Rattus Norvegicus Strain Research Articles

EFFECT OF MICROPLASTIC INTAKE ON INTESTINAL AND PANCREATIC CELL DAMAGE

Introduction: Microplastics are plastic particles that result from the breakdown of larger plastic particles into smaller pieces and are found in natural environments such as oceans, beaches, and land. Microplastics harm the environment and affect human health. The main entrance of microplastics into the body is the digestive system, through the food and drinks we consume daily. Various investigations have shown that human feces samples contain microplastics that come from ingestion of contaminated food. If it continues, it can damage our body cells. Objective: This research aims to demonstrate that oral administration of microplastics can impair the function of the small intestine, large intestine, and pancreas in rattus of the strain Rattus norvegicus wistar. Method: This study is a quantitative analytic investigation employing an experimental methodology on experimental animals. In this work, the experimental animals were separated into six groups, including the control group and the treatment groups X1, X2, X3, X4, and X5; microscopic observations were conducted 90 days after the microplastics were administered. Results: The comparison of the control group with each exposure group to the small intestine revealed significant results in the Pearson correlation test in groups K with X2, X3, and X4 and the Mann-Whitney difference test in groups K with X2 and X4. Comparing the control group with each exposure group to the large intestine revealed no significant results in the Pearson correlation test and the Mann-Whitney difference test. Conclusion: The correlation test results between the control group and the complete exposure groups revealed significant outcomes in the small intestinal tissue but not in the large intestine and pancreas tissue.

Elevated levels of serum glucose, triglyceride, and liver enzymes in a rat model of 7,12 dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced carcinogenesis

ABSTRACT Background: Uncontrolled cell proliferation in cancers has a high requirement of energy and biosynthetic substrates. Glucose and triglycerides are the main source of energy as well as the primary building blocks for forming cellular components of mammalian cells.Objective: This study aims to evaluate the shifting of serum glucose, triglyceride, and nitrogen wastes in the form of urea and creatinine levels; and liver enzymes levels, alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), in rat model carcinogenesis with a single dose of 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) for 16 weeks observation..Methods: The experimental animals of Rattus norvegicus strain Sprague Dawley were divided into two groups, namely the control group and the DMBA-induced group. A blood chemistry examination was carried out at weeks 4, 8, 12, and 16 post-induction using a spectrophotometer. In addition, observation of breast tumor formation and histological examination of the tumor and organs, including liver, lung, intestine, and kidney, were performed to confirm cancer formation.Results: Five of the six experimental rats (83.3%) induced by DMBA experienced breast and lung cancer formation accompanied by continuous weight loss starting at week 10 after induction. Serum glucose levels increased significantly at weeks 12 and 16 after induction, while serum triglyceride, ALT, and AST levels increased significantly from week 4 after induction until the end of the experiment. Serum urea levels did not show a significant difference from the control group. Nonetheless, creatinine decreased at the last examination.Conclusion: Elevated serum glucose, triglycerides, ALT, and AST levels escorted the chemical carcinogen-induced cancer development. Studies at the clinical level are needed to prove whether abnormally elevated of these blood chemistry levels can be used to detect the presence of cancer early.Keywords:DMBA, breast cancer, lung cancer, cancer metabolism.

THE EFFECT OF PERORAL POLYVINYL CHLORIDE MICROPLASTIC ON THE VALUE OF PROTHROMBIN TIME AND ACTIVATED PARTIAL THROMBOPLASTIN TIME IN RATTUS NORVEGICUS WISTAR STRAIN

Introduction: Microplastics can enter the human digestive system as polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Microplastics ingested by humans will accumulate in several organs. Microplastic accumulation in the liver causes inflammation, which damages hepatocyte cells, impairing liver synthesis function, one of which is the synthesis of blood clotting factors. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of oral microplastic polyvinyl chloride on prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) in Rattus norvegicus strain Wistar (APTT). Method: The experimental design incorporated a post-test-only control group. There were 12 rats randomly assigned to the control (K) or experimental (E) groups. For 28 days, Group E was exposed to microplastic type PVC at a concentration of up to 0.5 mg/day in 1 cc of Aquabidest via an oral probe. Blood samples were analyzed using a coagulation analyzer at BBLK Surabaya. The statistical test used an independent t-test. Result: There was a significant difference in the mean PT value of group K (9.8 ± 0.99 seconds) compared to group E (14.23 ± 9 seconds) (p=0.024) and the mean APTT value of group K(18.32 ± 7.96 seconds) compared to group E(26.1 ± 18.15 seconds) (p=0.022). Discussion: These findings confirm the theory that exposure to polyvinyl chloride microplastics in the liver can induce hepatocyte cell inflammation and impair the liver's ability to synthesize blood clotting factors, resulting in prolonged PT and APTT values. Conclusion: Oral administration of PVC microplastic affects PT and APTT values.

Bone tissue engineering application on fracture healing with bone defect as assessed through osteocalcin and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) biomarker examination: experimental study on murine models

Background: Bone is naturally regenerable, with a high ability to repair itself. In massive segmental bone defect, bone cannot be repaired independently. Therefore, it is necessary to give a bone graft to promote the healing process. To date, autografts are the gold standard for bone grafts. However, some of the reported complications reported have led to auto-bone transplants being often disregarded. Both autografts or allografts also have some issues. Therefore, in an effort to develop alternative treatments for correcting bone defects and their consequences, bone tissue engineering (BTE) has gained popularity and is nowadays being researched as a potential alternative in bone defect management. There are three fundamental components in BTE combined: biomaterials (scaffolds), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and growth factors. The combination of these components is believed to help the healing process of bone defects. Methods: This work was an animal study involving twenty Wistar strain Rattus norvegicus. They were divided into five groups: negative group (normal rats), positive group (rats with the bone defect without intervention), K-P1 group (rats with bone defect given SVF and porous carbonated- hydroxyapatite (HA)application), K-P2 group (rats with bone defect given SVF and nanocrystalline-HA application) and K-P3 (rats with bone defect giving SVF a bovine-HA application). After 30 days, the rats were sacrificed, the biomarkers osteocalcin and BMP-2 were evaluated. Biomarkers were quantified using ELISA. Results: Both osteocalcin and BMP-2 biomarker expressions were higher in intervention group (with SVF and scaffolds application) compared to the positive group (with no SVF and scaffolds treatment). The combination of SVF and bovine HA was reported significantly to have the highest osteocalcin and BMP levels when compared with other groups Conclusions: A combined application of SVF and scaffolds could aid the healing process in murine models with bone defect, marked by increasing levels of osteocalcin and BMP-2.

Administration of Oral Curcumin to Resistance Exercise after Immobilization Does Not Affect Skeletal Muscle Fiber Diameter in Rattus Norvegicus

ABSTRACTIntroduction: The aim of this study was to explore the effect of adding oral curcumin to resistance exerciseafter immobilization on the diameter of skeletal muscle fiber in Rattus Norvegicus.Methods: This was a post-test only study design on animal model. Subjects of the study were male Rattusnorvegicus strain Wistar, age 10-12 weeks old, weigh between 150-300 g, were immobilized at soleusmuscle for 2 weeks, then randomly allocated to 3 groups: (i) control group, (ii) resistance exercise, (iii)oral curcumin + resistance exercise. After 4 weeks of intervention, the diameter of the muscle fibers wasmeasured.Result: The results of this study showed a significant difference on the diameter of skeletal muscle fiberbetween control group and resistance exercise, as well as control group and resistance exercise + oralcurcumin (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between resistance exercise only and resistanceexercise + oral curcumin (p>0.05).Conclusion: Administration of oral curcumin to resistance exercise after immobilization does not affectskeletal muscle fiber diameter in Rattus Norvegicus.Keywords : curcumin, good health and well-being, immobilization, resist ance exercise, skeletal muscle.

The Effect of Thymoquinone Administration on Local Immunoglobulin-G Levels of Rattus norvegicus Strain Wistar Sciatic Nerve Crush Injury Model

BACKGROUND: Immunoglobulin-G (IgG) is a product of the initial response to secondary immune response, which accumulates in distal segment of the nerve after crush injury. Thymoquinone modulates the adaptive immune response. Effect of thymoquinone administration on local IgG levels of Rattus norvegicus Wistar rats sciatic nerve crush injury model has not been elucidated.METHODS: This was an experimental study, with 63 Rattus norvegicus Wistar rats that divided into 9 groups. Three groups were given placebo, 3 groups were given 100 mg/kg/day thymoquinone, and 3 groups were given 250 mg/kg/day thymoquinone. The rats were terminated based on the assigned group at 5x24, 6x24, and 7x24 hours and then the IgG levels were measured using sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).RESULTS: There was a significant difference in IgG levels after administration of 100 and 250 mg/kg/day thymoquinone at 5x24 hours and 7x24 hours post-injury compared to the rats that were given no treatment. A significant difference of IgG levels was also found after administration of 100 mg/kg/day thymoquinone group at 6x24 hours post-injury. Critical point of decreasing local IgG of all groups happened at 6x24 hours after injury, however, there was no significant difference in the median levels of thymoquinone at doses of 100 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg.CONCLUSION: Local IgG levels in distal segment of the sciatic nerve crush injury is lower in rats that were given 100 mg/kg thymoquinone treatment compared to the rats that receive no thymoquinone treatment since 5x24 hours after injury. Thymoquione administration should be given immediately after the crush injury until before 6x24 hours post-injury to decrease antibodies in degeneration process.KEYWORDS: thymoquinone, immunoglobulin-G, crush injury, sciatic nerve

Effect of Coriandrum sativum L on Blood Glucose Levels among Alloxan- Diabetic Mice (Rattus norvegicus strain wistar)

The blood glucose level of the body tends to increase slightly after the age of 50. The coriander (Coriandrum sativum L) is a member of the Apiaceae family and it grows in a wide range conditions and can be used as antidiabetic. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of coriander water extract on the blood sugar levels of white rats (Rattus norvegicus strain wistar). The method of this study involved experimental animals, specifically 20 Rattus norvegicus strain wistar ranging from 150-200grams with an age between 2-3 months. The mice were injected with an alloxan solution to induce a diabetic condition and then they were divided into four groups and treated. The treatments were 0.5% Na CMC, glibenclamide 0.45mg/Kg b.w, coriander extract of 100mg/Kg b.w and coriander extract of 200mg/Kg b.w for 15 days. The blood glucose level of the mice was measured on days 0, 1, 5, 10 and 15. The results showed that the 0.5% CMC placebo had no effect in terms of reducing the glucose level of the rats, Glibenclamide 0.45mg/Kg b.w had an effect in terms of reducing the blood glucose level, as did coriander extract 100mg/Kg b.w and 200mg/Kg b.w among the alloxan-diabetic mice.

TGF-1 biomarker level evaluation on fracture healing in a murine model with a bone defect after stromal vascular fraction application.

Aim Bone defect is a challenge even for experienced orthopaedic surgeons and it is a significant cause of morbidity in patients and a source of high economic burden in health care. A severe bone defect is a condition whereby the bone tissue cannot undergo natural healing despite surgical stabilization and requires further surgical intervention. Stromal vascular fraction (SVF) is a heterogeneous cell population derived from adipose tissue that results from minimal manipulation of the adipose tissue itself. TGF is essential in maintaining and expanding mesenchymal stem cells or progenitors of osteoblasts. Furthermore, TGF-β signalling also triggers osteoprogenitor cell proliferation, early differentiation, and maintenance of osteoblasts in the bone healing process. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of administering SVF on bone defects' healing process assessed based on the TGF- β1. Methods This was an animal study involving twelve Wistar strain Rattus norvegicus. They were divided into three groups: negative group (normal rats), positive group (rats with bone defect without SVF application), and SVF group (rats with bone defect with SVF application). After 30 days, the rats were sacrificed, the TGF- β1 biomarker was evaluated (quantified using ELISA). Results TGF- β1 biomarker expressions were higher in the group with SVF application than in the group without SVF application. All comparisons of the SVF group and positive control group showed significant differences (p=0,000), respectively. Conclusion Giving SVF application could aid the healing process in a murine model with bone defect, marked by an increased level of TGF- β1.

Antioxidant Activity of Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) Leaf Extract on the Levels of Ovarian Oxidative Stress and Reproductive Hormone in Rattus norvegicus Exposed to Cigarette Smoke

BACKGROUND: Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) is a wild plant that grows in Indonesia and is considered a weed, but it has the highest antioxidant activity in the leaves and stems. Cigarette smoke is one of the exogenous free radicals that can enter blood circulation, interfering with all cells and tissues in the body, including reproductive organs. AIM: The research aims to examine the antioxidant effect of purslane leaf extract on oxidative stress levels (ovarian malondialdehyde [MDA] levels) and reproductive hormone levels (follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH] and 17ß-estradiol) in female white rats exposed to cigarette smoke. METHODS: This study is an experimental study with randomized post only control group design, using 12-week-old female Wistar strain Rattus norvegicus weighing about 200–250 g divided into four treatment groups (n = 6). Negative control without exposure to cigarette smoke and purslane leaf extract (K), cigarette group with cigarette smoke 1 stick/day administration without purslane leaf extract (P1), purslane group with purslane leaf extract 200 mg/Kg BW without exposure to cigarette smoke (P2), and group the group with cigarette smoke 1 stick/day accompanied by purslane leaf extract 200 mg/Kg BW administration (P3). Ovarian MDA measurement measures MDA levels as an indicator of oxidative stress in the ovaries determined by the spectrophotometry method. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method measured the measurement of FSH and 17ß-estradiol levels in blood taken intracardially through the right ventricle of the heart. RESULTS: The results showed that purslane leaf extract at a 200 mg/Kg BW dose reduced ovarian MDA levels of female white rats exposed to cigarette smoke significantly with p < 0.05. CONCLUSION: However, there has been no significant change in FSH and 17ß-estradiol.

Oral Administration of The Hypercholesterol Rat Feed Formula to Making The Animal Dyslipidemia Model on Sprague Dawley Rats

The aim of this study was to make animal dyslipidemia models in Sprague Dawley strains induced by a high fat goat diet formula as hypercholesterol feed for two months. The experimental animal used in this study was 30 male rats (Rattus norvegicus strain Sprague Dawley) with an age of 2-3 months with an average body weight of 150g. Animal models are divided into two groups consisting of a control group without additional diet and dyslipidemia group given food consumption goat hypercholesterolemia with high-fat diet formula orally every day for two months. Physiological characteristics of dyslipidemia SD rats had higher body weight, increased food consumption and fecal weight, and decreased water intake and urine volume than the control group. Total cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL-cholesterol levels increased, while HDL-cholesterol levels did not change in the dyslipidemia rats group compared to the control group. The conclusion of this study indicated that the hypercholesterol diet formula with a high composition of goat fat was successfully induced the SD rats to become dyslipidemia model rat with specific hypercholerol characteristics.

The Effect of Regular and Unregular Exercise against Network Damage

The purpose of this study was to determine the difference in the effect of regular and irregular exercise on tissue damage, while the indicator used to determine tissue damage was creatine kinase. This study is an experimental laboratory study with a randomized control group post-test-only design, using a sample of 39 male Rattus norvegicus strain wistar mice divided into 3 groups consisting of: swimming exercise group regularly with exercise frequency 3 times per week, swimming training group irregularly. With irregular exercise frequency and control group who were not given swimming training. The treatment was carried out for 3 months. From the results of the study, the following results were obtained: there was a very significant difference (p < 0. 01) between the groups of regular and irregular exercise on tissue damage, where irregular exercise has a greater effect on tissue damage. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that irregular exercise has a greater potential for tissue damage than regular exercise.

Number of Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts in Combination Carbonate Hydroxyapatite, Platelet Rich Fibrin (PRF) and Antioxidant in Socket Rats Wistar After Tooth Extraction

Background: Bone graft materials have been used extensively to support bone healing after tooth extraction. Bone healing could be increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) that prolong the phase of the inflammatory and delay reparative phase. Antioxidants are substances that can improve and reduce the number and the damage produced by ROS. Hence, the utilization of antioxidant which is utilized in conjunction to Carbonate hydroxyapatite is expected to increase the success of bone healing. Purpose: The aim of this study is to compare the number of osteoblasts and osteoclast in the process of bone healing after employing Carbonate Hydroxyapatite and antioxidant in the Wistar rats’ incisor tooth extraction socket. Methods: Twenty-seven male Rattus norvegicus strain Wistar rats were divided into 3 treatment groups. This study uses a post-test only control design. Sample of 27 rats were divided into 3 groups. Mandibular incisive is extraction. Group 1, socket is lefted to fill with blood (control). Group 2, socket is filled bonegraft and antioxidants and group III, socket is filled antioxidants, bonegraft and platelet rich fibrin (PRF). After that, the wound is sutured. On day 14, the mice are terminated then viewed in microscopy of osteoblasts. The preparation of the bone tissues was given the staining by hematoxylin-eosin and then the numbers of the osteoblasts and osteoclast were calculated. Results: Statistical testing by using one-way ANOVA has proved that there are significant differences in the number of osteoblasts in all 3 groups (p = 0.000). The highest numbers of osteoblasts were found in the group that was given Carbonate Hydroxyapatite combined with antioxidant and PRF and the lowest numbers of osteoblasts were found in the control group. Conclusion: Combination bonegraft, antioxidants and PRF could be increased the highest number of osteoblasts and could be decreased the lowest number of osteoclasts compared with control group and the group bonegraft and antioxidants.

Hydrogel patch from liquid smoke and vitamin K Collard Greens extract for wound healing applications

Wound care by using wound dressing has been evolved available in various physical forms including hydrogels with the highest global use reaching 43%. Nowadays, hydrogels are available at high cost because produced from synthetic materials, so natural materials are needed to obtain antibacterial wound dressing. This study aims to analyze the hydrogel patch PVA/chitosan/starch infused liquid smoke and vitamin K collard greens extract which are antibacterial effects and accelerates wound healing. This study was a laboratory experiment. Collard greens were extracted by using the Direct Solvent Extraction II method. The membrane characteristic tested using SEM test. The parallel streak method (AATCC 147-2004) was used for antibacterial testing. The hydrogel patch application was carried out on 28 male Rattus norvegicus strain wistar rats. They were given incisions wound and treated by a control group and 3 treatment groups and conducted wound healing analysis on the 4th,7th,11th and 14th day observation. The antibacterial test showed the hydrogel patch infused liquid smoke with a concentration of 12% was the optimum concentration inhibiting S. aureus. In conclusion, the hydrogel patch has a smooth and porous surface, can be inhibited the growth of S. aureus, and proven to completely heal the animal wound.

Effect of Co-administration of Agnus castus Aqueous Leaf Extract and Cadmium Chloride on Testicular Function Indices

Background: Cadmium toxicity is an environmental health menace in developing countries, which can result in damage to the male reproductive system. The mechanisms of cadmium toxicity include an increase in lipid peroxidation, depletion of glutathione, reduction in protein-bound sulfhydryl groups, and increase of oxidative stress. Agnus castus has been differently reported for its strong antioxidant potential and reproductive-enhancing properties. These two properties make the plant viable for the possible amelioration of cadmium toxicity. Objectives: This study was carried out to investigate the effect of Agnus castus aqueous leaf extract on the testicular function indices in cadmium chloride-treated rats. Methods: Twenty-five male Wistar rats (100 - 160) g, Rattus norvegicus strain, were randomly distributed into five different groups, each containing five animals. The animals were grouped as follows. Group A (control group) received distilled water, and group B received 6.5 mg/kg body weight of cadmium chloride. Groups C, D, and E received 6.5 mg/kg body weight of cadmium chloride each together with 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, and 200 mg/kg body weight of aqueous extract of Agnus castus, respectively. The administration was done by oral gavage, once daily for 21 days. The animals were finally sacrificed on day 22. The serum was collected, and the testis was excised for testicular function indices, hormonal assays, and antioxidant activities. Results: Exposure to cadmium chloride caused a significant reduction (P &lt; 0.05) in the weight of the testes and antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and reduced glutathione) compared to the control group. However, co-treatment with cadmium chloride and Agnus castus leaves resulted in the amelioration of cadmium-induced reduction in testicular weight and antioxidant enzymes. Exposure to cadmium chloride caused a significant decrease in testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone when compared to the control group. Co-treatment with cadmium chloride and Agnus castus increased the levels of glycogen, testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone in the rats’ testes. Conclusions: The aqueous leaf extract of Agnus castus displayed a protective role in testicular function and antioxidants in Wistar rats against cadmium chloride toxicity, compared to control rats that received distilled water only.

Effect of Malus sylvestris Extract on Histopathological Features of Hypercholesterolemic Wistar Rat (Rattus norvegicus) Fatty Liver

Objective: To evaluate the effect of Malus sylvestris extract on improving the degree of steatosis and portalinflammation histopathological features of hypercholesterolemic Rattus norvegicus strain wistar. Method:Forty-two male rats were divided into 6 groups randomly. Hypercholesterolemic fatty liver induced bygiving high-fat diet (HFD) for 46 days on groups 1 to 5, while group 6 given standard diet with the sameamount of time. Simvastatin was administered in group 2 at a dose of 0.36 mg/day. Groups 3, 4, and 5 weregiven Malus sylvestris extract (MSE) as a treatment at doses of 90 mg/day, 180 mg/day, and 360 mg/day insequential order. Simvastatin and MSE were administered for 14 days, from day 33 to 46. On day 47, all ratswere sacrificed and the liver was removed for histopathological slides preparation with hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining. Histopathological results were analyzed using Kruskal Wallis test followed by Mann Whitneytest. Result: Histopathological analysis showed that Malus sylvestris extract improved steatosis and portalinflammation features compared to HFD-fed rats in group 1 (p&lt;0,05). Conclusion: Malus sylvestris extractimproved the degree of steatosis and portal inflammation histopathological features of hypercholesterolemicrat fatty liver.

The Effect of Stromal Vascular Fraction on Fracture Healing with Bone Defect: Experimental Study on Rattus Novergicus

Introduction: Bone defect is a condition whereby the bone tissue cannot undergo a natural healing process caused by severe trauma with significant tissue loss, tumor, or irradiation. Bone defect is a challenge even for experienced Orthopedic surgeons. Bone tissue engineering (BTE) is one of the methods pursued to manage this problem. One of the examples of BTE is the application of stromal vascular fraction (SVF). This study aims to evaluate the effect of SVF application on bone defect healing evaluated by radiographic study. Materials and Methods: This is an animal study involving 12 Wistar strain Rattus Norvegicus. They were divided into three groups: Negative control group (normal rats), Positive control group C2 (rats with bone defect without SVF and scaffold application), and Treatment group (rats with bone defect with SVF application). After 30 days, the rats were sacrificed, and the bone was evaluated radiographically. Results: Callus formation is best observed radiographically in the treatment group. All comparisons of SVF and positive control group showed a significant difference (p

Giving Banana ‘Raja’ Peel Extract (Musades Paradisiaca Sapientium) After Moderate Intensity Training Reduces MDA Levels In Rats

The study design was the randomized posttest-only group design, 24 tails, male Rattus Norvegicus Strain Wistar, 8 weeks, 160±20 grams and randomly divided into 4 groups. K1 (n=6, moderate intensity exercise, treadmill with a speed of 14-16 m/min for 15-30 minutes), K2 (n=6, moderate intensity exercise + giving Raja Banana peel extract, treadmill with a speed of 14-16 m/min for 15-30 minutes), K3 (n=6, high intensity exercise, treadmill at a speed of 22-25 m/min for 10-20 minutes) and K4 (n=6, high intensity exercise + giving Raja Banana peel extract, treadmill with a speed of 22-25 m/min for 10-20 minutes). The training interventions were conducted at 17.00-21.00 p.m with a frequency of 7 times/week for 8 weeks. The blood was drawn 12 hours after the last exercise intervention. it is concluded that giving Raja Banana peel extract after moderate and high intensity exercise reduced MDA levels in rats.

Correlation of signal to noise ratio (SNR) value on distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) and expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) in cochlear organ of Corti in rat exposed to noise.

Aim To investigate the changes in the value of the signal to noise ratio (SNR) and to assess changes in the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) in the organ of Corti of rat exposed to noise. Methods This study used a randomized post test only control group laboratory experimental design with 27 male Wistar strain Rattus norvegicus. The study group was divided into 3 groups (n = 9): group I (control), group 2 (2 hours of 100 dB noise exposure) and group 3 (2 hours of 110 dB noise exposure). Results There was no significant difference in the SNR in the group 1 on day 0, 2 and 4 (p>0.05). However, there was a significant difference in the SNR in the group 2 and the group 3 on day 0, 2 and 4 (p<0.05). There was a significant difference in the mean levels of NRF2 expression in the cochlear organ of Rattus norvegicus in all groups (p<0.05). There was no correlation between the SNR and the NRF2 expression in group 2 (p>0.05), but there was a correlation between the SNR and the NRF2 expression in the group 3 (p<0.05). Conclusion There was found a correlation between the SNR value on distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) examination and NRF2 expression in the cochlear organ of Corti of Rattus norvegicus exposed to 110 dB noise.

THE EFFECT OF Moringa oleifera LEAF EXTRACT ON THECA CELL IN POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME MODEL WITH INSULIN RESISTANCE

The use of Moringa oleifera as an anti-oxidant should be investigated as an alternative treatment of follicular refinement in Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) with insulin resistance. We aimed to prove the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf extract in various dosages to decrease the thecacell thickness of PCOS female rat with insulin resistance. This study was a laboratory experimental research. Three month old Rattus norvegicusstrain Wistar rat weighing 100-130 g were divided into 5 groups (n= 8). PCOS model obtained by giving injection of testosterone propionate for28 days, followed by metformin therapy and Moringa oleifera leaf extract at 250 and 500 mg/kg BW for 14 days. The examination of ovariumhistology showed that leaf extract Moringa oleifera 500 mg/kg BW (0.931±0.457) significantly decreased the thickness of theca cells (P0.05)compared to the PCOS control group. The conclusion was Moringa oleifera leaf extract as an anti-oxidant proven to decrease the thickness oftheca cell of the female rat model of PCOS.

EFEKTIVITAS EKSTRAK BUAH MENGKUDU (Morinda citrifolia) TERHADAP KADAR MDA SEBAGAI PEMICU ATEROSKLEROSIS

Morinda cirifolia (Noni) has been used widely as a complementary and alternative therapy in many countries owing to ita potent. There were so many study concluded that oxidative stress increased in atherosclerosis. Oxidative stress can be defined as an imbalance between prooxidants and antioxidants, because antioxidants could not quench over production of prooxidants. This study investigated the effect of mengkudu extract (Morinda citrifolia linn) as antioxidant on malondialdehyde (MDA) level (prooxidant marker) in egg yolk induced rats. This experimental study had been carried out to 25 rats with 150-200 gram weight which divided into three group of four rats each, i.e. negative control, positive control egg yolk induced, and the group was treated by egg yolk induced which followed by dosis variai mengkudu extract oral (26mg, 52 mg and 104 mg/WB/day) for 28 days. The result was analyzed by using one way Anova with confidence interval 95%. There were significantly different in groups (p<0,05). The conclusion is mengkudu extract has capability to quench MDA level in rats Rattus norvegicus strain wistar. Keywords: mengkudu extract , MDA level