Ratooning Ability Research Articles

Ratooning Response of Lowland Rice (Oryza sativa L.) var. PSB Rc22 to Production Management Practices

This study aimed to determine the ratooning ability of lowland rice to production management practices. It assessed the profitability of rice ratooning to the abovementioned objectives. The experiment was set out in a split-plot organized in a Randomized Complete Block Design with production management practices as the main plot and cutting heights of ratoon crop as the subplot treatment. Production management practices notably affected all agronomic characteristics, yield, and yield component parameters evaluated except the grain yield. Cutting height remarkably influenced all growth and yield parameters tested except panicle weight. Economic analysis revealed that the improved method achieved a higher gross margin (PHP21,321.60) than the farmer’s practice (PHP15,419.40) because of the former’s high productivity (1.64 t ha <sup>-1</sup>). A cutting height of 45.0 cm under the improved method obtained the highest gross margin (PHP28,677.00). Moreso, this approach is considered a good measure in adapting to the problematic scenario relative to climate change.

Genetic Dissection of Rice Ratooning Ability Using an Introgression Line Population and Substitution Mapping of a Pleiotropic Quantitative Trait Locus qRA5.

Ratooning ability is a key factor that influences ratoon rice yield, in the area where light and temperature are not enough for second season rice. In the present study, an introgression line population derived from Minghui 63 as the recipient parent and 02428 as the donor parent was developed, and a high-density bin map containing 4568 bins was constructed. Nine ratooning-ability-related traits were measured, including maximum tiller number, panicle number, and grain yield per plant in the first season and ratoon season, as well as three secondary traits, maximum tiller number ratio, panicle number ratio, and grain yield ratio. A total of 22 main-effect QTLs were identified and explained for 3.26–18.63% of the phenotypic variations in the introgression line population. Three genomic regions, including 14.12–14.65 Mb on chromosome 5, 4.64–5.76 Mb on chromosome 8, and 10.64–15.52 Mb on chromosome 11, were identified to simultaneously control different ratooning-ability-related traits. Among them, qRA5 in the region of 14.12–14.65 Mb on chromosome 5 was validated for its pleiotropic effects on maximum tiller number and panicle number in the first season, as well as its maximum tiller number ratio, panicle number ratio, and grain yield ratio. Moreover, qRA5 was independent of genetic background and delimited into a 311.16 kb region by a substitution mapping approach. These results will help us better understand the genetic basis of rice ratooning ability and provide a valuable gene resource for breeding high-yield ratoon rice varieties.

Nutritional content, performance and ratooning ability of four sorghum genotypes

Sorghum is a grain plant that is a source of food, biofuel and feed, which can be produced using the techniques of ratoon cultivation. The objective of this study is to assess the nutrition content, the performance of the four sorghum genotypes and the vegetative characteristics of the sorghum ratoon. The research was carried out from December 2020 to July 2021 at the Ciawi Research Garden, the Livestock Research Institute. The study employed four treatments (genotype) and three replications of random block design. The range of protein content, crude fat crude fiber and ash in the four genotypes of sorghum was 7.91-9.30, 1.91-2.69, 33.41-37.57 and 8.25-9.11%, respectively. Genotype significantly affected P<0.05 on plant height, stem height, leaf width, internode length, flag leaf width and fresh weight, but not significantly different P>0.05 on leaf length, stem diameter and flag leaf length on the main plant. Genotype had no significant effect (P>0.05) on plant height, number of tillers, leaf length, leaf width and fresh weight of ratoons. It was concluded that the ability of ratoon in sorghum was not affected by the genotype of sorghum.

Sugarcane Ratooning Ability: Research Status, Shortcomings, and Prospects.

Simple SummarySugarcane ratooning ability is directly related to sugarcane production costs and planting benefits. There are several questions within the field that we have explored in this review and that remain to be answered. What is the genetic basis of ratooning ability? How do these traits form and evolve? How does the environment affect the ratooning ability? Where should the research focus of sugarcane ratooning ability be placed in the future? How can technical methods be optimized for breeding sugarcane with strong ratooning ability? In this paper, we reviewed previous studies in terms of the definition, phenotypic traits, major influencing factors, genetic basis, and the physiology associated with sugarcane ratooning ability. We also highlighted the shortcomings of existing research on ratooning ability and suggested the focuses of future studies.Sugarcane is an important sugar crop and it can be subjected to ratooning for several years. The advantages of ratooning include quality improvement, efficiency enhancement, and reduced costs and energy use. The genotype, environment, cultivation management, and harvesting technology affect the productivity and longevity of ratoon cane, with the genetic basis being the most critical factor. However, the majority of research has been focused on only limited genotypes, and a few studies have evaluated up to 100 sugarcane germplasm resources. They mainly focus on the comparison among different genotypes or among plant cane, different selection strategies for the first and second ratoon crops, together with screening indicators for the selection of stronger ratooning ability. In this paper, previous studies are reviewed in order to analyze the importance of sugarcane ratooning, the indicative traits used to evaluate ratooning ability, the major factors influencing the productivity and longevity of ratooning, the genetic basis of variation in ratooning ability, and the underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, the shortcomings of the existing research on sugarcane ratooning are highlighted. We then discuss the focus of future ratoon sugarcane research and the technical methods that will shorten the selection cycle and increase the genetic gain of ratooning ability, particularly the development of linked markers. This review is expected to provide a reference for understanding the mechanisms underlying the formation of ratooning ability and for breeding sugarcane varieties with a strong ratooning ability.

The ratoon rice system with high yield and high efficiency in China: Progress, trend of theory and technology

The planting area of ratoon rice in China has expanded in recent years to accommodate the warm temperatures and additional sunshine of the autumn season, greatly improving the yields of rice paddies. China is a global leader in both the research and cultivation of ratoon rice. Along with our 30 consecutive years of research, this review summarizes the research progress of theories and technologies relating to the efficient cultivation of high-yield ratoon rice based on the following: (1) Five regions in China were designated based on the thermal energy available for cultivating main crop-ratoon rice: Southwestern, Southern, Southeast, Central, and Eastern. (2) Ratooning ability is affected by both genetics and environmental factors. Rice cultivars with strong ratooning ability are characterized by strong root activity and high dry matter weight per stem. (3) Mechanisms underlying the death and yield formation of ratooning buds of rice cultivars with strong ratooning ability were analyzed, and the effects of promoting-bud fertilizers, stubble height, timely harvest of main rice crop, and plant growth regulator on improving the ratooning ability of rice cultivars were examined. (4) An efficient method for applying promoting-bud nitrogen fertilizer has been established based on spikelet number per panicle, chlorophyll content, and target yield of ratoon rice. (5) The large-scale production of ratoon rice has several constraints, such as low and unstable grain yield of ratoon crops, large differences in grain yield between the demonstration area and the expansion area, large-scale destruction of stubble after mechanical harvesting of the main crop, and the need for more land between planting ratoon rice and planting double-season rice. (6) Technologies relating to future development trends in ratoon rice are clarified, including high-quality and labor-saving technologies, high nitrogen and potassium use efficiency technologies, the integration of agricultural machinery and agronomical measures, technological advancements related to the cultivation of ratoon rice, and the optimal economic threshold of rice yield in ratoon rice production.

Analysis of Ratooning Ability for Sugarcane Families

Analysis of Ratooning Ability for Sugarcane Families

History and Current Status of Sugarcane Breeding in Egypt

Sugarcane has been cultivated in Egypt since 641 AD and is a source of raw material to various agro-based industries. The development of new varieties of sugarcane from controlled crosses in Egypt has developed greatly during recent decades with the majority of the present commercial varieties originating from the local breeding program. Egyptian sugarcane breeding program objectives are high cane and sugar yield, early maturing, good ratooning ability, resistance and tolerance to pests as well as diseases. This program depends on artificial flowering at Giza Research Station (latitude of 30.01° N and longitude of 31.20° E) and natural flowering at Sabahia Research Station, Alexandria (latitude of 31° 12 N and longitude of 29.57° E). There are four stations for selection trials, extending from middle to southern Egypt, namely Mallawi (Minia governorate), Shandaweel (Sohag governorate), Mattana Station (Luxor governorate), and Kom Ombo (Aswan governorate), respectively. Current sugar production in Egypt is about 2.458 million tons with 62.2% from sugar beet and 37.8% from sugarcane.

Selection via Cane Yield and Ratooning Ability of Sugarcane Genotypes in Sandy Soils in Florida

In south Florida sugarcane is cultivated on muck and sandy soils. The cane yield (CY) of varieties grown on sandy soils is substantially lower than on muck soils due to water and nutrients stress. High CY combined with good ratooning ability (RA) is important for profitable sugarcane cultivation. In this study three series of CP trials (CP 2009, CP 2010, and CP 2011) planted in 3–4 locations with sandy soils were evaluated during 3 crop cycles. Our goals were to assess the magnitude of the sources of variation in the final selection stage (Stage 4) in the CP program for sandy soils, and to select sugarcane genotypes for sandy soils with high CY, good RA, and performance stability across sand locations. Variability of CY on sandy soils depended on crop and crop × location interaction. Genotype × crop × location interaction was significant in two out of three CP series, highlighting the complexity associated with breeding for CY on sandy soils in Florida. There were significant differences for CY among genotypes of CP 2011 series, but a limited RA diversity was detected among genotypes. The genotype plus genotype × environment (GEE) interaction analysis conducted with the combined CY data of CP 2011 series showed that Pahokee Produce Inc. (PPI) and Lykes locations were the most discriminant locations, whereas Hilliard and Townsite were the most representative sand locations in Florida. The simultaneous selection for CY, RA and stability identified outstanding genotypes in the CP 2011 series such as CP 11-1314 and CP 11-1640.

Data mining sugarcane breeding yield data for ratoon yield prediction

Ratooning ability is important for sugarcane (Saccharum spp.), but due to time constraints relevant third ratoon yield data is not gathered before breeding selections are made. If third ratoon could be predicted, selections would improve. Machine learning (ML) techniques utilize yield variables to create predictors. Yield variables from 11 locations, 24 genotypes, and 20 cycles were used in a model to predict third ratoon-cane yield cross validated by cycle using ML and statistical techniques including Linear Regression, Random Forest, AdaBoost, Stochastic Gradient, Neural Network, Support Vector Machines, and k-nearest neighbors algorithm. Prediction error was measured as the difference between predicted and measured third ratoon cane yield. A model that partitioned overall prediction error into sources of variances indicated that location within cycle (52%) followed by genotype by location within cycle (10%) were the largest sources of error for predicting ratooning ability. Ratoon stalk number, sucrose and cane yield ranked highly toward predictions. The Adaboost (AB) ML predictors of third ratoon cane yield had lower experimental error, when compared to second ratoon as a third ratoon predictor. However, prediction by cycle was not consistently lower than second ratoon as a predictor. If unique locations were removed, then AB predictions had less error and better predictors of third ratoon than second ratoon in 75% of the cycles tested, thus demonstrating the potential and limitations of utilizing harvest and location data for ML predictions.

Agronomic performance of rice varieties in modified ratoon salibu

Modified ratoon salibu is a technique of increasing crop index and production of rice. This research was aimed to knew to obtain information on some varieties appropriate to modified ratoon salibu. The experiment was conducted from April 2017 to March 2018 at Farmers Field of Tanah Datar District of West Sumatra. The investigation was arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 14 treatments and three replications. The treatment consists of 14 varieties, i.e., Hipa 8, Hipa 18, Hipa 19, Hipa Jatim 2, Inpari 6, Inpari 10, Inpari 19, Inpari 43, Ketan Ciasem, Ketan Grendel, Kebo, Cisokan, Batang Piaman, and Ciherang. The result showed that the hybrid rice variety more tiller than the inbred and local variety. Batang Piaman variety was the tallest variety on modified ratoon salibu. Some types were appropriate on modified ratoon salibu until salibu two and yield same with Batang Piaman, i.e., Inpari 6, Inpari 10, Inpari 19, Inpari 43, Ketan Ciasem, and Cisokan. Percentage of the ratooning ability of rice variety 12,71% to 80,20 %.

Registration of ‘CP 11‐1314’ sugarcane

Abstract‘CP 11‐1314’ (Reg. no. CV‐196, PI 693071) sugarcane, a complex hybrid of Saccharum spp., was developed through cooperative research conducted by the USDA‐ARS, the University of Florida, and the Florida Sugar Cane League, Inc.; it was released to Florida growers in June 2018 for cultivation on organic soils and further recommended in June 2019 for sand soils. This cultivar was derived from a polycross between CP 05‐1451 and a mixture of potential pollen donors. CP 11‐1314 was selected for release based on high cane yield and acceptable sucrose content. In addition, CP 11‐1314 displays good ratooning ability (particularly on muck soils), minimal sucrose decrease following freezing temperatures, and overall disease resistance. CP 11‐1314 is positive for the Bru1 locus, which confers resistance to brown rust, and is resistant or moderately resistant to all other sugarcane diseases of concern in Florida, including ratoon stunt disease, leaf scald, mosaic, and orange rust.

Developing germplasms and genetic analysis of strong ratooning ability in <italic>indica</italic> rice

Ratooning rice can efficiently utilize temperature and heat resources from the sun to increase multiple cropping index and grain yield while benefiting from one sowing and two harvests. Therefore, it is very important to rice production and food security in China. The high-yield germplasms of ratoon rice are the material basis for breeding varieties with strong ratooning ability. The lack of rice varieties with robust ratooning ability is a key factor restricting the development of ratoon rice. At present, the germplasm with strong ratooning ability is lack, and ratoon rice varieties are mainly selected from the varieties popularized in production. Therefore, it is important to apply direct breeding strategies to select for varieties of ratoon rice. The breeding technology of ratooning rice is continuously improving, and there are two methods to breed new varieties of ratoon rice. One approach is to employ combining ability to select for elite parents with strong ratooning ability and estimate the heritability of ratooning ability, which can be used to decide on selecting varieties or combinations with strong ratooning ability from its offspring. The second approach is to screen for characteristics closely related to ratooning ability of the 1st season rice. With the improvement of breeding technology, researching and solving the problem of rice ratooning ability from pedigree breeding and genetic effects will provide technical support and guarantee the direct breeding of new rice varieties with ratooning abilities. Using eight restorers applied in a large area of production as materials, directional selection and germplasm innovation were carried out by the pedigree method. In order to study the genetic characteristics of ratooning ability, the ratio of stems of ratooning bud to total stems were analyzed in a 4×4 incomplete diallel design by using the additive-dominant model. The results showed the following: (1) Genetic expression of ratooning ability was mainly controlled by both additive and dominant effects, but they were easily influenced by environmental conditions and cultivation techniques. (2) Predicted value of heritability of the ratooning ability traits were significant or extremely significant, and broad heritability ( h 2 B ) was significantly higher than broad heritability ( h 2 N ). (3) The ratooning ability was significantly different among rice restoring lines, and the ratooning ability traits of the restoring lines, Minhui 3301 and Yahui 627 had significant positive additive effects and negative dominant effects, which were suitable for screening parents with strong regeneration ability. (4) The new germplasm resources of Ra201, Ra202 and Ra212 had a higher ratio of stems of ratooning buds to total stems and strong ratooning ability, among which Ra202 had obvious advantages of low-node germination and could be used as parents for the gene mining and utilization of the ratooning ability in indica rice. (5) The study on breeding methods of ratoon rice cultivars has further improved the classical breeding techniques, and has the advantages of indirect identification and early screening. The effect of new germplasm creations and new breeding varieties were useful and insightful.

Sugarcane root distribution and growth as affected by genotype and crop cycle

ABSTRACT Sugarcane (Saccharum L. spp. hybrids) is a globally important crop. While roots contribute to its net primary production, knowledge of sugarcane root growth is incomplete and limited in scope. The objective of this study was to determine cumulative root density (LA), root distribution, effective rooting depth (ERD), and root growth rate for four sugarcane genotypes across three crop cycles (plant cane [PC], first ratoon [FR], and second ratoon [SR]). The experiment was conducted in a rain shelter on four sugarcane genotypes (ROC22, YZ04-241, YZ05-194, and YZ05-51) using minirhizotron tubes to a soil profile depth of 1.08 m. Most roots in were found at 0–0.36 m-depth, and about 85.0% were within a 0–0.72 m depth in PC. In FR and SR, however, > 81.8% of roots were found at 0–0.54 m-depth regardless of genotype. The LA of ROC22 was often significantly higher than that of the other genotypes at depths < 0.54 m regardless of crop cycle. The genotype ROC22 had greater root length and faster root growth rate than YZ05-194 at 0.18–0.36 m in PC and FR, while SR YZ05-194 had slower root growth than the other genotypes at 0–0.18m. Ratooning ability of sugarcane genotypes may be related to these root growth attributes.

EXPOLRING RATOON PROSPECTIVE OF SUGARCANE VARIEITES / CLONES AT TOBA TEK SINGH

Sugarcane is the crop that have the quality to sprout after its first harvesting, phenomenon known as ratooning. Among all other major crops, sugarcane ratooning is widely acceptable to farmers of the Punjab. The more the tillers grew, the higher are the chances of a greater number of stalks to be harvested. It is proven that more the number of stalks, the thinner is the diameter, finally results in more stalks and high production. Similarly, higher number of canes produce favorable ratoon. In this experiment, performance of Seven promising sugarcane varieties/clones along with the check variety CPF-246, were tested for their ratoon ability capacity at farmer’s field at Toba Tek Singh during the year 2017-18. It has been found that one of the varieties S2008-FD-19 produced that maximum ratoon yield, U2003-US-633 produced the maximum sugar recovery and S2003-US-133 produced maximum number of mill able canes. The observing of the current analysis also revealed that S2003-US-633 and S2003-US-133 have significant potential for boom sugar recovery through breeding programs and by improving the production techniques.

Ratooning as a management strategy for lodged or drought-damaged rice crops.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants have the ability to develop ratoon tillers if the terminal growing point is lost, such as when the panicle has been aborted, matured, or harvested. We examined postharvest and midseason ratooning as management strategies for damaged rice crops, both in irrigated and rainfed conditions. Genotypic variation was observed in terms of postharvest ratoon tillering, midseason ratoon crop growth after lodging, and midseason ratoon crop growth after drought stress. The genotypic variation in postharvest ratoon tillering was related to stem carbohydrate levels at the time of main crop harvest and was affected by soil moisture levels at the time of main crop harvest. Drought‐tolerant varieties did not consistently show improved ratoon crop growth. After lodging, cutting stems at a height of 30 cm produced the highest numbers of ratoon tillers, and the contribution of the ratoon crop to the total harvestable grain yield was highest when the ratoon crop was initiated at earlier growth stages. The highest ratoon grain yields recovered from lodged crops ranged up to 3.58 t ha−1. Total grain yield after drought was improved by trimming the leaves and panicles only in certain conditions and did not appear to be correlated with stem carbohydrate levels. These results suggest that management strategies may be recommended to farmers that exploit the ratooning ability of rice for improved recovery after midseason crop damage.

Performances of Elite Sugarcane Genotypes for Agro-physiological Traits in Relation to Yield Potential and Ratooning Ability under Rain-fed Conditions

Performances of Elite Sugarcane Genotypes for Agro-physiological Traits in Relation to Yield Potential and Ratooning Ability under Rain-fed Conditions

Location and Seasonal Effects on Irrigated Sugarcane Breeding for Yield and Sucrose Content in South Africa

Breeding programs conduct multienvironment trials to evaluate the adaptability and performance of genotypes across variable agroecological regions. Genotype × environment interaction (G×E) results in the genetic values varying across environments. When G×E is large, greater genetic gains can be achieved through developing specific genotypes for each environment. The objective of this study was to investigate the location and seasonal effects on genotype performance for cane yield and sucrose content and their implication on breeding varieties for the irrigated regions of South Africa. Data were collected from a series of variety trials planted in 2009, 2010, and 2011 at Mpumalanga and Pongola locations in the early and late seasons. Randomized complete block designs with three replications were used, and data for cane yield and sucrose content were collected in the plant and three ratoon crops. Data were analyzed using the mixed procedure of SAS. Seasonal effects were larger than location effects, whereas genotype × season was larger than genotype × location, indicating the importance of considering seasons when breeding for irrigated regions. Seasonal effects were larger for sucrose content than cane yield. Genotype × ratooning effects was nonsignificant indicating ratooning ability was not important in irrigated regions. High cane yield and low sucrose in the early season and low cane yield and high sucrose in the late season indicated the uniqueness of the early and late seasons. Establishing early and late season breeding programs in the irrigated region would enhance genetic gains for yield and quality.

RB005014 - a sugarcane cultivar with high tillering and agroindustrial yield

Abstract RB005014 was developed for the Brazilian central-south region, for harvesting between July and September and planting on soils that have moderate or higher fertility levels. It has high tillering, high sucrose yield, excellent ratooning ability after mechanical harvesting, resistance to the main diseases and carries the Bru1 gene of brown rust resistance.

Association of Physiological Responses and Root Distribution Patterns of Ratooning Ability and Yield of the Second Ratoon Cane in Sugarcane Elite Clones

Poor ratooning ability for sugarcane can limit crop productivity and profitability of sugarcane growers. The objective of this study was to determine the association of physiological responses and root distribution patterns on the yield of the second ratoon cane, and the relationships between these traits. Seventeen sugarcane genotypes were planted in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The second ratoon crop was evaluated for germination percentage, cane yield, Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) chlorophyll meter reading (SCMR), chlorophyll fluorescence, relative water content (RWC), specific leaf area (SLA), and stomatal conductance. Root length density (RLD) was evaluated through the auger method. The root samples were divided into upper and lower soil layers in order to study root distribution patterns. Sugarcane genotypes were significantly different for RLD, germination percentage, and cane yield. Root distribution patterns were classified into three groups based on the RLD. High RLD between plants in the upper soil layers at 90 days after harvest (DAH) was positively correlated with high germination, whereas high RLD between rows in the lower soil layers at 90 and 270 DAH was associated with high cane yield. RWC at 90 DAH and stomatal conductance at 180 DAH were closely related to germination percentage, whereas chlorophyll fluorescence and stomatal conductance at 180 DAH were closely related to cane yield.

Assessment of ratooning ability and genetic variability of promising sugarcane varieties under middle Egypt conditions

Poor ratooning ability was a major cause for rejection of sugarcane varieties in the breeding program because of the decline in cane yield associating the advance in the crop cycle. Seven sugarcane-promising varieties (G.2010–26, G.2011–82, G.84–47, G.2003–47, G.2006-6, G.99–103, and G.2010-7) along with one check commercial cultivar (G.T.54-9) were evaluated for ratooning ability (RA) and genetic variability. The experiment was planted in the randomized complete block design with three replications in a crop cycle included plant cane (PC), 1st ratoon (FR), and 2nd ratoon (SR) during 2016–2019 growing seasons at Mallawi Agricultural Research Station, El-Minya Governorate, Egypt (latitude of 28° 10 ’N, longitude of 30° 75 ’E and altitude of 55m above sea level). Varieties x crop cycles interaction showed highly significant effects on all traits except for purity %, indicating that variety performed differently among cane crops within the crop cycle. The evaluated varieties showed significant differences in RA% for all studied traits. Sugarcane G.2003–47 and G.2010-7 varieties exhibited higher ratooning ability recording higher cane and sugar yields in SR, compared to G.2011–82 and G.2010–26, which had poor performance concerning the same traits in SR. The overall mean of cane and sugar yields for the tested varieties significantly decreased by 3.38 and 0.59 tons in FR, being 13.9 and 1.7 tons in SR, respectively, compared to PC. Highest genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation were exhibited by single stalk weight, sugar yield and cane yield in both plant and ratoon crops. High heritability and genetic advance % estimates across crops were recorded for single cane weight (85.27% and 34.97%), cane yield (96.93% and 36.44%), Brix %(89.82% and 28.08%) and sugar yield (94.81% and 41.76%). These results suggest that a simple selection for these traits would be effective. In addition, selection in ratoon crops should be based on yield contributing traits having high PCV, GCV, heritability and genetic advance along with mean value.