Raven's Progressive Matrices Research Articles

Correlation between Catch-up Growth in Early Childhood with Cognitive Ability among School-Aged Children (10–12 Years): A Longitudinal Study

BACKGROUND: Children’s cognitive abilities are influenced by the nutritional condition of children in early childhood. Catch-up growth in early childhood affects cognitive abilities at school age. AIM: This study aims to analyze the effect of catch-up growth in early childhood on the cognitive abilities of school-aged children in Indonesia. METHODS: This study was a cohort study incorporating 10 years of follow-up using three waves of secondary data (1997, 2000, and 2007) from the Indonesia Family Life Survey. Research studies and data analysis were carried out from April to September 2021. The initial data collection of the study was conducted in 1997 when the children were 0–23 months old, then followed in 2000 (age 3–5 years) and 2007 (age 10–12 years). The study subjects were 537 children aged 0–23 months in 1997. Cognitive ability was measured using the Raven Progressive Matrices method. Statistical analysis for cognitive ability scores with catch-up growth was carried out using one-way analysis of variance and multivariate analysis using the generalized linear model. RESULTS: Significant differences were observed in the cognitive ability scores of normal children and stunted children who did not experience catch-up growth (p<0.001), but the cognitive scores of normal children are not significantly different from the stunting catch-up growth group. Other factors that affect the cognitive ability score were as follows: (1) Child factors consist of child stunting status, head circumference, hemoglobin levels, duration of breastfeeding, and complete basic immunization history; (2) parental factors such as father’s occupation, parental education, and number of parity; (3) household socioeconomic factors (household income and wealth index); and (4) environmental factors (housing area, father’s smoking habit, defecation facilities, and household drinking water sources). CONCLUSION: Cognitive abilities of school-age children were most influenced by catch-up growth, stunting status, duration of breastfeeding, number of parity, father’s education, father’s occupation, and father’s smoking habit. Children who experience catch-up growth have better cognitive abilities than stunted non-catch-up group or who experience stunting during early life.

Personality and achievement: A follow-up study.

Background:The health and well-being of medical students along with their successful progression is an important concern for society. Studies across the world demonstrated a high prevalence of psychiatric morbidity and low self-esteem among medical students requires immediate attention and effective management.Aim:To compare the symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress between the groups who have cleared all papers in the first attempt with those who have got supplementary at least in one paper during their MBBS course.Materials and Methods:Raven's Progressive Matrices Scale, Eysenck personality Questionnaire, Sinha's Anxiety Scale, Stress Reaction Check (SRC) List, and 16-Personality Factors questionnaires were used along with performance score was recorded for the objective of the study.Results:Nonparametric tests, Mann–Whitney and Wilcoxon are used and found that RSPM scores and EPQ Lie-scale scores are statistically different as the P < 0.05. Overall performance and psychological problems association are found out using Spearman's correlation test and it is found that Factor C and Tough poise under 16 PF are significantly correlated.Conclusions:The study concluded that there is a significant difference between the abstract reasoning between the two groups of students measured by RSPM. When the students are compared by taking gender as grouping variable the study concluded psychosis, lie scale value is significantly different in the two groups and the mean value is higher in the female group. It is also concluded that the stress level measured by SRC is significantly different and the mean value is higher in the female group. Furthermore, the global factors Tough poise and independence are found to be significantly different in two groups with 16 PF questionnaire.

A Neuro-Symbolic Reasoning Model on Raven's Progressive Matrices

A Neuro-Symbolic Reasoning Model on Raven's Progressive Matrices

Association between Delirium and Cognitive Impairment: Is there a Link?

Delirium and dementia are both disorders involving global cognitive impairment that can occur separately or at the same time in the elderly. The aim of this study was to examine the frequency, correlation, and relative risk between delirium and cognitive impairment in a prospective population study starting at the basal line (onset of delirium) over a period of five years. The secondary aim was to determine any possible correlation between the kind of delirium and a specific type of dementia. We studied 325 patients diagnosed according to the DSM-IV. The neuropsychological, moods and delirium disorders were evaluated with Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Delirium Rating Scale-Revised-98, MMSE, Rey auditory-verbal learning test, Digit Span, Symbol Digit Modalities Test, Raven Progressive Matrices, ADL, and IADL. The prevalence of delirium in our population was 89 cases (27.4%): 78 patients (48 women and 30 men) showed evolution toward dementia (mean age was 67.9 ± 6.1 years for men and 68.4 ± 9.1 for women), and 11 patients (5 men and 6 women) presented only isolated delirium without evolution toward cognitive impairment (mean age of men was 68.1 ± 5.1 years and of women 66.4 ± 7.1). The neuropsychological study of the patients with delirium with dementia evolution revealed statistically significant differences over time with a statistically significant intergroup difference and predisposition toward depression. The association between delirium and cognitive impairment and the possible role of delirium as an early marker of neurodegenerative diseases need to be investigated in the future.

The Contribution of Executive Functions, Visual Processing and Reading Skills to the Performance in the Colored Raven Progressive Matrices Test: A Predictive Study among First-to-Fourth Grade Arabic-Speaking Children

In this study, the objective was to assess the extent to which EFs and visual processing, especially visual attention, contribute to children’s performance in the Colored Progressive Matrices of Raven (CPM), a test generally used between 5 - 11 years. For this purpose, we tested children from first grade to fourth grade in a battery that included the different sub-domains of EFs and visual processing tests. We hypothesized that links will be found between the performance in CPM, executive functions performance and visual/attentional processes. In addition, we hypothesized that EFs, in particular, working memory (WM) and shifting/updating, will explain variance in the performance in the CPM. At the same time, on the basis of findings showing a link between reading skills and performance in the RAVEN, we collected reading accuracy and fluency measures to assess the extent to which EFs and visual processing explain variance in the performance of RAVEN beyond reading accuracy. At the behavioral level, we found a grade effect in almost all the measures collected. Also, we found significant but still weak correlations between the performance in the CPM and almost all EFs, VP and reading measures (accuracy and fluency). The highest and most significant correlations were found between the CPM and Color Trail test (part B), which measures mental flexibility and shifting (r = .35) with reading accuracy (r = .38). Regression models conducted separately to assess the contribution of VP, EFs and reading showed first that VP explained 16% of the variance in the CPM, but only the Color Trail (Part A) was a significant predictor of the Raven’s scores. EFs explained 18% of the variance in the performance in the CPM, with Color Trail (Part B) measuring shifting being the strongest and significant predictor and then the Digit Span. Finally, a step-wise regression model showed that reading accuracy alone explained 15% of the variance in CPM, and with EFs and VP, additional 6% were provided (total 21%) by the Color Trail B. In spite of its limitations (the size of the sample groups), this study points to several new and important areas of inquiry for future research. For one, we noticed that not only does general ability correlate with reading, but reading, as a complex skill that includes many sub-skills, correlates with performance in non-verbal tests such as the CPM. In this regard, one can ask whether or not the school system should consider taking general ability and high-order thinking skills such as strategies and making connections into account as part of the pre-reading curriculum at early ages?

Association between APOE gene and stress coping strategies, memory, and family history of AD in a healthy middle‐aged Polish population: Preliminary results

One of the best-known genes associated with late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the apolipoprotein E (APOE). It is thought that the ε4 allele of this gene increases the risk of developing AD. The aim of this study was to investigate the preclinical influence of APOE-ε4 on brain cognitive functions in a healthy population. 200 (F:108, M: 92) healthy middle-aged (50-64 years old; M=55) right-handed adults completed a series of psychometric questionnaires: RAVEN (Raven's Progressive Matrices, classical version), BDI (Beck Depression Inventory), Mini-COPE (Mini-COPE Questionnaire) and CVLT (California Verbal Learning Test). We also collected information about demography, family history of AD and health. APOE alleles were determined by sequencing their chosen variants (APOE SNPs rs429358/rs7412) using a traditional Sanger sequencing protocol. The group was divided according to the results of the genetic test for ε4-non carriers (150) and ε4-carriers (50). Both groups were equivalent in age, gender, and years of completed education. There were no differences in intelligence (RAVEN scores), depressive symptoms (BDI) nor memory test results (CVLT). More ε4-carriers had a family (parents) history of AD (Welch's t-test, t(75.21)=-2.11, p<0.05). In the Mini-COPE questionnaire ε4-carriers group also scored less points on two (out of 3) scales rating problem-focused (adaptation) strategies: Planning (2. scale) (trend: Welch's t-test t(77.45)=1.84, p=0.07) and Using Instrumental Support (8. scale) (Welch's t-test t(77.40)=2.07, p<0.05). Despite overall comparable memory performance, there was also a tendency for ε4-carriers to be statistically better at recalling words from List A (5) (Welch's t-test, t(112.72)=-2.14, p<0.05) in the CVLT test. These preliminary results indicate that even in a healthy middle-aged population APOE genotype could influence cognitive abilities and alter stress-coping strategies. Further research is needed to determine if better memory recall is present also in younger ε4-carriers or whether it is a (transient) benefit of mnemonics techniques developed later in life to cope with a slowly starting memory decline. Supported by Polish National Science Centre (NCN) grant no. 2018/31/N/HS6/03551.

EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ALCEBA IN CHILDREN WITH CEREBRAL PALSY BASED ON POTENTIAL INDICATORS OF COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT

We examined 72 patients with cerebral palsy at the age of nine to 17 years (mean age 11.33±2.1 years), of which 29 were girls, 43 were boys. Neuropsychological tests were performed (British Picture Vocabulary Scale (BPVS) test for verbal intelligence, Raven's test (Raven Progressive matrices) - to assess non-verbal intelligence and cognitive evoked potentials (CEP). In cerebral palsy, cognitive impairments in the form of disorders of memory, attention, thinking, verbal and non-verbal intelligence, and P300 cognitive evoked potentials tend to deteriorate, conditionally, with an increase in paretic limbs. In addition, the course use of the drug memantine (alcheba) in patients with cerebral palsy has a curative effect on cognitive impairment in this category of patients.

The effect of cognitive function on the poor's economic performance: Evidence from Cambodian smallholder farmers

AbstractDespite manifold policy interventions, poverty still exists. Those most harshly affected are people living in rural areas of low‐income countries. A seminal strand in the literature presents a promising avenue for analyzing the lives of the poor by suggesting that poverty impedes cognitive function. However, the real‐world consequences of impeded cognitive function are yet to be discovered. We ask whether the level of cognitive function can help to explain the differences in economic performance of the poor. We conducted a field study in rural Cambodia using the well‐established Raven's Progressive Matrix to elicit cognitive function. Employing stochastic frontier analysis, we find that the level of cognitive function of poor smallholder farmers helps in explaining differences in economic performance. Our findings suggest that impeded cognitive function results in a negative economic performance feedback loop, which can be a reason why some farmers appear to be stuck in poverty while others manage to escape it.

Cognitive Characteristics of Skilled Badminton Players

Study of the cognitive characteristics of qualified badminton players. 34 qualified badminton players, 12 men and 22 women were test subjects. Testing was carried out individually. Analysis of scientific and methodological liter- ature and world experience shows that the study of psychophysiological characteristics provides additional infor- mation about an athlete’s functional state during training and competitive activities. It is known that sports results largely depend on the individual typological characteristics of a person, as well as on the extent to which these fea- tures are used to realize the entire spectrum of the athlete's capabilities. Activation of higher nervous processes is present in almost all components of sports activity and provides a quick reaction, perception and processing of in- formation, the speed of mastering technical elements and quick switching from one type of activity to another. The study of the cognitive characteristics of badminton players was organized using the hardware-software computer complex "Multipsychometer-05". In our research, the first part of Raven's advanced progressive matrices was ap- plied. It is an express version of the test, consisting of 12 tasks and covers the entire range of possibilities diagnosed by the full test. The main informative indicator of the test is performance − the total number of correctly completed tasks for the entire time of the test (the total number of correct answers). The test execution speed, accuracy, effi- ciency are also determined. The analysis of Raven's progressive matrices showed that qualified badminton players have an average level of productivity, speed and accuracy, a level below the average of test performance. The study of cognitive abilities, taking into account sexual dimorphism, showed that, in terms of speed and quality indicators of cognitive tests, women demonstrate significantly better values in relation to men. General cognitive abilities can be used as diagnostic and prognostic criteria in the selection process for qualified badminton players.

Cognitive Impairment in Hodgkin Lymphoma Survivors

Introduction: Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) mostly affects young adults (median age 31y). Due to the use of efficient staging techniques and treatment methods, HL patients have a 5-year survival of 97%. Cancer-related cognitive impairment (CRCI) is a frequent complaint among HL survivors (HLS). CRCI is commonly reported following the administration of chemotherapy (“chemo-brain”). CRCI is characterized by impairment in memory, attention, executive functions and a decrease in processing speed. However, CRCI in HLS is not extensively studied. The current study aimed to assess the incidence and characteristics of CRCI in HLS.Methods: HLS who completed first-line therapy (chemo±RT) and remained in complete remission for 6 months to 5 years from the end of therapy were evaluated. Age - and education-matched healthy individuals served as controls (HC). Study participants completed self-reported questionnaires evaluating fatigue (MFI-20), depression (BDI-II), anxiety (HA), quality of life (QLQ-C30) and cognitive function (FACT-cog) and underwent a neurocognitive evaluation. The test battery included: The California verbal learning test, digit span (WAIS-III), trail making tests A+B, Stroop and Raven progressive matrices tests and 5 sub-tests from the CANTAB Computerized Battery, assessing the processing speed, memory, attention, executive functions, and intelligence domains. Test results were presented in standard scores. Since each neuropsychological test measures multiple parameters, significant representative test-parameters were chosen for each test. A domain was regarded impaired when the subject scored ≤ 1.5 SD below the expected norm, in at least one significant representative parameter belonging to a neuropsychological test.Results: The present study included 51 HLS with a median age of 28 years (range 19-48), mean education of 14.5±2.5 years and median time from end of therapy equating to 24 months (range 4-59) as well as 14 HC with a median age of 27.5 years (range 20-38) and mean education of 14.8±2.2 years.HLS reported the experience of fatigue and cognitive impairment. Severe physical fatigue was reported by to 41% of HLS and up to 25% of HC. Up to 39% HLS reported experiencing cognitive impairment versus only 17% of HC. Notably, the latter group also had significantly fewer complaints and symptoms across all scales (Table 1).In the neuropsychological evaluation, HLS scored within the impaired range on ≥1 significant representative test-parameter assessing domain: 41% on executive functions, 28% on memory and learning, 12% on attention, and 22% on processing speed. All the evaluated significant representative test-parameters are listed in (Table 2). We found that 35% of HLS were impaired on ≥1 cognitive domain and 30% - on ≥ 2 cognitive domains.Conclusions: The results of the current study evaluating CRCI in HLS are similar to those observed in other malignancies. Executive functions were the most frequently affected domain.Higher education positively correlated with superior cognitive outcomes. Given the young age of HLS and the enormous impact of CRCI on life aspects, benefit versus risk profiles of the therapeutic protocols applied in HL should be reconsidered and individually tailored. [Display omitted] DisclosuresNo relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Relative and absolute wealth mobility since birth in relation to health and human capital in middle adulthood: An analysis of a Guatemalan birth cohort

BackgroundWealth mobility, as both relative (positional) and absolute (material) wealth acquisition, may counteract negative consequences of early life adversities on adult health. MethodsWe use longitudinal data (1967–2018) from the INCAP birth cohort, Guatemala (n = 1386). Using wealth as a measure of socio-economic position, we assess the association of life course relative mobility using latent class analysis and absolute material gains using conditional wealth measures. We estimate associations of wealth mobility with indicators of human capital, specifically height, weight status (BMI in kg/m2), psychological distress (WHO SRQ-20 score) and fluid intelligence (Ravens Progressive Matrices score; RPM) in middle adulthood. ResultsWe identified four latent classes of relative mobility – Stable Low (n = 498), Stable High (n = 223), Downwardly Mobile (n = 201) and Upwardly Mobile (n = 464). Attained schooling (years) was positively associated with membership in Upwardly Mobile (odds ratio; 1.50, 95%CI: 1.31, 1.71) vs Stable Low, and inversely with membership in Downwardly Mobile (0.65, 95%CI: 0.54, 0.79) vs Stable High. Being Upwardly Mobile (vs Stable Low) was positively associated with height (1.88 cm, 95%CI: 1.04, 2.72), relative weight (1.32 kg/m2, 95%CI: 0.57, 2.07), lower psychological distress (−0.82 units, 95%CI: 1.34, −0.29) and fluid intelligence (0.94 units, 95%CI: 0.28, 1.59). Being Downwardly Mobile (vs Stable High) was associated with lower fluid intelligence (−2.69 units, 95%CI: 3.69, −1.68), and higher psychological distress (1.15 units, 95%CI: 0.34, 1.95). Absolute wealth gains (z-scores) from early to middle adulthood were positively associated with relative weight (0.62 kg/m2, 95%CI: 0.28, 0.96), lower psychological distress (−0.37 units, 95%CI: 0.60, −0.14) and fluid intelligence (0.50 units, 95%CI: 0.21, 0.79). ConclusionsHigher attained schooling provided a pathway for upward relative mobility and higher absolute wealth gains as well as protection against downward relative mobility. Upward mobility was associated with lower psychological distress and higher fluid intelligence but also higher weight status.

Screening methods for autism spectrum disorders in the study of neuropsychological development of preschool children

Aim. To assess the effectiveness of screening methods for diagnosing autism spectrum disorders available to the pediatric service; to prove in practice impossibilities to identify signs of autism spectrum disorders by using the existed pediatric methods.&#x0D; Methods. The neuropsychological development of 187 preschool children (56 years old) was investigated. The neurological status, anxiety according to A.M. Parishioners, level of intelligence using Raven's Progressive Matrices, the presence of hyperactivity according to the method of V.R. Kuchma, mental performance according to V.Ya. Anfimov, screening diagnostics of autism spectrum disorders were studied.&#x0D; Results. Assessment of the neurological status showed an increase in tendon reflexes in 10.22.2% of children, a decrease in 12.32.4%. The study of the intelligence levels in the Ravenna test showed that the average intelligence level was in 47.13.7% of the studied children, the intelligence was below the average in 52.93.7% of children. Screening diagnostics of autism spectrum disorders did not reveal abnormalities, however, 5.31.6% of children had signs of predisposition to the autism spectrum disorder (decreased adaptation to changes, nervousness and fears, verbal and non-verbal communication, level of activity and consistency of intellectual response). The indicator of the productivity of mental performance of preschool children was 5.40.5. Attention deficit was detected in 5.91.7% of children (according to the parent's questionnaire) and 8.62.0% children (according to the teachers' questionnaire). The level of anxiety was 9.60.3 points.&#x0D; Conclusion. The currently known screening methods for detecting autism spectrum disorders, available to the pediatric service, in our opinion, are uninformative; the search for the most sensitive markers of autism should be based on an understanding of the epigenetic mechanisms of autism spectrum disorders.

Outwardly strong but inwardly weak, pretensions to wealth? Exploring the impact of heterogeneous high self-esteem on materialism in a self-threat situation

<p id="p00010">Self-esteem, as a core individual variable, has a long-standing inverse relationship with materialism. However, some studies have found that people with high self-esteem have higher materialistic orientation than those with low self-esteem, which contradicts previous research. In this connection, researchers need to rethink the relationship between these two variables. The heterogeneity hypothesis of high self-esteem holds that there are secure high self-esteem and fragile high self-esteem in high self-esteem groups, which may guide our understanding of this contradictory relationship. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore whether materialistic orientation was associated with different sub-types of high self-esteem, that is, that high self-esteem is heterogeneous, and to explore whether the relationship would change under self-threat situations. <p id="p00015">The results of study 1 indicated that the relationship between high fragile self-esteem and materialism was positive, while the relationship between high secure self-esteem and materialism was negative. The materialism of people with high fragile self-esteem was significantly higher than those with high secure self-esteem. The results of study 2 suggested that attractiveness threat moderated the relationship between heterogeneous high self-esteem and materialism. Specifically, in the attractive threat scenarios, materialism of secure high self-esteem was low, while materialism of fragile high self-esteem was high. In the non-attractive threat situation, the difference in materialism measures between them was insignificant. This finding was further replicated in study 3 where intellectual threat moderated the relationship between heterogeneous high self-esteem and implicit materialism. Notably, in the context of an intellectual threat, implicit materialism of the secure high self-esteem group was low, while implicit materialism of the fragile high self-esteem group was high. In the non-intellectual threat situation, the difference in implicit materialism scores was not significant. <p id="p00020">Therefore, from the perspective of heterogeneous high self-esteem, this study essentially proved the low materialism level of those with secure high self-esteem and high materialism level of those with fragile high self-esteem. It signifies that the two conclusions of previous studies are reasonable. If there exists a greater number of secure high self-esteem individuals among a population of high self-esteem persons, the relationship between high self-esteem and materialism is negative. On the contrary, if there is a greater number of fragile high self-esteem individuals, the relationship is positive, thereby solving the puzzle of the contradictory relationship between high self-esteem and materialism. Furthermore, this study can urge educators to pay more attention to the cultivation of children's secure high self-esteem rather than unquestioningly cultivating high self-esteem. <p id="p00025">To delve deeper into the impact of high self-esteem on materialism orientation, three studies were conducted. In study 1, 420 college students from 4 universities were surveyed by questionnaire to explore the correlation between heterogeneous high self-esteem and materialism. Study 2 was aimed to verify the causal relationship, and used attractiveness threat to self-esteem to investigate whether the attractiveness threat played a moderating role in the relationship between different types of high self-esteem and materialism where participants with fragile high self-esteem and secure high self-esteem were randomly assigned either to the attractiveness threat group or the control group. They were asked to compare their own attractiveness to the most and the least attractive images of the same sex selected from pre-test, respectively. Study 3 used intellectual threat as a form of self-threat priming and measured materialism at the implicit level where heterogeneous high self-esteem participants were randomly assigned to the intellectual threat group or the control group. The former completed 13 difficult questions from Raven's Progressive Matrices and received negative feedback, while the latter completed 13 simple questions from Raven's Progressive Matrices and received positive feedback.

Stratified Rule-Aware Network for Abstract Visual Reasoning

Abstract reasoning refers to the ability to analyze information, discover rules at an intangible level, and solve problems in innovative ways. Raven's Progressive Matrices (RPM) test is typically used to examine the capability of abstract reasoning. The subject is asked to identify the correct choice from the answer set to fill the missing panel at the bottom right of RPM (e.g., a 3×3 matrix), following the underlying rules inside the matrix. Recent studies, taking advantage of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), have achieved encouraging progress to accomplish the RPM test. However, they partly ignore necessary inductive biases of RPM solver, such as order sensitivity within each row/column and incremental rule induction. To address this problem, in this paper we propose a Stratified Rule-Aware Network (SRAN) to generate the rule embeddings for two input sequences. Our SRAN learns multiple granularity rule embeddings at different levels, and incrementally integrates the stratified embedding flows through a gated fusion module. With the help of embeddings, a rule similarity metric is applied to guarantee that SRAN can not only be trained using a tuplet loss but also infer the best answer efficiently. We further point out the severe defects existing in the popular RAVEN dataset for RPM test, which prevent from the fair evaluation of the abstract reasoning ability. To fix the defects, we propose an answer set generation algorithm called Attribute Bisection Tree (ABT), forming an improved dataset named Impartial-RAVEN (I-RAVEN for short). Extensive experiments are conducted on both PGM and I-RAVEN datasets, showing that our SRAN outperforms the state-of-the-art models by a considerable margin.

Raven's Progressive Matrices Completion with Latent Gaussian Process Priors

Abstract reasoning ability is fundamental to human intelligence. It enables humans to uncover relations among abstract concepts and further deduce implicit rules from the relations. As a well-known abstract visual reasoning task, Raven's Progressive Matrices (RPM) are widely used in human IQ tests. Although extensive research has been conducted on RPM solvers with machine intelligence, few studies have considered further advancing the standard answer-selection (classification) problem to a more challenging answer-painting (generating) problem, which can verify whether the model has indeed understood the implicit rules. In this paper we aim to solve the latter one by proposing a deep latent variable model, in which multiple Gaussian processes are employed as priors of latent variables to separately learn underlying abstract concepts from RPMs; thus the proposed model is interpretable in terms of concept-specific latent variables. The latent Gaussian process also provides an effective way of extrapolation for answer painting based on the learned concept-changing rules. We evaluate the proposed model on RPM-like datasets with multiple continuously-changing visual concepts. Experimental results demonstrate that our model requires only few training samples to paint high-quality answers, generate novel RPM panels, and achieve interpretability through concept-specific latent variables.

Finding the Correlation between High Intelligence and Narcissism Personality in College Students

In this modern world, the ascertainment and resultant effect of major personality traits are given considerable interest and study by various psychological departments and research institutes and everyone from the world is contributing towards raising mental health awareness. Intelligence and narcissism are such qualities and traits that completely depend upon an individual and the study focuses on high intelligence and narcissist personality among college students. Narcissism reflects the self-love of an individual and high intelligence it sounds negative, exceptions are a prosocial narcissist. Thus, it aims to analyze whether there is a correlation between these two variables. The sample size consisted of 50 students, who belong to a science background and fall under 18-21 age group from Maharaja Sayajirao University, Vadodara, Gujarat. The study was conducted using two standardized tests, Raven Matrices (Burke, Raven's Progressive Matrices (1938): More on norms, reliability, and validity) and Narcissism Personality Inventory (Raskin & Terry, 1988). The results indicate an insignificant correlation between intelligence and narcissism.

Intelligence quotient and its determinants using Draw-A-Person Test and Ravens progressive matrices among primary school children in Enugu, Southeast Nigeria

Background The intelligence quotient of a child is determined to a large extent by genetic factors. However, the social context in which a child is brought up also plays a significant role in the overall cognitive capabilities of the child. Patients and methods This cross-sectional descriptive study enrolled 1122 school-aged children between the ages 6 and 12 years in the Enugu-East local government area of Enugu State over a 3-month period using the multistage sampling method. Raven’s Standardized Progressive Matrices and the Draw-A-Person Test (DAPT) were used to assess the intelligence quotient of the study participants. It aimed to assess the relatability of the two intelligent quotient (IQ) assessment system and sociodemographic determinants of IQ in school pupils. Results With the Raven system of IQ assessment, 73 pupils (7.6%) were noted to be above average intelligence, 150 (15.7%) had above average intelligence, 293 (30.6%) were considered to have average intelligence, while 340 (35.5%) and 101 (10.6%) were below average and intellectually defective, while the DAPT system categorized 258 of the pupils surveyed (27%) as having above average intelligence, 593 (62%) were considered to have average intelligence, while 82 (8.6%) and 24 (2.4%) were considered mentally deficient, respectively. Both scoring systems showed slight agreement with an interagreement reliability coefficient (K) of 0.093 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.001–0.003]. Pupils’ socioeconomic class [odds ratio (OR) 1.82 (95% CI 1.21–2.73), P=0.004], maternal educational [OR 0.38 (95% CI 0.23–0.63) P=0.001], and school type [OR 2.23 (95% CI 1.45–3.43) P=0.001] significantly predicted suboptimal IQ in study participants under the Raven assessment system. Conclusion Our study identified poor interrater agreement between the Raven and DAPT IQ assessment systems and factors that correlate with suboptimal IQ under the Raven system of IQ assessment.

Correlational Study Regarding the Attention of the Preparatory Class Students to the Physical Education and Sport Lesson

ABSTRACT. Introduction: There are disorders that cannot be observed only with the naked eye and tend to be confused with lack of intelligence, in this category falling attention deficit. Objectives: The study aimed to analyze correlations between the level of attention and gender of children in the preparatory class, to highlight differences between girls and boys, as well as to identify the existence of increased attention of each gender, depending on the time of the lesson physical education and sport. Methods: Two specific tests were used: The Toulouse-Pieron Test (1982) and The Raven Progressive Matrices (1938). After applying the tests, for a period of 2 months, the direct observation method was applied. This study involved 51 children, including 22 girls and 29 boys, from the preparatory class. Results: The link between the level of attention and the gender of the students was demonstrated, at ρ = 0.773, with a significance threshold of .000, which shows the very significant association between the 2 variables. Obtaining a coefficient t = 7.758 and a significance threshold of .000, highlights the existence of a very statistically significant difference between the two groups. There was also a distinct degree of attention between the 2 genres, which fluctuated depending on the activity proposed. Conclusions: Girls have a higher degree of attention than boys, there is a link between the gender of students and the focus on certain tasks; girls are more attentive than boys to moments that involve bodily expression activities, while boys are more attentive than girls to competitive activities.

Delta-Aminolevulinic Acid Dehydratase, Low Blood Lead Levels, Social Factors, and Intellectual Function in an Afro-Brazilian Children Community.

Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) enzyme catalyzes the second phase of the heme biosynthesis and is involved in leadtoxicokinetics. This research aimed to evaluate its influence on the relationship between blood lead (PbB) levels and intellectual performance in Afro-Brazilian children. PbB, hemoglobin concentration, ALAD activity, and polymorphism were determined in whole blood. Anthropometric, socioeconomic, and family environment stimuli data were collected with appropriate instruments. The non-verbal intelligence of children and their mothers or guardians was assessed using the correspondent Raven's Progressive Matrix versions. The medians (range) of PbB levels and ALAD activity were 1.0 μg/dL (0.1-21.3) and, 71 U/L (31-113), respectively. ALAD G177C was distributed as follows: 97.9% for ALAD1/1 and 2.1% for ALAD1/2 genotypes. The mean of Raven raw score was 19.3 (± 5.6) points and there were no differences according to sex or environmental Pb exposure. No statistically significant association was observed between PbB level and children's IQ. However, ALAD activity presented an inverse significant association with PbB levels, children's percentile IQ, and children's IQ/Age ratio, suggesting a neuroprotective role of ALAD1 genotype in those with low PbB level.

Modeling Causal Relationships Among Giftedness Structure Variables

The present research aimed at identifying the interrelationships between cognitive, meta-cognitive, and extra-cognitive abilities, and exploring the paths of causal relationships between the constituent variables of the model, as well as verifying the suitability of the structural model with its various components in the interpretation of giftedness. The research sample consisted of (130) male and female students in secondary grades one and two in Technology and Sciences School for gifted in Cairo (STEM Egypt), (32) female students, and (98) male students. The sample's aged between (15-17) years with an average of 15.87 years and a standard deviation of 1.13 degree. The instruments of the study were applied on them after checking their psychometric properties. These tools were: Raven's Progressive Matrices test (Abu Hatab, 1977), and Torrance creative thinking test (photo B) (Sulaiman &amp; Abu Hatab, 1976), as well as a computerized battery that includes a computerized task specific metacognitive skills test, and a computerized Extra-cognitive abilities scale. The research concluded that there is a high impact of meta-cognitive abilities on cognitive abilities, except achievement, and high impact of extra-cognitive abilities on meta-cognitive skills. The results also showed the relevance of the proposed model with its variables in the interpretation of giftedness structure.&#x0D; Keywords: giftedness structure model, developmental cognitive theory of giftedness, meta cognitive abilities, extra-cognitive abilities.