Raw Fabrics Research Articles

The improvement of the resistance to Candida Albicans and Trichophyton interdigitale of some cotton textile materials by treating with oxygen plasma and chitosan

This paper presents the improvement of the resistance to fungi of some cotton textile materials by treating in the manufacturing process with oxygen plasma and chitosan. Thus, after the weaving and preliminary finishing, the fabrics were cleaned in oxygen plasma atmosphere and after dyeing, have been treated with chitosan solution with concentrations of 1 or 5 g/l, in order to confer them antimicrobial properties. The antimicrobial tests were performed with two fungi: Candida albicans and Tricophyton interdigitale. The obtained antimicrobial effect was considerably higher compared to that of the raw fabrics. The colour resistance of dyed fabrics was not significantly influenced by applying the treatment-based chitosan.

A Statistical Investigation for Determining Fabric Defects That Occur During Weaving Production

Fabric defects that occur during weaving production causes wastage at garment production. If fabric defects can not be detected during garment production, causes separation of the finished product as second quality. In this study, in a weaving mill, raw fabrics were inspected during three weeks for defect detection after weaving operation and results were investigated using statistical methods. Detected fabric defects has been classified and noted on quality control charts. For statistical investigation of number of defects pareto analysis and p control charts were used from statistical process control methods.

Enhancing the surface properties of linen by non-thermal atmospheric air-plasma treatment

Abstract In this research, a diffuse coplanar surface barrier discharge (DCSBD) type plasma reactor was used for the surface modification of raw linen fabric. Changes in physical properties and chemical composition of the fiber surface as well as color of the fabric were measured as a function of time of the atmospheric air plasma treatment. Furthermore, ageing of the effects created on the fiber surface by plasma treatment was also characterized in a period of 0-14 days elapsed after the plasma treatment. Significant differences were found between the properties of the raw and plasma treated linen fabrics, including increase of wettability, wickability, surface energy and O/C ratio, and decrease of water contact angle and deterioration of the waxy outer layer of the fibers. Most of the parameters depended on the time of plasma treatment (0–180 s). O/C ratio increased steadily with the increase of duration of the plasma treatment, which was explained by destruction of the waxy surface layer, creation of polar groups and exposure of cellulosic components. Most of the properties tested were found to be stable during two weeks of storage after the plasma treatment, indicating that the surface ‘topography’ created by plasma remained almost unaltered and the recovery of the etched waxy coverage of the fiber did not occur.

Analysis of the mechanical properties of conveyor belts on the three main stages of production

Conveyors belts are used wherever it is necessary to transport materials quickly and promptly. They are made of fabric-rubber core (carcass) and rubber covers. The carcass may consist of several spacers made of synthetic polyamide–polyester fabrics impregnated with a solution of latex that provides an intermediate layer to prevent delamination of the vulcanized composite. The main goal of this research work is to analyse the mechanical properties of conveyor belts during three main stages of production: raw fabric, fabric impregnated with latex, and conveyor belt. For this purpose, nine fabrics of different weaves with a width of 1 m were produced with polyester warp and polyamide weft threads. The fabrics were coated with latex and then vulcanized. Subsequently, the structural parameters and the mechanical properties of each product were measured at each of the three stages of conveyor belt production. This article presents the effect of fabric structure on the mechanical properties of the products of these three production stages. Results show that differences in the mechanical properties of products at different stages of conveyor belt production depend on number of intersections of yarns in woven fabrics. In addition, significant differences were observed in the mechanical properties depending on the applied weaves.

The Improvement of the Resistance to Candida albicans and Trichophyton interdigitale of Some Woven Fabrics Based on Cotton.

This paper presents the improvement of the antimicrobial character of woven fabrics based on cotton. The woven fabrics were cleaned in oxygen plasma and treated by padding with silver chloride and titanium dioxide particles. The existence of silver and titanium on woven fabrics was evidenced by electronic microscope images (SEM, EDAX) and by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The antimicrobial tests were performed with two fungi: Candida albicans and Trichophyton interdigitale. The obtained antimicrobial effect was considerably higher compared to the raw fabrics. Treatment of dyed fabrics with a colloidal solution based on silver chloride and titanium dioxide particles does not considerably influence colour resistance of dyes.

A Statistical Investigation into the Determining Woven Fabric Defects That Occur on Raw Terry Fabrics During Weaving Production

In this study, the number of specific woven fabric defects occured on raw terry fabrics during weaving production were investigated with statistical process control techniques. Raw fabrics of a selected standart fabric production were inspected for defect detection after weaving operation in a towel production company. Defects were detected by inspection of fabric on a lighted control board by experienced experts. Number of defects were noted on quality control charts. Applying pareto analysis, defects were revealed that formed 80% of total defects. Cause-effect diagrams and p control charts were created and solution suggestions to avoid these defects were presented keeping in mind that eliminating elementary causes, which is 20% of total problems, can resolve 80% of resources of problems.

구아바 잎 추출액을 이용한 직물의 천연염색 III - 한지면직물의 염색성과 기능성 -

The natural dyeing of hanji cotton fabrics with guava leaf extract was investigated. The temperature and time of dyeing were <TEX>$40^{\circ}C$</TEX> and <TEX>$90^{\circ}C$</TEX> for eighty minutes, respectively. In addition, the dyebath has been set at pH 5. Sn pre-mordanted fabrics showed the highest K/S value. Regardless of dyeing temperature, K/S values were high when Al, Cu, Fe-mordanted fabrics were dyed in post-mordanting and Sn-mordanted fabrics in pre-mordanting. The dyeing equilibrium was shown at the fourth time of repeated dyeing. In the processing of hanji cotton fabrics, K/S value was high when hanji cotton fabric was treated with soybean milk at <TEX>$90^{\circ}C$</TEX>. Similar K/S value of dyeing was shown when fabrics were processed with chitosan, regardless of dyeing temperature. High K/S value of dyeing was seen when fabrics processed with gallnut tannin at 40. Fabrics dyed with acidic water extract showed yellowish color. Fabrics dyed with alkaline water extract showed reddish color, and fabrics dyed with ethanol extract showed greenish yellow color. In case of Sn-mordanted fabrics, the washing fastness level was between 3 to 4, and other dyed fabrics showed low fastness. The dry cleaning fastness also showed very excellent result with level 4-5. The rubbing fastness of the fabrics was better in dry rubbing than in wet rubbing. For the light fastness, all dyed fabrics showed low fastness. For antibacterial activity, the dyed fabrics with guava leaf extract showed 99.9% of high antibacterial activity. Hanji cotton fabric maintained certain deodorization in the state of raw fabric. All dyed fabrics showed higher UV protection rate than control fabric.

The effect of plasma modification on the sheet resistance of nylon fabrics coated with carbon nanotubes

Low-pressure oxygen and argon plasmas were used to pre-treat nylon fabrics, and the modified fabrics, together with the raw fabrics, were subsequently coated with single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) by a dip-drying process. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy analyses indicated the attachment of SWCNTs onto nylon fabrics. After the coating with SWCNTs, the plasma modified fabrics exhibited sheet resistance of as low as 2.0kΩ/sq. with respect to 4.9kΩ/sq. of the raw fabrics, presumably owing to the increase of fibre surface roughness incurred by the plasma modification, which is evidenced by SEM analyses. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis indicates the incorporation of oxygen functionalities on fibre surfaces in the plasma modification. This is responsible for the variation of the electrical conductance of SWCNT-coated fabrics with the type of plasma and the duration of plasma ablation.

Comparative analysis of the effect of ozone treatment on the properties of mulberry and tassar silk fabrics

The effect of ozone treatment on the properties of raw and degummed mulberry and tassar silk fabrics has recently been studied, and the investigation of results has been published. The variables, namely, wet pickup, pH and treatment time used in the treatment have shown a significant effect on properties such as the yellowness index, breaking strength, breaking elongation, amino group content, weight and flexural rigidity of the silk fabrics. In addition to this study, a comparative analysis has been made to find the difference in properties of ozone‐treated raw and degummed mulberry and tassar silk fabrics, for conditions that showed a significant effect on the properties, and these are presented in this paper. The results show that ozone treatment has a pronounced effect on the properties of mulberry raw and tassar raw silk fabrics compared with mulberry degummed and tassar degummed silk fabrics.

Effects of Atmospheric Plasma Pretreatments on Pectinase Efficiency in Bioscouring of Linen Fabrics

Pectinase enzyme treatment subsequent to atmospheric air- or argon-plasma surface modification was applied in linen fabric preparation. Wettability by water drop test, wickability by thin layer wicking experiment, residual pectin content and colour of the fabrics were characterized. Results clearly proved that the efficiency of pectinase in improving linen water absorbency can be significantly enhanced by plasma pretreatment. Argon-plasma pretreatment followed by a Beisol PRO enzyme treatment reduced the wetting time considerably and resulted in a fabric surface that has been characterized by the lowest water contact angle (86.6°). All the applied treatments increased the energy of the fibre surface. The alkaline scoured, the argon-plasma treated and the argon-plasma-pectinase treated samples have been characterized by the highest \( \gamma_{S}^{total} \)values. Plasma treatment significantly decreased the whiteness and increased the yellowness of the raw fabrics. However, the enzyme treatment applied after the plasma treatment has overcome the colour differences.

Interfacial Optimization of Acetate Taffeta Fabric/PLA Composites

For the interfacial optimization of Acetate Taffeta Fabric (ATF) with Poly Lactic Acid (PLA), steady-state uniform atmospheric glow discharge (AGD) and Silane treatments were studied, respectively. In AGD, the plasma polymerization time for ATF was varied up to 3 minutes. In silane treatments, three types of silane coupling agents, aminoethylaminopropyl-trimethoxysilane, 3-glycidoxypropyl-trimethoxysilane and 3-methacryloxypropyltrime-thoxysilane, were used respectively with concentrations ranging from 0 to 5%. Silane coupling agent was chosen since -OH in silane always reacts with -OH in PLA. Also, all three silanes have similar chemical structures with that of Lactic Acid. The sizing on the fabric was with a solution containing PVA, acryl and water at the ratio of 3:1:96. Peel tests were carried out for the surface modified fabrics before and after removing the sizing. Highest peel test results was obtained with 3% silane concentration. Tensile tests were carried out before analyzing the fracture surface of the composites by scanning electron microscope. Compared to raw fabric, plasma and silane treatments have improved the tensile strength at maximum of 30.4 and 27.4%, respectively.

Functionalization of Polyester Fabric by Ar/N2 Plasma and Silver

The objective of this research was to use Ar/N2 (50%:50%) plasma to increase the adhesion of nano silver particles to raw polyester fabric. RUCO-BAC AGP was applied using the exhaust method. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed differences in surface composition between the Ar/N2 plasma-treated and untreated raw fabrics. The Ar/N2 plasma treatment was found to increase the surface carbon concentration and decrease the concentration of C-O and O-C=O groups on the surface. After plasma etching, the specific surface of the polyester fabric and properties related to it were found to change significantly. This change was confirmed by a decrease in the whiteness index and an increase in the dyeability of the polyester fabric with disperse dye. Morphological changes in the surface of plasma-treated polyester fabric enabled greater adhesion of nano silver particles and increased the antimicrobial effect with respect to Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Streptococcus faecalis.

Functionalization of PET Fabrics by Corona and Nano Silver

In this work, the antibacterial and other properties of polyester fabrics previously functionalized by corona and/or silver nano particles have been studied. Corona air plasma was used as a pretreatment of raw, washed and washed-thermostabilized polyester fabrics to increase the adhesion of nano silver particles resulting in an excellent antibacterial effect. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was applied to analyze the surface composition and chemical bonding of the surface atoms on untreated and treated fabrics. The surface morphological changes of polyester fibers were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The quantity of silver on the polyester fabrics was determined by the use of the inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry method. The antimicrobial properties of functionalized polyester fabrics were tested according to American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM Designation: E 2149-01. Additionally, the dyeing of polyester fabrics with selected disperse dye as well as capillary action tests were performed to confirm the chemical and morphological changes of polyester fibers after corona treatment. Considerable differences in surface composition were found between the raw and washed or washed-thermostabilized fabrics. The surface of raw fabrics is richer in carbon and the concentrations of the C—O and O—C=O groups are lower than on the other samples. An opposite effect is observed for washed and washed thermostabilized fabrics. SEM analyses show that the plasma treatment also affects the surface morphology. The chemical surface composition and morphology are highly related to the hydrophobicity and hydrophylicity, and the achievement of better nano silver adhesion and enhanced dyeing and antimicrobial properties of differently prepared corona plasma-treated polyester fabrics. Therefore, corona air-treated raw polyester fabrics demonstrated optimum antimicrobial properties due to the excellent adhesion of nano silver.

Evaluating the toxicity of fabric extracts using the hepa-1 cytotoxicity test, the HaCaT cytotoxicity test and the spermatozoa motility inhibition test

To detect the possible toxicity of dyed and finished fabrics, a set of such fabrics was investigated using three different cell tests – the hepa-1 cytotoxicity test, the HaCaT cytotoxicity test and the spermatozoa motility-inhibition test. In each case, cells were exposed to fabric extracts. In cytotoxicity tests, after 72 h, exposure cell growth was measured using the protein content in the wells/vials as an indicator: if the protein content in the wells was less than 80%, the test showed toxicity of the fabric extract. The spermatozoa motility-inhibition test shows toxicity if at least 25% of the cells are dead when the viability of the cells is detected under light microscopy. The results showed that none of the extracts from raw fabrics was toxic. Extracts from the vat-dyed, flame-retardant fabric showed low toxicity in the spermatozoa test, but not in other cell tests. Extracts from most of the reactive-dyed knitted fabrics showed toxic values after finishing. However, it can be concluded that reactive dyes do not usually produce adverse effects. After dyeing with reactive dyes, extracts from the bleached fabric were no longer toxic. This study showed that the cell tests were useful when examining the toxicity of extracts from textile substances.

Machine vision tool for real-time detection of defects on textile raw fabrics

This work describes an automated artificial vision inspection (AVI) system for real-time detection and classification of defects on textile raw fabrics. The tool (software + hardware) is directly attached to an appositely developed appraisal equipment machine (weave room monitoring system) and the inspection is performed online. The developed tool performs (1) the image acquisition of the raw fabric, (2) the extraction of some critical parameters from the acquired images, (3) an artificial neural network (ANN)-based approach able to detect and classify the most frequently occurring types of defects occurring on the raw fabric and (4) a standard image processing algorithm that allows the measurement of the geometric properties of the detected defects. The reliability of the tool is about 90% (defect detected vs. effectively existing defects), that is, similar to the performance obtained by human experts. Once detected the defects are correctly classified in 88% of cases and their geometrical properties are measured with a sub-pixel precision.

Optimization of the processing conditions and prediction of the quality for dyeing nylon and lycra blended fabrics

This paper is intended to determine the optimal processing parameters applied to the dyeing procedure so that the desired color strength of a raw fabric can be achieved. Moreover, the processing parameters are also used for constructing a system to predict the fabric quality. The fabric selected is the nylon and Lycra blend. The dyestuff used for dyeing is acid dyestuff and the dyeing method is one-bath-two-section. The Taguchi quality method is applied for parameter design. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) is applied to arrange the optimal condition, significant factors and the percentage contributions. In the experiment, according to the target value, a confirmation experiment is conducted to evaluate the reliability. Furthermore, the genetic algorithm (GA) is combined with the back propagation neural network (BPNN) in order to establish the forecasting system for searching the best connecting weights of BPNN. It can be shown that this combination not only enhances the efficiency of the learning algorithm, but also decreases the dependency of the initial condition during the network training. Most of all, the robustness of the learning algorithm will be increased and the quality characteristic of fabric will be precisely predicted.

Quantitative Analysis of Cotton—Polyester Textile Blends from Near-Infrared Spectra

Quantitative analysis of textile blends and textile fabrics is currently of particular interest in the industrial context. In this frame, this work investigates whether the use of Fourier transform (FT) near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and chemometrics is powerful for rapid and accurate quantitative analysis of cotton-polyester content in blend products. As samples of the same composition have many sources of variability that affect NIR spectra, indirect prediction is particularly challenging and a large sample population is required to design robust calibration models. Thus, a total of more than three-hundred cotton-polyester samples were selected covering the range from the 0% to 100% cotton and the corresponding NIR reflectance spectra were measured on raw fabrics. The data set obtained was used to develop multivariate models for quantitative prediction from reference measurements. A successful approach was found to rely on partial least squares (PLS) regression combined with genetic algorithms (GAs) for wavelength selection. It involved evaluating a set of calibration models considering different spectral regions. The results obtained considering 27.5% of the original variables yielded a prediction error (RMSEP) of 2.3 in percent cotton content. It demonstrates that FT-NIR spectroscopy has the potential to be used in the textile industry for the prediction of the composition of cotton-polyester blends. As a further consequence, it was observed that the spectral preprocessing and the complexity of the model are simplified compared to the full-spectrum approach. Also, the relevancy of the spectral intervals retained after variable selection can be discussed.

Preparation of Cotton Materials Using Corona Discharge

The present work concerns the study of preparation processes when this operation is preceded by a CORONA discharge made on dry raw fabrics. The influence in the whiteness degree, hydrophility, starch removal and uniformity of properties of the cellulosic material after preparation is studied. Combined preparation processes are widely used in order to replace solutions where desizing, alkaline boiling and bleaching are individual operations, being a main interest to find the optimal conditions to achieve alkaline oxidative treatments with an uniform and more intense cleaning action. CORONA discharge is able to strongly modify hydrophility of cotton fabrics in raw stage, which is determinant to increase liquids absorption and uniformity of processed fabrics. Results of long-bath, pad-roll, pad-batch and pad-steam bleaching processes in laboratory conditions are compared using or not wetting agent in the recipes and including CORONA discharge as a preparation operation. The transfer of this technology to industry regarding the implementation in textile plant in a very near future is being worked, supported by results as the present ones.

A new method for measuring scouring efficiency of natural fibers based on the cellulose-binding domain-β-glucuronidase fused protein

Cellulose-binding domains (CBDs) are characterized by their ability to strongly bind to different forms of cellulose. This study examined the use of a recombinant CBD fused to the reporter enzyme β-glucuronidase (CBD-GUS) to determine the extent of removal of the water-repellent waxy component of cotton fiber cuticles following hydrolytic treatment, i.e., scouring. The CBD-GUS test displayed higher sensitivity and repeatability than conventional water absorb techniques applied in the textile industry. Increases in the levels of CBD-GUS bound to the exposed cellulose correlated to increases in the fabric’s hydrophilicity as a function of the severity of the scouring treatment applied, clearly indicating that the amount of bound enzyme increases proportionally with the amount of available binding sites. The binding of CBD-GUS also gave measurable and repeatable results when used on untreated or raw fabrics in comparison with conventional water drop techniques. The quantitative response of the reaction as bound enzyme activity was optimized for fully wettable fabrics. A minimal free enzyme concentration-to-swatch weight ratio of 75:1 was found to be necessary to ensure enzyme saturation (i.e., a linear response), corresponding to a free enzyme-to-bound enzyme ratio of at least 3:5.

Shrink Behaviors of Wool Knitted Fabrics.

From the point of felting shrinkage behavior of the raw and the chemically modified plain-knitted wool fabrics, the relationship between the density and the area of each shrunk sample after washing test was investigated. The relation for the raw sample shrunk by different levels of washing action resulted in U-shape curve. The result indicated that there were two significant shrinkage stages in the raw plain-knitted fabric. On the first stage that the fabric density decreased, the felting was caused entirely by fibers protruding from the surface. The main knit structure was quite unfelted, but the loops became largely narrow through being pulled in by the felting surface. On the second stage, which the density increased through the minimum density, the loops were completely deformed and the main structure was almost felted. The relation between the density of each shrunk chemically modified sample and the fabric area showed that the curve drawn by jointing together every top of those bar charts was similar in shape to that for the raw sample. This means that the felting shrinkage of shrinkproofing treated fabrics was subjected to the mechanisms of felting in the raw fabric.