Ratio Of Unsaturated Fatty Acids Research Articles

Designing and characterizing multicomponent, plant-based bigels of rice bran wax, gums, and monoglycerides

In this study, plant-based, edible water-in-oil biphasic gels (bigels) were developed and characterized. Bigels were composed of a rice bran wax (RBW)/soybean oil oleogel (OG) and a sodium alginate/kappa-carrageenan hydrogel (HG). The addition of monoglycerides (MG, 0–2% w/w) in the OG phase and the effect of OG:HG ratio (0:10, 7:3, 8:2, 10:0) were evaluated through physical, microstructural, thermal, and rheological analyses. All bigels were self-supporting and visually homogeneous, except the 7:3 formulation containing 1 and 2% MG, which showed phase separation. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that MG acted as emulsifiers by reducing the HG particle size. Differential scanning calorimetry measurements showed that RBW and MG crystallized in the OG phase, indicating that both components acted as oleogelators. In line with these results, increasing the MG concentration in the OG phase increased the solid fat content of the bigels. Results from small deformation rheology showed that the rheological properties of the bigels were mainly governed by the OG phase. The mechanical strength (G′) followed the trend 0:10≪8:2–7:3<10:0 and further increased after MG addition. The resistance to permanent deformation followed the opposite trend and increased with the increase in MG concentration. In particular, the 8:2 formulation containing 2% MG best fitted the rheological properties required for commercial semi-solid fats. Consequently, the bigels developed in this study constitute a promising plant-based substitute for semi-solid fats with an improved saturated to unsaturated fatty acid ratio.

Transcriptomic and phenotypic changes of Cronobacter sakazakii ATCC 29544 grown under desiccation stress

In the present study, the effect of desiccation stress on the transcriptomic and phenotypic changes of Cronobacter sakazakii ATCC 29544 was identified. Glucose or lactose was added to the commonly used tryptic soy broth (TSB) to induce desiccation stress (aw = 0.975). From transcriptomic analysis, 126 and 64 upregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified for glucose added TSB and lactose added TSB, respectively, and validated by qRT–PCR. Formate metabolism-related genes were highly overexpressed by desiccation stress among the DEGs. When phenotypic changes were investigated, the addition of glucose increased the ratio of unsaturated fatty acids in the membrane lipids of C. sakazakii, which in turn decreased membrane rigidity and made it more susceptible to lipid oxidation. The opposite trend was observed for the pathogen grown in lactose-supplemented TSB. In this regard, the heat resistance of C. sakazakii grown in TSB was lower than that grown in lactose-supplemented TSB, while the opposite trend was observed for the pathogen grown in glucose-supplemented TSB. These results indicated that the transcriptome and phenotype of C. sakazakii would be changed by the materials used to nutrify the pathogen.

Effects of blended microbial feed additives on performance, meat quality, gut microbiota and metabolism of broilers.

The present study investigated the effects of blend microbial feed additive (BMFA) in diet on performance, meat quality, gut microbiota and metabolism of broilers. In this study 240 seventy-day-old female Wenchang broilers were randomly allocated into four groups with five replicates of 12 broilers each. Broilers in the control group was fed only basal diet (S0), and the other three groups were fed the same basal diet supplemented with 0.2% (S1), 0.4% (S2), or 0.6% (S3) of BMFA, respectively. The trial continued for 54 days. The results showed that broilers in S2 and S3 had lower average daily feed intake (ADFI) compared with S0 and S1 (P < 0.05). However, diet supplementation with BMFA had no significantly influence on the average daily gain (ADG) and the ratio of ADFI to ADG (F/G) (P > 0.05). The highest thigh muscle percentage was observed in S2 (P < 0.05) among all groups. Diet supplementation with BMFA reduced the shear force in both breast and thigh muscles (P < 0.05) of broilers. An increase (P < 0.05) in the total unsaturated fatty acid (USFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), and ratio of unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acid (USFA/SFA) in breast muscles was observed in S3 compared with S0. It was found that the S3 had a relatively higher abundance of Lactobacillus (P < 0.001), as well as a lower abundance of the Bacteroides, Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group, Olsenella, Prevotellaceae UCG-001 and Prevotella (P < 0.05) than the S0. Correlation analysis indicated that a total of 17 differential metabolites between the S3 and S0 were significantly correlated with the 7 differential genera microflora. Overall, diet supplementation with 0.6% of BMFA can significantly improve the meat quality of broilers by decreasing the concentration of SFA and enhancing the levels of the total USFA, MUFA and USFA/SFA in breast muscles. Those findings were tightly bound to the higher proportion of Lactobacillus genus in the intestinal tract of broilers influenced by BMFA.

Modification of Fatty Acid Composition of Escherichia coli by Co-Expression of Fatty Acid Desaturase and Thioesterase from Arabidopsis thaliana.

Fatty acid composition has an important influence on the fluidity of biological membranes, which is a key factor for the survival of Escherichia coli. With the aim to modify fatty acid composition in this experimentally friendly microorganism, the AtFab2 gene, encoding the Arabidopsis thaliana fatty acid desaturase, was expressed separately and jointly with AtFatA, a fatty acid thioesterase of the same plant origin. The expression of ATFab2 desaturase resulted in an enhancement of cis-vaccenic acid (18:1Δ11) contents, while amounts of palmitioleic acid (16:1Δ9) accumulated by E. coli were increased by 130% for the expression of the AtFatA thioesterase. In the final engineered strain co-expressing AtFab2 and AtFatA, the percentage of palmitic acid (16:0), the most abundant saturated fatty acid found in E. coli, was reduced to 29.9% and the ratio of unsaturated fatty acid to saturated fatty acid reached 2:1. Free fatty acids accounted for about 40% of total fatty acid profiles in the recombinant strain expressing both two genes, and the unsaturated fatty acid contents reached nearly 75% in the free fatty acid profiles. The increase of unsaturated fatty acid level might provide some implication for the construction of cold tolerant strains.

Abstract 14905: A Combination of Polygenic Risk Scores for Coronary Artery Disease and for Circulating Blood Lipids Predicts the Incidence of Myocardial Infarction and Coronary Revascularization

Introduction: Estimating the genetic risk of developing complex diseases, such as coronary artery disease (CAD), is now possible by aggregating data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) into polygenic risk scores (PRS). This study aims to evaluate the performance of PRS derived from CAD (PRS CAD ) and blood lipids GWAS to predict severe CAD defined as myocardial infarction or coronary revascularization (MI-REVASC). Methods: Using nuclear magnetic resonance data from UK Biobank (UKB, n=90300), we conducted 29 GWAS for blood lipids (9 for fatty acids and 20 for lipoproteins). Summary statistics of these GWAS were then used to derive PRS in the rest of UKB (n=318422, median follow-up = 12.6 years). A PRS CAD was also calculated using the publicly available GWAS from the CARDIoGRAMplusC4D consortium. All PRS included &gt;1.1 million of genetic variants and were calculated using LDpred2. Hazard Ratio (HR) for incident MI-REVASC (n=10935) are reported with their 95% CIs, for 1-SD increase of each PRS. Selected independent PRS were combined into multivariate Cox regression models, for which predictive performance was evaluated. All models were adjusted for age, sex and genetic principal components. Results: Out of 30 PRS, 28 were significantly associated with incident MI-REVASC; PRS CAD showed the strongest association (HR=1.60 [1.57-1.63], p&lt;10e-300), whereas PRS for small LDL particles (sLDL-P) was the most associated blood lipids PRS (HR=1.14 [1.12-1.16], p=7.63e-42). The optimal model included PRS for CAD, sLDL-P, HDL-C and the PUFA/MUFA (poly-/mono- unsaturated fatty acids) ratio. Discriminative capacities for incident MI-REVASC were significantly increased in the model including PRS CAD (C-statistic (C) = 0.744 [0.739-0.748]) compared to the model without PRS (C= 0.710 [0.705-0.714]). No significant difference was observed when independent blood lipids PRS were added to the model (C= 0.745 [0.741 to 0.749]). Conclusions: Although independently associated with the incidence of severe CAD, blood lipids PRS provide little improvement in the predictive performance when added to PRS CAD .

Stearoyl CoA Desaturase-1 Silencing in Glioblastoma Cells: Phospholipid Remodeling and Cytotoxicity Enhanced upon Autophagy Inhibition.

Modulation of lipid metabolism is a well-established cancer hallmark, and SCD1 has been recognized as a key enzyme in promoting cancer cell growth, including in glioblastoma (GBM), the deadliest brain tumor and a paradigm of cancer resistance. The central goal of this work was to identify, by MS, the phospholipidome alterations resulting from the silencing of SCD1 in human GBM cells, in order to implement an innovative therapy to fight GBM cell resistance. With this purpose, RNAi technology was employed, and low serum-containing medium was used to mimic nutrient deficiency conditions, at which SCD1 is overexpressed. Besides the expected increase in the saturated to unsaturated fatty acid ratio in SCD1 silenced-GBM cells, a striking increase in polyunsaturated chains, particularly in phosphatidylethanolamine and cardiolipin species, was noticed and tentatively correlated with an increase in autophagy (evidenced by the increase in LC3BII/I ratio). The contribution of autophagy to mitigate the impact of SCD1 silencing on GBM cell viability and growth, whose modest inhibition could be correlated with the maintenance of energetically associated mitochondria, was evidenced by using autophagy inhibitors. In conclusion, SCD1 silencing could constitute an important tool to halt GBM resistance to the available treatments, especially when coupled with a mitochondria disrupter chemotherapeutic.

Low temperature storage alleviates internal browning of ‘Comte de Paris’ winter pineapple fruit by reducing phospholipid degradation, phosphatidic acid accumulation and membrane lipid peroxidation processes

To uncover the mechanism underlying membrane lipid metabolism of low temperature induced internal browning tolerance in pineapple, membrane phospholipid alterations of harvested ‘Comte de Paris’ winter pineapple fruit stored at either 10 °C or 25 °C was investigated. Fruit stored at 10 °C developed low levels of internal browning as compared to fruit stored at 25 °C and was associated with high contents of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylethanolamine, and low levels of phosphatidic acid. Storage at 10 °C down-regulated the expression levels of phospholipase As. Fruit stored at 10 °C also exhibited high ratio of unsaturated fatty acid to saturated fatty acid and index of unsaturated fatty acid level. These findings suggest that maintenance phospholipid abundance, reduction in phosphatidic acid accumulation and membrane lipid peroxidation may have contributed to the enhanced internal browning tolerance in ‘Comte de Paris’ winter pineapple fruit at low temperature storage.

Effect of Unsaturated Fatty Acid Ratio In Vitro on Rumen Fermentation, Methane Concentration, and Microbial Profile

It is well known that dairy cows are fed diets with high fat content, which can adversely affect rumen fermentation. However, whether the effects of high fat content on rumen fermentation are related to the composition of fatty acids (FA) is for further study. We explored the effects of unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) ratios in vitro on rumen, methane concentration and microbial composition under the same fat levels. The experiment included a low-unsaturated group (LU, UFA proportion: 42.8%), a medium-unsaturated group (MU, UFA proportion: 56.9%), and a high-unsaturated group (HU, UFA proportion: 70.9%). The incubation fluid pH and NH3-N levels were not significantly different in the three groups. Total volatile fatty acid (TVFA), acetate, propionate, butyrate, and valerate in the MU group had a decreased trend compared to the LU group (0.05 &lt; p &lt; 0.1), and no difference was found in other volatile fatty acids (VFAs) among the three groups. Furthermore, gas production kinetic parameters among the three groups did not differ significantly. The LU group’s CH4 concentration was significantly higher than the HU group (p &lt; 0.05). The CO2 concentration in the LU group was also significantly higher than the MU and LU groups (p &lt; 0.05). Additionally, 16S rRNA microbial sequencing results showed that the Shannon diversity value significantly increased in the MU group (p &lt; 0.05) compared to the LU group. Other alpha diversity indices (Chao 1, observed species, and ACE) did not differ among the three groups. The increased proportion of UFA significantly decreased the relative abundance of Succinivibrionaceae_UCG_001 and Fibrobacter (p &lt; 0.05). Meanwhile, the multiple Lachnospiraceae bacteria significantly increased in the MU group (p &lt; 0.05). Overall, our findings indicated that the microbial community in the incubation system could be affected by elevating proportions of UFA, affecting the yield of VFA, whereas the CH4 concentration was reduced.

​​Proximate Composition, Amino Acid and Fatty Acid Profiles of Eight Cultivars of Groundnut Grown in Nigeria

Background: Groundnut had been established to have great health benefits on account of its biochemical constituents. Methods: Eight cultivars of groundnut grown in Nigeria were analyzed using standard protocols for proximate compositions, amino acid and fatty acid profiles with the sole aim of selecting the most promising cultivars in terms of nutrient composition and oil stability. Result: The results indicated that crude protein was the highest in MK 373 and lesser in Samnut 22. Crude fat ranged from 44.68% in Samnut 21 to 49.98% in Samnut 23. The major amino acids were leucine, glutamic acid and aspartic acid. The cultivars Samnuts 21 and 22 showed higher essential amino acids (EAA), while higher non-essential amino acid (NEAA) was recorded in MK 373. The major fatty acids were palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids. Among the cultivars, Samnut 11 was the only cultivar with better oil quality on account of higher oleic and linoleic O/L and total poly unsaturated fatty acid and total saturated fatty acid (TPUS/TS) ratios that compared well with Codex/WHO standards. The results, in general, have shown that Samnuts 11, 21, 22 and MK 373 are the potentials cultivars that could be selected for breeding programme to improve the quality of groundnut in Nigeria.

Red Palm Oil Ameliorates Oxidative Challenge and Inflammatory Responses Associated with Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Hepatic Injury by Modulating NF-κβ and Nrf2/GCL/HO-1 Signaling Pathways in Rats.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a well-conserved cell wall component of Gram positive bacteria, exerts its toxic effects via inducing oxidative and pro-inflammatory responses. Red palm oil (RPO) is a unique natural product with a balanced ratio of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, with reported antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we assess the protective effect and mechanistic action of RPO using a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced hepatic injury model. Male Wistar rats were assigned into four groups (10 animals/group): normal control (NC), RPO, LPS and RPO + LPS. Animals in the RPO and RPO + LPS groups were administered RPO (200 μL/day) for 28 days. On the 27th day of experiment, animals in LPS and RPO + LPS groups were injected with LPS (0.5 mg/kg body weight). Animals were sacrificed 24 h later, and blood and liver tissues harvested for biochemical and molecular analysis. RPO resolved hepatic histological dysfunction induced by LPS, and lowered alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and γ-glutamyl transferase activities in the serum. Hepatic malondialdehyde and conjugated dienes, as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and TNFα were significantly diminished (p < 0.05) by RPO pre-treatment. Activity of hepatic antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, as well as glutathione redox status (GSH:GSSG), and markers of antioxidant capacity that decreased as a result of LPS injection were improved by RPO pre-treatment. Mechanistically, RPO up-regulated mRNA expression of redox sensitive transcription factor Nrf2 and its downstream targets GCL and HO-1, while also suppressing the expression of NFκβ and associated inflammatory protein, Iκβ kinase (IκKβ). In conclusion, this study highlights the ameliorating effects of RPO against LPS-induced hepatic injury and revealed the Nrf2/GCL/HO-1 and NFκβ signaling axis as potential contributing mechanisms.

Effects of Vine Tea Extract on Meat Quality, Gut Microbiota and Metabolome of Wenchang Broiler.

Simple SummaryThe current work was to assess the effect of vine tea (Ampelopsis grossedentata) extract (AGE) addition on the meat quality, gut microbiota and metabolome of Wenchang broilers. It was found that diet addition with AGE could enhance the quality and flavor of Wenchang broiler.This study investigates the effects of vine tea (Ampelopsis grossedentata) extract (AGE) on meat quality, gut microbiota and cecal content metabolites of Wenchang broilers. A total of 240 female Wenchang broilers aged 70 days were randomly allocated into four groups with five replicates of twelve broilers each. Broilers were fed a corn-soybean basal diet supplemented with AGE at 0 (T1), 0.2% (T2), 0.4% (T3) and 0.6% (T4) until 124 days of age. The whole feeding trial lasted 54 days. Results suggest that the content of total triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in serum of broilers are linearly reduced with dietary AGE supplementation (p < 0.05). The T3 and T4 groups had higher (p < 0.05) a* value in thigh and breast muscles than the T1 group. Additionally, the dietary supplementation of AGE decreased the shear force and drip loss of both thigh and breast muscles linearly (p < 0.05). Compared with the T1 group, AGE supplementation increased the levels of inosine monophosphate (IMP) significantly (p < 0.05) in both the thigh and breast muscles. Furthermore, an increase (p < 0.05) in the total unsaturated fatty acid (USFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and the ratio of unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acid (USFA: SFA) in both the thigh and breast muscles in the T3 group was observed. Higher abundance of Bacteroidota (p < 0.05) and lower abundance of Firmicutes (p < 0.05) were observed in the T3 group. The abundance of Faecalibacterium was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in the T3 group compared with the T1 group. Cholesterol sulfate and p-cresol sulfate were identified as differential metabolites between the T1 and T3 groups. It suggested that 0.4% of AGE supplementation significantly downregulated the levels of p-cresol sulfate and cholesterol sulfate (p < 0.05) and the hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR) activity compared with the control. Our present study demonstrates that dietary supplementation with AGE can improve the quality and flavor by increasing the IMP and PUFA content in the muscle of Wenchang broilers. Furthermore, dietary AGE supplementation with 0.4% can regulate the cholesterol metabolism of Wenchang broilers.

Reprint of: Photoperoxidation in Isolated Chloroplasts I. Kinetics and Stoichiometry of Fatty Acid Peroxidation

A photo-induced cyclic peroxidation in isolated chloroplasts is described. In an osmotic buffered medium, chloroplasts upon illumination produce malondialdehyde (MDA)—a decomposition product of tri-unsaturated fatty acid hydroperoxides—bleach endogenous chlorophyll, and consume oxygen. These processes show (a) no reaction in the absence of illumination; (b) an initial lag phase upon illumination of 10-20 minutes duration; (c) a linear phase in which the rate is proportional to the square root of the light intensity; (d) cessation of reaction occurring within 3 minutes after illumination ceases; and (e) a termination phase after several hours of illumination. The kinetics of the above processes fit a cyclic peroxidation equation with velocity coefficients near those for chemical peroxidation.The stoichiometry of MDA/O2 = 0.02, and O2/Chlbleached = 6.9 correlates well with MDA production efficiency in other biological systems and with the molar ratio of unsaturated fatty acids to chlorophyll. The energies of activation for the lag and linear phases are 17 and 0 kcal/mole, respectively, the same as that for autoxidation. During the linear phase of oxygen uptake the dependence upon temperature and O2 concentration indicates that during the reaction, oxygen tension at the site of peroxidation is 100-fold lower than in the aqueous phase.It is concluded that isolated chloroplasts upon illumination can undergo a cyclic peroxidation initiated by the light absorbed by chlorophyll. Photoperoxidation results in a destruction of the chlorophyll and tri-unsaturated fatty acids of the chloroplast membranes.

Characterization and functional analysis of the MADS-box EgAGL9 transcription factor from the mesocarp of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is one of the most important oil crops in the world, and compared to all oil crops, it has the highest productive efficiency. In the present study, a MADS-box transcription factor of the AGAMOUS class, named EgAGL9, was identified by expression profile analysis in the different developmental stages of oil palm mesocarp. Real-time quantitative PCR results confirmed that the expression of EgAGL9 increased rapidly during the last stages of oil palm mesocarp development. Then, three downstream genes, including EgSAD (Stearoyl-ACP desaturase), EgTSA (Tryptophan synthase) and EgSDH (Succinate dehydrogenase), were screened by ChIP-Seq and data analysis. EMSA analysis verified that EgAGL9 interacted with the promoter regions of EgSAD, EgTSA and EgSDH. Moreover, the expression levels of EgSAD, EgTSA and EgSDH were downregulated in EgAGL9-overexpressing protoplasts and calli of oil palm. Compared to WT, the total lipid content and ratio of unsaturated fatty acids in transgenic calli (including oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid) were significantly decreased. Together, these results revealed that these three EgAGL9-regulated genes are involved in regulatory pathways in the oil palm mesocarp. Compared with previous studies, the present study provides a new research strategy for understanding of the molecular regulatory pathways of lipid metabolism in mesocarp of oil palm. The obtained results will bring a new perspective for a comprehensive understanding of the regulation of the metabolic accumulation in the oil palm mesocarp.

Effect of glutathione on Lactiplantibacillus plantarum stability during room temperature storage and the underlying mechanism of action

Previous studies have found that the decreased activity of probiotics during long-term storage is one of the main reasons leading to the decline of probiotics function. To improve the stability of probiotics during storage at room temperature, this study observed the effect of glutathione (GSH) addition to the culture medium on the storage stability of four Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strains. The results showed that the absorption of GSH by L. plantarum was strain-specific; Strain with GSH absorption capacity had significantly improved room temperature storage stability (P < 0.05). The mechanism of action was also determined. The main reason for the death of the strain during storage was the loss of integrity caused by the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids on the cell membrane, after the consumption of GSH by a strain, the scavenging rates of 1, 1-diphenyl-2-nitrophenylhydrazine free radical (DPPH) and hydroxyl free radical, as well as their total reducing ability, were significantly increased (P < 0.05). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were effectively eliminated after absorption of GSH by a particular strain during storage (P < 0.05), which reduced the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids on cell membrane, the ratio of unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids (U/S) in the cell membrane was maintained, which reduced cell membrane damage and improved storage stability at room temperature. These findings provide a theoretical reference for improving strain storage stability at room temperature by adjusting the composition of the culture medium.

The effects of polyphenols on fresh quality and the mechanism of partial freezing of tilapia fillets.

Fish is one of the most popular foods for consumers because of its abundant nutrition, tenderness and delicious taste. With increasing demand for tilapia fillets, practical preservation is widely used to maintain quality and safety during long-distance transportation and storage. Thus the effects of polyphenols (2g L-1 ) on color, flavor quality and mechanism of tilapia fillets were studied during 49 days of partial freezing (-4 °C). Treatment with carnosic acid (CA), procyanidin (PA), quercetin (QE) and resveratrol (RSV) inhibited water migration, myoglobin oxidation and psychrophilic bacteria stability during partial freezing storage. Aeromonas and Acinetobacter were the dominant bacteria of tilapia fillets during -4 °C storage. The relative abundance of aromatic substances (T70/2) in the polyphenol groups (>20%) was richer than in the control (CON) group (17%). Partial least squares discriminant analysis results showed that the different odors of the control and polyphenol groups were completely separated. Moreover, 35fatty acids were identified by gas chromatographic analysis. On 49 days, the ratios of unsaturated fatty acids in the PA group (58.64%), QE group (57.70%) and RSV group (57.25%) were higher than in the control group (57.19%), and the PA group was the highest. Polyphenol treatment effectively maintained freshness and improved the quality of tilapia fillets during partial freezing. The polyphenol treatment comprehensively sustained the color and flavor quality of tilapia fillets found in the proposed mechanism. In particular, PA treatment was considered a potential method for preserving the freshness of fillets. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Possibilities of using vegetable oils in acne skin care

Vegetable oils are liquid fats of vegetable origin. Chemically, they are a combination of glycerol and fatty acids with an ester bond. The ratio of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids determines the properties of particular oils. The aim of this work was to characterize vegetable oils with respect to their chemical structure, the significance of particular fatty acids in cosmetology and dermatology. The oils were divided according to the quantitative ratio of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids, and attention was drawn to the possibility of using vegetable oils in everyday acne skin care.

Quality evaluation of oil by cold-pressed peanut from different growing regions in China.

In this study, twenty‐six peanut varieties and their cold‐pressed oils from eleven provinces in China were investigated for their oil content, acid value, peroxide value, fatty acid profiles, bioactive constituents, and induction period (IP) of lipid oxidation. Meanwhile, the effect of the geographical origin of peanut on the quality of cold‐pressed peanut oils (CPOs) was studied. The average acid value of CPOs in southern China was higher than that in northern China (0.49 mg KOH/g versus 0.22 mg KOH/g, p > .05). In addition, the average of oleic acid content, ratio of oleic acid to linoleic acid (O/L), and IP were also higher in southern China than that in northern China (p < .05). However, the average content of campesterol, β‐sitosterol, total phytosterol, linoleic acid, and ratio of unsaturated fatty acid to saturated fatty acid (UFA/SFA) exhibited reverse results (p < .05). At last, the comprehensive evaluation of CPOs based on principal component analysis (PCA) was performed. In all samples, Silihong from Liaoning province, northern China was No.1, and Zhonghua 21 from Xiaogan City, Hubei Province was No.4 which was the first one from southern China. Moreover, heat map clustering analysis further revealed the differences and similarities among different samples, and those results were in accordance with the comprehensive evaluation results.

Valorization of hemp hearts oils by advanced extraction techniques and their comparative physicochemical characterization

Industrial hemp hearts were subjected to three different extraction techniques-advanced extraction techniques like microwave and ultrasound extraction and primitive extraction technique like mechanical cold pressing in order to extract oils. The extraction yield varied between 41.0 ± 2.1% (w/w) and 54.0 ± 2.7% (w/w). Linoleic acid (LA) was reported to be the major polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) followed by α−Linolenic acid (ALA). The ratio of LA to ALA was found to be close to 3:1 which is considered optimal for nutrition. The ratio of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) to saturated fatty acids (SFA) was in the range of 6.7 to 9.1. Several minor compounds like ɣ-Sitosterol, stigmasterol, rhodoxanthin, carotene, and methyl cholate as well as antioxidants like β-Carotene and ɣ-Tocopherol have been identified in the oils. The physicochemical properties of the oils like the acid value, iodine value, and oxidative stability indicated that they have higher quality and that the level of unsaturation was very high. Furthermore, free radical scavenging activity of the oils revealed that the oils exhibited 94% of activity in the first 2 h. A perfect combination of unsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids, an appropriate medley of different antioxidants not only qualifies hemp seed oil as an excellent source of nutrition but also as an important plant-based (vegetable) oil for the higher value nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries.

ВЛИЯНИЕ МАСЛА СЕМЯН СУРЕПИЦЫ В КОМБИКОРМАХ ДЛЯ ЦЫПЛЯТ-БРОЙЛЕРОВ НА СОСТАВ ЛИПИДОВ ТУШКИ И ОРГАНОЛЕПТИЧЕСКИЕ ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ ЖАРЕНОГО МЯСА

In studies on 4 groups of broiler chickens of the “Smena 9” cross aged from 1 to 35 days at the cage raising,the possibility of using oil obtained from the rape variety “Nadezhda” instead of sunflower oil in mixed fodders was studied. It has been noticed that the inclusion of rapeseed oil in the feed in the amount of 1.5 and 3.0% replacing sunflower oil made it possible to increase the live weight of broilers by 5.27 and 6.19%, also it reduces feed costs per 1 kg of live weight gain by 1.99 and 3.05% and ensures 100% bird safety. In the experimental groups of broilers that received feed with the addition of rapeseed oil, the amount of linoleic acid in muscle lipids and internal fat decreased statistically significantly by 6.16–20.67% and 6.16–23.64%, respectively. At the same time, the level of oleic acid increased statistically significantly by 6.33–20.24% and 6.12–21.79%. The ratio of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids in the lipids of the muscle homogenate was in the range (6.89:1)–(7.25:1), and in the internal fat — (6.86:1)–(8.13:1). The smallest ratio of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids in the lipids of the muscle homogenate and in the internal fat of broilers was noted in the experimental group, the chickens of which received only rapeseed oil in the feed.

Cold shock treatment alleviates chilling injury in peach fruit by regulating antioxidant capacity and membrane lipid metabolism

Abstract Objectives The work intended to reveal the effect of cold shock (CS) treatment on chilling injury (CI), antioxidant capacity, and membrane fatty acid of peach fruit. Materials and methods Peaches were soaked in ice water (0 °C) for 10 min and stored at 5 °C for 28 days for determination, except CI, and then stored for 3 days at 20 °C, only CI was measured. The electrolyte leakage (EL) was measured by conductivity meter. The activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, and peroxidase) and key enzymes of membrane lipid metabolism (phospholipase D, lipase, and lipoxygenase) as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS; O2·– and H2O2) were measured with a spectrophotometer. An ELISA kit and gas chromatography were used to determine membrane lipids and membrane fatty acids. The relative gene expression was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. Results The results showed that CS treatment effectively delayed CI, suppressed the increase of EL and malondialdehyde content. Meanwhile, CS-treated fruit exhibited lower level of ROS and higher activities of antioxidant enzymes. Furthermore, CS treatment inhibited the activities as well as the relative gene expression of key enzymes in membrane lipid metabolism. CS-treated fruits maintained higher membrane fatty acid unsaturation and lower phosphatidic acid content. Conclusions These results indicated that CS treatment effectively alleviated CI and maintained the integrity of cell membranes by inducing antioxidant-related enzyme activity and maintaining a higher ratio of unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids.