Rat Ileum Research Articles

The mechanism of intestinal stem cells differentiation after ischemia-reperfusion injury in a rat model.

Notch and Wnt/β-catenin signaling are responsible for regulation of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) proliferation and differentiation. The purpose of the study was to evaluate Wnt/β-catenin and Notch signaling roles in regulation of ISC differentiation following ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in a rat. Rats were assigned into two groups: Sham rats underwent laparotomy without vascular intervention and IR rats underwent occlusion of SMA and portal vein for 20min followed by 48h of reperfusion. Wnt/β-catenin and Notch-related gene expression were determined using Real-Time PCR. Enterocyte proliferation, differentiation and Wnt-related proteins were determined by immunohistochemistry. IR rats demonstrated a significant decrease in β-catenin gene expression, a decrease in cyclin D1 and β-catenin positive cells in jejunum and ileum compared to Sham rats. IR rats demonstrated a significant increase in Notch-related gene expression in jejunum and ileum compared to Sham rats. The number of secretory cells was higher mainly in the jejunum and number of absorptive cells was significantly lower in jejunum and lower in ileum in IR rats compared to Sham rats. Intestinal stem-cell differentiation is toward secretory cells 48h after IR injury; however, Wnt/β-catenin pathway inhibition and Notch-related gene expression stimulation suggest crosstalk between pathways.

Identification and evaluation of probiotic potential of Bifidobacterium breve AHC3 isolated from chicken intestines and its effect on necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in newborn SD rats.

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a severe intestinal disease of the newborn infants, associated with high morbidity and mortality. It has been reported that Bifidobacterium could protect the intestinal barrier function and reduce the risk of NEC. This study aimed to evaluate the probiotic potential of Bifidobacterium strains isolated from the chicken intestines and its effect on necrotizing enterocolitis in newborn SD rats. Out of 32 isolates, B. breve AHC3 not only exhibited excellent probiotic potential, including tolerance to artificial simulated gastric conditions, adhesion to HT-29 cells, antioxidant capacity and antibacterial activity, but also possessed reliable safety. Additionally, NEC model was established to further investigate the effect of B. breve AHC3 on necrotizing enterocolitis in newborn SD rats. It was illustrated that administration of B. breve AHC3 significantly not only reduced the incidence of NEC (from 81.25% to 34.38%) (P< 0.05), but also alleviated the severity of ileal injury (P< 0.05). Compared with NEC model, B. breve AHC3 could significantly decrease the level of proinflammatory factor TNF-α (P< 0.05) and increase the level of antiinflammatory factor IL-10 (P< 0.05) in the ileum of NEC rats. Through the intervention of B. breve AHC3, the gray value of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in intestinal tissue of NEC rats was significantly reduced (P< 0.05). It was indicated that B. breve AHC3 exhibited prominent probiotic potential and reliable safety. In the neonatal SD rat model of NEC, B. breve AHC3 had an available protective effect on the intestinal injury of NEC, which might be related to reducing the inflammatory reaction in the ileum and inhibiting the expression of iNOS in intestinal tissue cells. B. breve AHC3 could be used as a potential treatment for human NEC.

Antispasmodic Effect of Alstonia boonei De Wild. and Its Constituents: Ex Vivo and In Silico Approaches.

Alstonia boonei, belonging to the family Apocynaceae, is one of the best-known medicinal plants in Africa and Asia. Stem back preparations are traditionally used as muscle relaxants. This study investigated the antispasmodic properties of Alstonia boonei Stem back and its constituents. The freeze-dried aqueous Stem back extract of A. boonei, as well as dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate, and aqueous fractions, were evaluated for their antispasmodic effect via the ex vivo method. Two compounds were isolated from the DCM fraction using chromatographic techniques, and their antispasmodic activity was evaluated. An in silico study was conducted by evaluating the interaction of isolated compounds with human PPARgamma-LBD and human carbonic anhydrase isozyme. The Stem back crude extract, DCM, ethyl acetate, and aqueous fractions showed antispasmodic activity on high-potassium-induced (K+ 80 mM) contractions on isolated rat ileum with IC50 values of 0.03 ± 0.20, 0.02 ± 0.05, 0.03 ± 0.14, and 0.90 ± 0.06 mg/mL, respectively. The isolated compounds from the DCM fraction were β-amyrin and boonein, with only boonein exhibiting antispasmodic activity on both high-potassium-induced (IC50 = 0.09 ± 0.01 µg/mL) and spontaneous (0.29 ± 0.05 µg/mL) contractions. However, β-amyrin had a stronger interaction with the two proteins during the simulation. The isolated compounds boonein and β-amyrin could serve as starting materials for the development of antispasmodic drugs.

THU264 Enteric Activity Enhanced Ileal GLP-1 Secretion

Abstract Disclosure: Y. Chen: None. G. Jiao: None. Y. Lei: None. Y. Li: None. L. Sha: None. GLP-1 is a multifunctional endocrine hormone secreted by intestinal L cells in gastrointestinal tract contributing to the maintenance of glucose homeostasis. The distal part of small intestine such as ileum has a great density of L cells. In this study, we provided a direct evidence that enteric activity modulated GLP-1 secretion in rat ileum. Methods: A segment of rat ileum was dissected. The proximal section of the ileum segment was used to pace the enteric activity with an intestinal electrical stimulation(IES) designed from our previous intestinal myoelectric activity analyzing mimicking the ileum activity in feeding and the adjacent distal section was perfused vascularly to collect and measure GLP-1 secretion. Ileal motility in the distal section of the ileum segment was also recorded to monitor the enteric activity. The lumen of the ileum segment was filled with saline. Results: The frequency and the amplitude of spontaneous contraction in the distal ileum section was 14.14±2.82 cycles/min and 1.58±0.46 g (n=5). The area under curve (AUC) was 180.40±61.68 g·s. The GLP-1 secretion level in the distal ileum section was 15.47±0.46 pg/mL. With IES, The frequency was increased to 18.27±2.23 cycles/min (P&amp;lt;0.05, n = 5) and the AUC was increased to 303.64±79.75 (p&amp;lt;0.05). The amplitude had no significant change (P&amp;gt;0.05). The GLP-1 secretion was significantly increased to 24.71±2.47 pg/mL(p&amp;lt;0.05) with enhanced enteric activity. we provided a direct evidence to show the enhancement of GLP-1 secretion with enteric activity. Our result indicated that with feeding-simulated enteric activity, GLP-1 secretion could be elevated by around 60 percent in rat ileum. (supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, Grant No.81670492) Presentation: Thursday, June 15, 2023

Measurement of Activity of the Ca2+_Mg2+ ATPase in Membranous Vesicles Isolated from Smooth Muscle of Ileum in Rats Treated with Ultraviolet Radiation

The Ca2+_Mg2+ ATPase are high attraction calcium pump, that contributes in maintaining plasma membrane of cytoplasm Ca2+, Mg2+ homeostasis by source to the outside of cell. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of the ultraviolet radiation on the activity of the Ca2+_Mg2+ ATPase in the membranous vesicles of ileum in rats. Thirty adult Sprague–Dawley rats (age, 3-4 months, weight range, 180 – 200 g) were used in this experiment, which divided in to 5 groups (n = 6 / group). The membrane vesicles isolated from smooth muscles of rats showed high activity Ca2+_Mg2+ ATPase. All isolated membranous vesicles are irradiated with Ultraviolet radiation of 250 nanometers except control group. The irradiation period for each group was (5, 10, 30 and 45) minutes, respectively. The activity of Ca2+_Mg2+ ATPase was decreased with increased time of irradiation. In conclusion, the increased time of irradiation inhibited Ca2+_Mg2+ ATPase activity isolated from ileum smooth muscles of rats. The recommendations are to expose other organs like liver and kidney to UV radiation to explain its effect or using other range of UV radiation to reflect its effect.

Synthesis and Evaluation of Some New Pyridines as Possible P-gp Inhibitors with Reduced Calcium Channel Blocking Activity

The 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives (DHPs) (3a-b and 4a-c) were oxidized with iodine in methanol to produce five new, hitherto unreported pyridine derivatives (5a-b and 6a-c). The “Everted sac method” was used to assess the DHPs and their pyridines for potential p-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitory or multidrug resistance reversal action. Domperidone, a P-gp substrate, was examined for intestinal absorption in everted rat jejunal segments in the presence and absence of DHPs (3a-b and 4a-c) and pyridines (5a-b and 6a-c) at doses of 30 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL. The standard was Verapamil, a known P-gp inhibitor (30 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL). The P-gp inhibition of all the tested compounds was higher than Verapamil. The P-gp inhibition of compounds 5b and 6b was the highest. Utilizing isolated rat ileum, the newly synthesized pyridine derivatives calcium channel blocking efficacy was also investigated. The strongest Ca2+ channel-blocking action was seen with compound 5b. It was determined to be equivalent to Nifedipine, the gold standard. Strong P-gp inhibitor compound 6b has little calcium channel-blocking action.

Antidiarrheal and Antispasmodic Effects of Ethanolic Stem Bark Extract of ‎Boswellia ‎dalzielii H. in Wistar Rats

The modulatory potentials of the ethanolic stem bark extract of Boswellia dalzieliiH. on diarrhea and gastrointestinal motility was investigated in rats. Antidiarrheal activity was evaluated in castor oil induced model using 25 inbreed, overnight fasted rats divided into five groups (A-E). Intestinal motility was determined using Charcoal transit time in 25 overnight fasted rats divided equally into five groups (A-E). Graded doses of the plant extract(100,200 and 400mg/kg respectively) were given to groups B, C and D, while group A served as vehicle control (VEH) (distilled water) and group E served as Atropine control(0.1mg/kg). Antispasmodic activity of the plant extract was determined with 3cm piece of isolated rat ileum incubated in a thermostatically regulated organ bath. The set-up allows for in vitro assessment of intestinal motility with atropine and acetylcholine as standard drugs for cholinergic muscarinic receptor potentials. The ethanolic stem bark extract of Boswellia dalzielli H significantly (P&lt; 0.0001) and dose dependently reduced castor oil induced diarrhea and activated charcoal transit time in rats. The plant extract significantly (P&lt;0.05) and dose dependently inhibited acetylcholine induced contractility of isolated ileac segments of rats when compared to controls. The ethanolic stem bark extract of Boswellia dalzielii H causes delay in gastrointestinal contractions via the inhibition of muscarinic cholinergic receptors in rats.

The rejuvenating influence of young plasma on aged intestine.

This study aims to investigate the effects of plasma exchange on the biomolecular profiles and histology of ileum and colon tissues in young and aged Sprague-Dawley male rats. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, linear discriminant analysisand support vector machine (SVM) techniques were employed to analyse the lipid, protein, and nucleic acid indices in young and aged rats. Following the application of young plasma, aged rats demonstrated biomolecular profiles similar to those of their younger counterparts. Histopathological and immunohistochemical assessments showed that young plasma had a protective effect on the intestinal tissues of aged rats, increasing cell density and reducing inflammation. Additionally, the expression levels of key inflammatory mediators tumour necrosis factor-alpha and cyclooxygenase-2 significantly decreased after young plasma administration. These findings underscore the therapeutic potential of young plasma for mitigating age-related changes and inflammation in the intestinal tract. They highlight the critical role of plasma composition in the ageing process and suggest the need for further research to explore how different regions of the intestines respond to plasma exchange. Such understanding could facilitate the development of innovative therapies targeting the gastrointestinal system, enhancing overall health during ageing.

Antispasmodic Effect of Valeriana pilosa Root Essential Oil and Potential Mechanisms of Action: Ex Vivo and In Silico Studies.

Infusions of Valeriana pilosa are commonly used in Peruvian folk medicine for treating gastrointestinal disorders. This study aimed to investigate the spasmolytic and antispasmodic effects of Valeriana pilosa essential oil (VPEO) on rat ileum. The basal tone of ileal sections decreased in response to accumulative concentrations of VPEO. Moreover, ileal sections precontracted with acetylcholine (ACh), potassium chloride (KCl), or barium chloride (BaCl2) were relaxed in response to VPEO by a mechanism that depended on atropine, hyoscine butylbromide, solifenacin, and verapamil, but not glibenclamide. The results showed that VPEO produced a relaxant effect by inhibiting muscarinic receptors and blocking calcium channels, with no apparent effect on the opening of potassium channels. In addition, molecular docking was employed to evaluate VPEO constituents that could inhibit intestinal contractile activity. The study showed that α-cubebene, β-patchoulene, β-bourbonene, β-caryophyllene, α-guaiene, γ-muurolene, valencene, eremophyllene, and δ-cadinene displayed the highest docking scores on muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and voltage-gated calcium channels, which may antagonize M2 and/or M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and block voltage-gated calcium channels. In summary, VPEO has both spasmolytic and antispasmodic effects. It may block muscarinic receptors and calcium channels, thus providing a scientific basis for its traditional use for gastrointestinal disorders.

Binary Bacillus subtilis protects the intestinal mucosa barrier and alleviates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is characterized by liver steatosis, inflammation, and even fibrosis. NASH is likely to develop into cirrhosis and liver cancer, the major causes of liver related deaths. We aimed to study the effect of probiotics on NASH via the gut-liver axis. Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups. A control group of 10 rats was fed on a standard chow for 16 weeks. Twenty rats fed on a high-fat diet for 8 weeks were separated to two groups: a model group (10 rats) fed on vehicle for 8 weeks and a treatment group (10 rats) supplemented with binary Bacillus subtilis for 8 weeks. Hepatic expression of IL-6 and TNF-ɑ and ileum expression of IL-17 and occludin were measured. The high-fat diet caused inflammation of the liver and ileum in rats. Binary Bacillus subtilis treatment reduces liver inflammation through the intestinal liver axis. Increased levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were detected in rats fed a high-fat diet, which were reduced to lower levels after treatment with binary Bacillus subtilis. In rats on the high-fat diet, elevated IL-17 levels and decreased occludin levels were observed. Treatment with Bacillus subtilis reduced IL-17 levels and restored the expression of occludin. Binary Bacillus subtilis has a beneficial effect on liver inflammation and intestinal damage.

Arthrospira platensis prevents oxidative stress and suppresses IL-1β expression in the ileum of rats fed a hypercaloric diet

Obesity is characterized by an energy imbalance caused by caloric intake and expenditure, being a risk factor associated with a wide range of pathophysiological conditions including gastrointestinal diseases. In recent years, it has been shown that overexpression of oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines is a mechanistic link between obesity and cellular functions in animals and humans. Some natural products are reported to be effective in counteracting the adverse effects of oxidative stress. Thus, Arthorpira platensis (AP) stands out, an alga with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Thus, the objective is to evaluate the preventive effects of AP supplementation on oxidative stress and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) levels in the ileum of rats fed a hypercaloric diet. The rats were divided into a group fed a standard diet (SD), a hypercaloric diet (HCD) and/or fed a hypercaloric diet and supplemented simultaneously with AP 25 mg/Kg (HCD + AP25), after 8 weeks of treatment the ileum was collected for The analyses. It was observed that in the DHC group there was underproduction of antioxidant enzymes as well as overexpression of oxidative stress in the ileum of rats, interestingly this damage was prevented by the alga. Furthermore, the DHC group showed high levels of IL-1β (940.6 ± 34.5) such an increase was prevented in the HCD + AP25 group (597.2 ± 33.3). It is evident, therefore, that AP prevents the increase in oxidative stress and the inflammatory profile in the ileum of obese rats, making it a promising therapeutic alternative in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases aggravated by obesity.

1617-P: Small Intestinal Protein Sensing Mechanism in Feeding and Glucose Regulation

Protein activates small intestinal calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) and/or peptide transporter 1 (PepT1) to increase GLP-1, but the role in glucose and feeding regulation remains elusive. We performed intravenous glucose tolerance test and refeeding studies and infused 8% (w/v) casein hydrolysate into the upper small intestine (USI) or ileum of male rats. We found that USI casein vs. saline infusion increased glucose tolerance in chow (p&amp;lt;0.01) and HF-fed rats (p&amp;lt;0.05) and suppressed feeding in chow (p&amp;lt;0.01) but not HF rats. We inhibited CaSR via injecting lentivirus expressing shRNA of CaSR into the USI (reduced expression by ~40%) and CaSR knockdown negated casein to increase glucose tolerance but not to lower feeding (p&amp;lt;0.01). Instead, viral-mediated PepT1 knockdown by ~50% negated casein to lower feeding as similar to previously reported for glucose control. Thus, CaSR and PepT1 are required for casein in the USI to increase glucose tolerance, while PepT1 but not CaSR mediates casein to lower feeding, in chow rats. The differential role of PepT1 vs CaSR may explain why HF disrupts casein to regulate feeding but not glucose tolerance as HF inhibited PepT1 expression (p&amp;lt;0.05) but increased CaSR expression (p&amp;lt;0.05) in the USI. Ileal casein vs saline infusion increased glucose tolerance (p&amp;lt;0.01) and lowered feeding (p&amp;lt;0.01). Ileal CaSR inhibition negated casein vs saline to increase glucose tolerance and lower feeding, whereas ileal PepT1 inhibition failed to do so, indicating that ileal casein regulates glucose tolerance and food intake via PepT1-independent but CaSR-dependent pathways in chow rats. HF feeding inhibited ileal CaSR expression by ~60% (p&amp;lt;0.05) in association with a disruption in ileal casein action on feeding but surprisingly not on glucose control (p&amp;lt;0.01), suggesting that ileal casein could even regulate glucose tolerance independent of CaSR. In sum, we discover differential role of CaSR vs. PepT1 in the USI and ileum that alter feeding and glucose regulatory abilities of protein sensing. Disclosure D.Barros: None. R.J.W.Li: None. Y.Lim: None. S.Zhang: None. R.Kuah: None. A.Gao: None. T.K.Lam: None. Funding Canadian Institutes of Health Research (PJT183901)

Increased gut permeability and intestinal inflammation precede arthritis onset in the adjuvant-induced model of arthritis

BackgroundIntestinal inflammation, dysbiosis, intestinal permeability (IP), and bacterial translocation (BT) have been identified in patients with spondyloarthritis but the time at which they appear and their contribution to the pathogenesis of the disease is still a matter of debate.ObjectivesTo study the time-course of intestinal inflammation (I-Inf), IP, microbiota modification BT in a rat model of reactive arthritis, the adjuvant-induced arthritis model (AIA).MethodsAnalysis was performed at 3 phases of arthritis in control and AIA rats: preclinical phase (day 4), onset phase (day 11), and acute phase (day 28). IP was assessed by measuring levels of zonulin and ileal mRNA expression of zonulin. I-inf was assessed by lymphocyte count from rat ileum and by measuring ileal mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines. The integrity of the intestinal barrier was evaluated by levels of iFABP. BT and gut microbiota were assessed by LPS, soluble CD14 levels, and 16S RNA sequencing in mesenteric lymph node and by 16S rRNA sequencing in stool, respectively.ResultsPlasma zonulin levels increased at the preclinical and onset phase in the AIA group. Plasma levels of iFABP were increased in AIA rats at all stages of the arthritis course. The preclinical phase was characterized by a transient dysbiosis and increased mRNA ileal expression of IL-8, IL-33, and IL-17. At the onset phase, TNF-α, IL-23p19, and IL-8 mRNA expression were increased. No changes in cytokines mRNA expression were observed at the acute phase. Increased CD4+ and CD8+ T cell number was measured in the AIA ileum at day 4 and day 11. No increase in BT was observed.ConclusionThese data show that intestinal changes precede the development of arthritis but argue against a strict “correlative” model in which arthritis and gut changes are inseparable.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea-Induced Hypertension Is Associated With Increased Gut and Neuroinflammation.

Background Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is an independent risk factor for the development of hypertension. We have demonstrated that OSA induces gut dysbiosis, and this dysbiotic microbiota contributes to hypertension. However, the mechanisms linking gut dysbiosis to blood pressure regulation remain unclear. Recent studies demonstrate that gut dysbiosis can induce a proinflammatory response of the host resulting in peripheral and neuroinflammation, key factors in the development of hypertension. We hypothesized that OSA induces inflammation in the gut that contributes to neuroinflammation and hypertension. Methods and Results OSA was induced in 8-week-old male rats. After 2 weeks of apneas, lymphocytes were isolated from aorta, brain, cecum, ileum, mesenteric lymph node, and spleen for flow cytometry. To examine the role of interleukin-17a, a monoclonal antibody was administered to neutralize interleukin-17a. Lymphocytes originating from the gut were tracked by labeling with carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester dye. OSA led to a significant decrease in T regulatory cells along with an increase in T helper (TH) 17 cells in the ileum, cecum, and brain. Interleukin-17a neutralization significantly reduced blood pressure, increased T regulatory cells, and decreased TH1 cells in the ileum, cecum, and brain of OSA rats. TH1, TH2, and TH17 cells from the gut were found to migrate to the mesenteric lymph node, spleen, and brain with increased frequency in rats with OSA. Conclusions OSA induces a proinflammatory response in the gut and brain that involves interleukin-17a signaling. Gut dysbiosis may serve as the trigger for gut and neuroinflammation, and treatments to prevent or reverse gut dysbiosis may prove useful in reducing neuroinflammation and hypertension.

Diurnal changes in bacterial settlement on the Peyer's patch and surrounding mucosa in the rat ileum and its effect against the intestinal immune system.

Our previous study revealed the diurnal change in the indigenous bacteria settling on the terminal region of the rat ileum. In the present study, we investigated the diurnal change in indigenous bacteria on the most distal ileal Peyer's patch (PP) and surrounding ileal mucosa and explored how stimulation from indigenous bacteria for a day affects the intestinal immune system at the beginning of the light phase. Histological measurement revealed that bacteria adjacent to the follicle-associated epithelium of PP and to the villous epithelium of the surrounding ileal mucosa are more abundant at zeitgeber time (ZT)0 and ZT18 than at ZT12. On the other hand, tissue-section 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing revealed no significant difference between ZT0 and ZT12 in the bacterial composition on the ileal tissue including the PP. One-day treatment with an antibiotic (Abx) successfully impaired the settlement of bacteria around the ileal PP. In transcriptome analysis, 1-day Abx treatment led to the downregulation of several chemokines in both PP and ordinary ileal mucosa at ZT0. Histological analysis of the 1-day Abx group revealed decreases in both CD68+ macrophages in PP and naphthol AS-D chloroacetate esterase stain-positive mast cells in the ileal villi. Together, these findings suggest that the colonies of indigenous bacteria on the distal ileal PP and surrounding mucosa expand during the dark phase, which might lead to the expression of genes to regulate the intestinal immune system and contribute to the homeostasis of at least macrophages in PP and mast cells in the ileal mucosa.

Protective effects of salvianolic acid B on intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats by regulating the AhR/IL-22/STAT6 axis

Purpose Intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury (IIRI) is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Salvianolic acid B (Sal-B) could exert neuroprotective effects on reperfusion injury after cerebral vascular occlusion, but its effect on IIRI remains unclear. This study set out to investigate the protective effects of Sal-B on IIRI in rats. Methods The rat IIRI model was established by occluding the superior mesenteric artery and reperfusion, and they were pretreated with Sal-B and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) antagonist CH-223191 before surgery. Pathological changes in rat ileum, IIRI degree, and intestinal cell apoptosis were evaluated through hematoxylin-eosin staining, Chiu’s score scale, and TUNEL staining, together with the determination of caspase-3, AhR protein level in the nucleus, and STAT6 phosphorylation by Western blotting. The levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β/IL-6/TNF-α) and IL-22 were determined by ELISA and RT-qPCR. The contents of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in intestinal tissues were determined by spectrophotometry. Results Sal-B alleviated IIRI in rats, evidenced by slight villi shedding and villi edema, reduced Chiu’s score, and diminished the number of TUNEL-positive cells and caspase-3 expression. SAL-B alleviated inflammation and oxidative stress (OS) responses induced by IIRI. Sal-B promoted IL-22 secretion by activating AhR in intestinal tissue after IIRI. Inhibition of AhR activation partially reversed the protective effect of Sal-B on IIRI. Sal-B promoted STAT6 phosphorylation by activating the AhR/IL-22 axis. Conclusion Sal-B plays a protective role against IIRI in rats by activating the AhR/IL-22/STAT6 axis, which may be achieved by reducing the intestinal inflammatory response and OS responses.

A Comparative Evaluation of Various Therapies of Synthetic Drugs with Amla and Honey Combination for the Treatment of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Abstract: Background: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is disorder of oesophagus that causes ulcer and erosion. Materials and Methods: A comparison based on the in vivo study was carried out to determine the therapeutic efficacy of herbal formulation using Amla and Honey in combination with Pantoprazole and Rebamipide for the treatment of GERD. The effects of all above mentioned medications were also checked on intestinal motility. In vitro studies were carried out to determine the antispasmodic activity of Amla and Honey in comparison to acetylcholine by isolated rat ileum. In pylorus ligation GERD model, mono-therapy was performed by giving herbal formulation of Amla and Honey. In combination therapy Pantoprazole and Rebamipide, Amla and Honey with Pantoprazole and Rebamipide were given and their therapeutic efficacy was observed at the ends of 14 days. In charcoal meal motility test the distance travelled by charcoal in intestine was measured. Results and Discussion: Combination therapy have highest therapeutic efficacy in comparison to mono-therapy of natural combination of Amla and Honey against Pantoprazole and Rebamipide. In vitro antispasmodic activity revealed that Amla and Honey formulation decreased the contractility pattern in concentration dependent manner against acetylcholine. In charcoal meal motility test highest intestinal motility were observed in Amla and Honey and can be given in GERD for easily digestion of food from stomach. Conclusion: Herbal combination of Amla and Honey in comparative evaluation decreases the Gastroesophageal reflux disease, intestinal mobility, and show anti-spasmodic activity in isolated rat’s ileum. However, these combinations serve as a more potential agent for decreasing all the factors responsible for the reflux disease. Keywords: Combination therapy, Mono-therapy, Pantoprazole, Rebamipide, Mucosal.

NF-κB and TNF-α Expressions and Histological Image of White Rat’s, Rattus norvegicus, Ileum With Indomethacine-Induced IBD (Inflammatory Bowel Desease) After Mas Ngur Oyster (Atactodea striata) Extract Therapy

Inflammatory disease in gastric tract called Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), particularly colon, in general, results from the use of non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug, such as indomethacine. The use of natural material, such as mas ngur oyster (Atactodea striata) as traditional medicine has been long known by people in Kei Islands–Southeast Mallucas. This study is aimed at measuring the ability of active compounds of this oyster extract in reducing NF-κB and TNF-α expression and showing the histological image of indomethacine-induced rat ileum with IBD after treatment with mas ngur oyster extract. It used 8-12 week old male rats (Rattus norvegicus) of 150 - 200 g BW. The rats were divided into 3 groups, healthy group, sick group (induced with 15 mg/kg BW of indomethacine), and treatment group (orally induced with indomethacine at a dose of 15 mg/kg BW then treated with mas ngur oyster extract at the dose of 100, 400, 700 mg/kg BW). Indomethacine induction at the dose of 15 mg/kg BW and mas ngur oyster extract therapy were orally administered. NF-κB and TNF-α expressions were measured using immunohistochemicals, and the histological image used Hematoksilin-Eosin staining. Results showed that extract therapy gave significant effect (P&lt;0.05) at the effective dose of 400 mg/kg BW that could reduce 86.421% of NF-κB expression and 60.972% of TNF-α expression in the rat ileum and result in tissue recovery of the IBD rat’s ileum after the therapy.

Malondialdehyde (MDA) Concentration and Histopathological Image of Indomethacine-Induced Wistar Rat,Rattus norvegicus,With Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) After Mas Ngur Oyster (Atactodea striata) Extract Therapy

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is an inflammatory disease occurring in gastirct tract, particularly colon, that could result from the side effect of anti-inflammatory non-steroid(AINS) drug utilization, such asindomethacine. Mas ngur oysters (Atactodea striata) have long been known by people of Kei-Southeast Mallucas as traditional medicine, but its use in reducing MDA level in rat with IBD has not been studied. This study was aimed at measuring the ability of the bioactive compounds contained in mas ngur oyster powder extract to reduce the MDA level in the ileum of indomethacine-induced rat with IBD and providing the histological image of the ileum after therapized with mas ngur oyster extract. Test animals were 8-12 week old-male rats (Rattus norvegicus) of 150 - 200 g BW. They were separated into 3 groups,healthy, sick (induced with 15 mg/kg BW indomethacine), therapy goups (15 mg/kg BW indomethacine oral induction then treated with mas ngur oyster powder of100, 400, 700 mg/kg BW). Indomethacine induction of 15 mg/kg BWand therapy of mas ngur oyster powder extract were administered orally. MDA level was measured usingThiobarbituric Acid (TBA)test and histological image of the ileum using Hematoxylin-Eosin staining. Results showed that mas ngur extract therapy gave significant effectin MDA level (P&lt;0.05) and difference between the treatments with effective dose of400 mg/kg BW

Effect of Lactobacillus Plantarum IS-10506 on Paneth cell regeneration in the ileum of Sprague dawley rats

Background: Escherichia coli (E. coli) is the most common infectious agent among children in developing countries. Local probiotics are not widely used to treat diarrhea and intestinal infections. This study aims to investigate the cell regeneration process of Paneth cells after administration of Lactobacillus Plantarum IS-10506 due to damage caused by Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) E. coli O55:B5, through the expression of MATH-1 and DEFA6. Methods: This study used 64 paraffin blocks from Rattus norvegicus strain Spraque- Dawley divided into four groups. The KN group were administered a placebo. The KL group received LPS E. coli O55:B5 on day one. The KP group received LPS E. coli O55:B5 on the first day and Lactobacillus plantarum IS-10506 on the second day until six day. The KPR group were given Lactobacillus plantarum IS- 10506 six days prior to receiving LPS E. coli O55:B5. All groups, except KN, received LPS at a dose of 250 μg/kg body weight once, and Lactobacillus plantarum IS-10506 at a dose of 2.86x106 CFU/day. Evaluating Paneth cell regeneration, DEFA6, and MATH-1 expression immunohistochemistry was conducted on all tissues. Results: The expression of DEFA6 and MATH-1 in the KP and KPR groups on day three of observation was significantly different from the KL group. Even though the KL group achieved significant growth, the results of this expansion were significantly smaller than KP and KPR groups. Conclusion: After mucosal injury caused by LPS E. coli 055:B5, administration of probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum IS- 10506 may increase Paneth cell regeneration through differentiation and cell number.