Ratoon Research Articles

YIELD OF ORGANIC OKRA IRRIGATED UNDER DIFFERENT METHODS OF CONDUCTION AND GROWING PERIODS

Okra is traditionally grown in the summer, but its cultivation in the winter can bring profitability to the producer, due to the low offer of the product, especially if grown in an organic production system. This study aimed to evaluate the yield and fruit quality of okra in organic system, in summer (SM), ratoon (RT) and winter (WN) crops. The field experiments were carried out in the SIPA (Agroecological Production Integrated System) and the total yield, marketable yield, and some quality parameters such as major and minor defects, curvature and size of fruits were evaluated in the three periods. Okra yield and fruit quality were influenced by the growing period and methods of conduction, and marketable yields of 18.3, 3.0 and 10.2 Mg ha-1 were found for SM, RT and WN, respectively. The producer should opt for a new planting during the winter instead of growing the ratoon from the summer crop.

Nitrogen Fertilizer Management Improves Ratoon Cane Yield and Nitrogen Utilization

Nitrogen Fertilizer Management Improves Ratoon Cane Yield and Nitrogen Utilization

Current status and management of sugarcanesmut disease in North India

Sugarcane an important cash crop suffers from several fungal, bacterial, phytoplasmal and viral diseases. Of the fungal diseases, smut had been a major constraint to sugarcane production in most of the sugarcane growing tracts of the country. The disease is caused by fungus Sporisoriumscitamineum (Syn: Ustilago scitaminea).Primary transmission of the disease takes place trough infected setts. Earlier this disease was kept under control through heat therapy (Aerated steam therapy /moist hot air treatment) of seed canes by the sugar mills and sugarcane research centers. However, since last couple of years, sett treatment practice has been stopped and smut incidence increased by many folds. To know the current scenario of sugarcane diseases in the subtropical region, authors surveyed the reserved areas of 44 sugar mills in Haryana, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Uttrakhand states during 2010-2019 crop seasons regularly. In Haryana, smut prevails as major disease in most of the sugar mills and its incidence is increasing rapidly. The disease incidence ranged from 1.0 to 40.0% in ratoons and traces to 9.0% in plant crops of varieties viz. Co 0238, Co 89003, CoH 116, CoH 119, CoH 150, CoH 152, CoH 156, CoH 160, CoJ 85, CoJ 88 and CoS 8436. In Shahabad area most of the fields of variety CoH 160 had severe smut incidence i.e. up to 40.0% in ratoon and 9.0% on plant crops. Similarly in the varieties Co 0238, Co 89003 and CoJ 88 cultivated under Punjab, traces to 11.0% incidence in ratoon and up to 5.0% in plant crops was found. Further, in western UP occurrence of smut was moderate to 6.5% in ratoon and traces to 1.5% in plant crops of cultivated varieties. The maximum disease incidence (T-2.5%) was noted in Harinagar (Bihar) on variety CoSe98231, whereas, under Laksar (Uttrakhand) it observed to a tune of 4.5% and 6.0% on varieties CoSe 03234 and CoSe 01434, respectively. In the light of observations recoded over the period, advisories were issued regularly to the sugar mills for its prevention and farmers of the state have adopted smut management practices i.e. roguing of smut whips followed by spray of Propiconazole 25EC @ 0.1%. Farmers and sugar mill officials of the state have been advised to adopt seed cane treatment practices with Sett Treatment Device, recently developed by ICAR-SBI, Coimbatore to combat this disease. The Haryana sugar Federation is also advised to promote sett treatment practice in the state. Since last four years all the Co-operative sugar mills have been running tractor driven sett treatment units for seed cane treatment at farmer fields to manage sett borne diseases. Since smut has emerged as a serious disease, sugar industry should take up the disease management in a systematic way to sustain sugarcane cultivation in the region and also to prevent buildup of disease epidemics.

Screening experiment of ratoon rice suitable for machine harvesting in Jianghan plain

Screening experiment of ratoon rice suitable for machine harvesting in Jianghan plain

Improvement of Cane Yield and Sugar Yield of Sugarcane (Sacharrum officinarum) Through Maintaining Ratoon

<p>ABSTRACT<br />The level of sugarcane yield in dry land or rainfed generally still low at 40 to 50 tons per hectare. Farmers prefer maintenance of sugarcane than unloading ratoon cane (RC). This can be understood because unloading RC requires high cost, especially in the purchase of seed cane and tillage. Approach through maintaining ratoon techniques are expected to increase production and sugar yield. The research purposes to obtain cane yield and sugar yield RC optimally with maintaining ratoon techniques in dry land. Research has conducted in the Ngimbang, Lamongan district from June 2013 until August 2014. Sugarcane varieties used PS 862 (early ripening) belong to farmers. The study compiled by randomized block design (RBD) and repeated 3 times. The treatment consisted of 1). Replanting; 2). Off barring; 3). Organic fertilizer; 4). Maintaining 10 plants/m; 5). Giving PGR; 6). The package of (1+2); 7). The package of (1+2+3); 8). The package of (1+2+3+4); 9). The package of (1+2+3+4+5); and 10). Control. The results showed that the complete treatment of maintaining ratoon (replanting, off barring, organic fertilizer, maintaining 10 plants/m and PGR) obtained the highest value on the highgrowth parameters include 304.67 cm and a diameter of 3.16 cm, while the production parameters include the stalk number 5.73 stalk/m, stalk weight 1.29 kg/stalk, and stalk length 264.11 cm. Maintaining ratoon could gave the best cane yield and sugar yield than ratoon plants without maintaining ratoon cane with an increase of cane yield 16.20 tons/ha (32.14%) and an increase of sugar yield 1.38% (25.60%). Maintaining on ratoon cane 4th on rainfed significantly increase the production of sugarcane per hectare although not linear with increasing sugar yield.<br />Keywords: Maintaining ratoon, PS 862 varieties, dry land, Sacharrum officinarum</p><p> </p><p>PENINGKATAN PRODUKSI DAN RENDEMEN TEBU (Sacharrum officinarum) MELALUI RAWAT RATOON</p><p>ABSTRAK<br />Tingkat produktivitas tebu di lahan kering atau tadah hujan umumnya masih rendah sebesar 40 sampai dengan 50 ton per hektar. Para petani tebu lebih memilih rawat ratoon daripada membongkar tebu ratoon (RC). Hal tersebut dapat dipahami karena membongkar ratoon membutuhkan biaya yang lebih besar, terutama dalam pembelian bibit tebu dan olah tanah. Pendekatan melalui teknik rawat ratoon diharapkan dapat meningkatkan produksi dan rendemen tebu. Tujuan dari penelitian untuk memperoleh pertanaman tebu dengan teknik rawat ratoon yang berproduksi dan berendemen optimal di lahan kering. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Ngimbang, Kabupaten Lamongan mulai Juni 2013 sampai Agustus 2014. Varietas tebu yang digunakan yaitu PS 862 (masak awal) milik petani. Penelitian disusun dengan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) yang diulang 3 kali. Perlakuan terdiri atas 1). Sulam; 2). Pedot Oyot; 3). Pupuk Organik; 4). Pertahankan 10 tanaman/m; 5). Pemberian ZPT; 6). Paket (1+2); 7). Paket (1+2+3); 8). Paket (1+2+3+4); 9). Paket (1+2+3+4+5); dan 10). Kontrol. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan lengkap pada rawat ratoon (sulam, pedot oyot, pupuk organik, 10 tanaman/m dan ZPT) diperoleh nilai tertinggi pada parameter pertumbuhan meliputi tinggi 304,67 cm dan diameter 3,16 cm, sedangkan parameter produksi meliputi jumlah batang terpanen 5,73 batang/m, bobot batang 1,29 kg/batang, dan panjang batang 264,11 cm. Rawat ratoon dapat memberikan hasil produksi dan rendemen terbaik dibandingkan tanaman tebu tanpa rawat ratoon dengan kenaikan sebesar 16,20 ton/ha (32,14%) dan peningkatan angka rendemen 1,38% (25,60%). Rawat ratoon RC 4 pada lahan tadah hujan secara signifikan meningkatkan produksi tebu perhektar meskipun tidak linier dengan peningkatan rendemen gula.</p><p>Kata kunci: Rawat ratoon, varietas PS 862, lahan kering, Sacharrum officinarum</p>

COMPARISON OF CONVENTIONAL, NESTED AND REAL-TIME PCR FOR DETECTION OF THE CAUSAL AGENT OF RATOON STUNT IN IRAN

Leifsonia (Clavibacter) xyli subsp. xyli (Lxx) is the etiological agent of ratoon stunting disease (RSD), one of the most important diseases affecting productivity of sugarcane crops. The lack of defined external symptoms in the plant is a challenge for the diagnosis of RSD. We compared sensitivity of three methods including conventional PCR, nested PCR and real- time PCR for detection of Lxx sugarcane fields of the Khuzestan province (Iran). Total genomic DNA of infected sugarcanes was extracted and various amounts of it used as template for three mentioned techniques. The results showed that conventional PCR lacks sufficient sensitivity to be used as a diagnostic tool for RSD. Nested PCR had acceptable sensitivity, however, this technique is time-consuming. Real-time PCR is the most efficient method but it is expensive and requires specialist for analyzing the data. Totally, each of these methods has its own advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, the election of these techniques for diagnosis depends on factors like disease severity, the goal and available facilities.

Breeding for dual purpose attributes in sorghum: effect of harvest option and genotype on fodder and grain yields.

A study was conducted across different seasons during 2012 to 2013 to investigate the effect of harvest options and genotype on the dual fodder and grain yield in sorghum. The treatments were arranged in split–split plot design with the harvest options assigned to the main plot and the genotypes to the sub plot. The study revealed that performance of dual sorghum genotypes differed across harvest options and seasons. To maximize the benefits gained from dual sorghum genotypes, different harvest options for fodder and grain need to be investigated. When the option is to harvest the main crop as forage and the ratoon as grain crop, the cultivars Abjaro during winter and S.25Abu70 during summer were suggested. If the option is to harvest the grain and stover from the main crop, either Abjaro or S.25Abu70 could be suggested, depending on what is favored by farmers: Earliness of S.25Abu70 or the high stover yield of Abjaro. Key words: Abjaro, Abu Sabein, main crop, ratoon, shambat, Sudangrass, stover.

Quantitative losses and ratoon damage during sugar cane harvesting in the North Fluminense

Este trabalho objetivou avaliar as perdas quantitativas de cana-de-açúcar e os danos causados às soqueiras, utilizando a colhedora Case A8800 em Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ. Os resultados foram analisados através da estatística descritiva. A comparação das médias foi realizada através do Intervalo de confiança, construído pela estatística "t" á 5% de probabilidade, objetivando comparar os tipos de perdas. As diferenças entre os tipos de perdas foram significativas, pedaço solto e lascas foram encontrados em maior quantidade. O grau de danos 2 foi encontrado em maior número, totalizando 42% das soqueiras avaliadas, seguido de grau 4, grau 3 e grau 1.

Detection of unintended effects in genetically modified herbicide-tolerant (GMHT) rice in comparison with non- target phenotypic characteristics

In the process of safety assessments of genetically modified (GM) crops, particular attention should be paid to their unintended effects. This study was focused on detection of unintended effects in genetically modified herbicide-tolerant (GMHT) rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica) Bar68 -1 in comparison with non-target phenotypic characteristics between Bar68 -1 and its unmodified counterpart, D68. The results showed that there were no significant differences between Bar68 -1 and D68 in most of the morphological or agronomic traits, including main culm length, main culm thickness, flag leaf length, tillering dynamics, seed setting, 1000-grain weight, grain length, grain width, length-width ratio of grain, brown rice length, brown rice width, length-width ratio of brown rice, grain yield, biomass of aerial part, yield, rate of seed germination and ratooning. There were statically significant differences between Bar68-1 and D68 in the parameters such as flag leaf width, spikelets per panicle, panicle length and harvest index, but the values of the changed traits are within rice normal ranges and in the same scales according to GB/T 19557.7 - 2004 from Chinese standard and SES from IRRI. Therefore, these differences were not considered biologically relevant. Results indicated that the unintended effects were not detected in Bar68-1 in this study. Key words: Unintended effects, safety assessment, biosafety, GM crops, herbicide tolerance, transgenic plant, rice (Oryza sativa L.), bar gene.

Ratooning Rapeseed (B. napus): Effect on Seed Quality

Ratooning Rapeseed (B. napus): Effect on Seed Quality