biofuels

Purpose. Identification of promising technologies for harvesting the non-cereal part of the corn and sunflower crops, which provide for the controlled collection of quality products in accordance with the needs. Methods. Analysis of common technological processes of harvesting straw and stem feed, the non-grain part of the corn and sunflower harvest, the synthesis of options for harvesting individual parts of the non-grain part of the corn and sunflower crop and evaluating them by the possible harvest, experimental determination of the full harvest for a particular process. Results. Synthesized and analyzed options for harvesting the non-cereal part of the corn and sunflower crops, which can be used in modern agricultural production. The analysis of the non-cereal part of the corn and sunflower harvest was carried out. The proportion of the non-cereal part of the corn and sunflower crops, which can be collected with various harvesting options, has been established. Experimental studies have been carried out of individual operations of collecting the non-grain part of the corn and sunflower crops. Conclusions. Harvesting the stem mass in a compacted form (rolls, bales) for energy needs is more appropriate than in loose form. Farms that grow corn and sunflower choose the technology of harvesting the non-cereal part of the crop, depending on the area of sowing of crops and needs in the stem mass. The investigated options for harvesting the non-cereal part of the crop provide a complete collection of the stem mass from 3.5 to 85.4%. The final choice of the option of harvesting raw materials is determined not only by the completeness of the collection of raw materials, but also by its technical and economic indicators. Keywords: non-cereal part of corn and sunflower harvest, technology of harvesting non-cereal part, solid biofuel.

Problems of the Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Plant Volatiles

Strategies for the analysis of plant volatiles have changed significantly over the past 15–20 years due to the introduction of new approaches to sample preparation and analysis, including those initially developed for other areas and currently applied to the analysis of plant metabolites. Any analysis of plant substances consists of two phases. The first phase includes plant material collection, primary processing, conservation, storage, and extraction to prepare samples for research. The second phase is the analysis itself by various chromatographic, spectral, and/or hybrid (hyphenated) techniques. Most scientific publications focus their attention on the second phase, and the first remains “behind the scenes,” although it is in the first phase that the biomaterial experiences significant transformations. It is impossible to correctly and adequately evaluate the ultimate result of a study without taking these transformations into account. Specific difficulties arise in both phases, and they are reviewed in this paper. The wide distribution of modern chromatographic instruments equipped with sophisticated software allows a significant portion of an experiment to be performed automatically. However, one should realize that the improvement of experimental techniques does not change the basics of a method, and, therefore, does not eliminate its intrinsic limitations. To avoid fallacies in the publication of the results, all the experimental data obtained in the automatic mode should be subjected to an impartial revision by the experimenter with regard to all known limitations inherent in methods used for separation and detection of components. In order to correctly interpret experimental results, one should know the entire history of samples under investigation; thus, it is necessary to document carefully all manipulations with plant material from the collection of raw materials till the final sample preparation. Only with this proviso the study can be expected to provide meaningful results.

Kahwa daun: traditional knowledge of a coffee leaf herbal tea from West Sumatera, Indonesia

BackgroundKahwa daun is a herbal tea made from coffee leaves produced by people in West Sumatera, Indonesia. It has an aroma, flavor, and appearance similar to coffee. There is no existing literature describing the traditional production method of kahwa daun. In this article, production techniques, moisture content, and the yield of the product are explored. MethodDescriptive qualitative research method was used to explore production techniques. Discussion, observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation were conducted in three districts in West Sumatera to collect primary data. Gravimetric method is used to determine the moisture content. ResultProcessing of fresh coffee leaves into kahwa daun includes collection of raw materials, drying, packaging, and storage. Kahwa daun usually was made from robusta coffee leaves. The result showed that there were three main production techniques for kahwa daun in the province which include pendiangan (traditional drying above the cooking fire), smoking, and toasting in a handheld frame over a low heat. All techniques were different from the techniques usually used to produce herbal teas. The moisture content of kahwa daun was 3.6–7.6% (wb), and the yield of the product was 10–20%. ConclusionKahwa daun processing differs from both usual herbal tea production methods and commercial coffee leaf tea production. The efficacy and potential of kahwa daun as a health drink still require further research.

An uncertain model for integrated production-transportation closed-loop supply chain network with cost reliability

Reverse logistics has acquired a boost because of various government legislation and several environmental, economic and social reasons. Different optimization approaches are widely applied in reverse logistics problems so as to attain different goals. Efficient production and transportation of the items improve the overall performance of the closed-loop supply chain networks. In this paper, we develop a multi-echelon and multi-item integrated production-transportation closed loop supply chain model. The model includes raw material suppliers, hybrid facilities, customers, collection centres, and disposal centres. Three objective functions under consideration are the minimization of total cost, total defected items and total delivery time. To deal with real life uncertainties we adopted the reliability approach for cost parameters whereas supply and demand parameters are considered as uncertain variables. Cost reliability parameters, as well as uncertain constraints are converted into their crisp equivalent form using necessary approaches. Fuzzy goal programming is used to obtain a compromise solution to the proposed model. The proposed model is tested on a real-life case study and finally, the results and conclusions are discussed. This paper provides acumen for fomenting the decision making process in logistics problems.

Opportunities for the use of fireweed (Chamerion angustifolium L.): a review of researches

The plant fireweed (Chamerion angustifolium L.) is widely used for the treatment of various disorders and illnesses in all the world (Vitalone et al., 2001; Vitalone et al., 2003a; Vitalone et al., 2003b). Experimental studies show that Chamerion angustifolium L. extracts have many pharmacological and treatment effects: antioxidant, antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and anti-aging. Fireweed is rich in polyphenolic compounds. Oenothein B is the main polyphenol in fireweed (14–23%), while it has flavonoids less than 2%. Fireweed also has essential oils (mostly linoleinic acid, 1-docosene, hexadecanoic acid, linolenic acid) and acts as an antibacterial agent. Fireweed accumulates a lot of phenols and can be used as a natural antioxidative source. Oenothein B is the most contributing factor of the antioxidative fireweed effect. After studying of scientific works about fireweed, we can affirm that there are not enough comprehensive studies, which will answer very relevant questions: how active substances are distributed in the fireweed plant, how the quantity and quality of active substances depend on growing factors during changes of climate, raw material collection methods, etc. It is necessary to do more research works, associated with an analysis of fireweed cultivation conditions.

Production of bacterial cellulose from byproduct of citrus juice processing (citrus pulp) by Gluconacetobacter hansenii

In this study, bacterial cellulose (BC) was produced by Gluconacetobacter hansenii and Gluconacetobacter xylinum using citrus pulp water (CPW) and coconut water (CW). The productivity and the characteristics of the BCs produced by different strains and media were investigated. The results showed that BC production could reach more than 8.0 g DW L−1 by both G. hansenii and G. xylinum (8.42 ± 0.54 and 8.77 ± 0.64 g L−1) using CPW medium, which was close to the industrial level (9.91 ± 0.42 g L−1) by G. xylinum in CW medium. Therefore, CPW medium had strong universal utilization ability for BC production by both G. hansenii and G. xylinum. On the other hand, BC produced by G. hansenii in CPW medium had low hardness and high water holding capacity, and the preferred orientation of microfiber crystallites in BCs obtained by G. hansenii and G. xylinum using CPW was different. This difference enabled the production of BC products with different physicochemical features based on the requirements. In addition, the economics of BC production using CPW and CW as the raw fermentation materials was analyzed and compared, and the result indicated that the former was more economical and would be a promising candidate for producing BC. Finally, producing BC using CPW to replace the traditional CW medium would expand the raw material collection regions, reduce transportation cost, and realize BC products diversity.

Circular Economy in The Opinions of Small- and Medium-sized Hotel Enterprises

Purpose. Assessment of the degree of preparation of Polish entrepreneurs in the hotel sector to implement the principles of circular economy and recognition of their opinions in the field of formal and economic conditions for the creation of a circular economy in Poland. Method. The views presented in this article are the result of a review of literature on circular economy and empirical studies carried out using the monographic method based on a survey and structured IDI (individual in-depth interview) among a group of 64 hotel enterprises. Findings. The study assessed 5 basic areas characteristic for circular economy. In the course of the interviews, it was established that the areas most poorly prepared to implement the principles of circular economy in the group of hotel SMEs are the design, consumption and use (in particular re-use and repairs). The assessment of preparation in the areas of raw material collection and distribution was slightly better. The knowledge of circular economy issues among investors and designers, attitudes and consumer awareness, state of legal regulations and availability of support from public authorities (in the area of education and financing solutions in the field of circular economy) were rated as low. Research and conclusions limitations. The results of research carried out using the monographic method, based on subjective assessments of respondents, should be treated with caution and do not allow to draw general conclusions. They are, however, an indication for future activities concerning the education of entrepreneurs and consumers in the field of circular economy assumptions and setting research and development priorities aimed at strengthening the closed circuit in the economy. Practical implications. The conclusions and postulates formulated by the respondents point to the insufficient preparation of the economy for the implementation of the circular economy principles and the need to take action in the area of education, legal regulations and fiscal policy. In the opinion of hotel entrepreneurs, without changes at the general economic and formal- legal levels, the actual implementation of circular economy principles in the hotel industry will not be possible due to the complex system of investor and operator relations with suppliers and subcontractors. At the most, individual actions may be limited to assumptions of social responsibility and sustainable development formulated for years, which cannot be equated with a closed circuit. Originality. This is the first survey of tourist entrepreneurs' opinions on the possibilities of implementing a circular economy and their readiness to meet the requirements of the circular economy. Type of paper. An article presenting the results of desk and empirical research.