Ratio Of Lecithin Research Articles

Influence of lecithin on the digestibility and immunoreactivity of β-conglycinin

A growing body of evidence suggests that protein structure can be uniquely altered by lipids. However, the role of lecithin on the digestibility and immunoreactivity of allergenic protein remains poorly understood. Therefore, we investigated the impact of different protein/lecithin (P:L) ratios (5:1, 10:1, 20:1, 30:1 and 40:1) on the digestion properties, peptide profiles and immunoreactivity of β-conglycinin in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Results revealed that lecithin addition increased the degree of hydrolysis and digestion rate of β-conglycinin during digestion in a dose-dependent manner, which may be attributed to the enhancement of pepsin activity. Additionally, the addition of lecithin contributed to the dispersion and homogeneity of β-conglycinin digestion products. When the ratio of lecithin to β-conglycinin was 1:10, the obtained β-conglycinin digestion products exhibited the highest DH value (23.80 %) and the lowest antigenicity (52.69%) in the intestinal digestion. Peptidomics and immunoinformatic analysis further confirmed that PL-10 disrupted 18/30, 15/44, and 37/75 epitopes in the α, α′, and β subunits of β-conglycinin, respectively. These results suggested that lecithin changed the cleavage preferences of β-conglycinin, and promoted the disruption of allergic epitopes, specifically for the β subunit. The study can contribute to our understanding of the role of lecithin in the digestion properties and immunoreactivity of allergenic protein.

Innovative utilization of olive mill wastewater phenolics extracted by lecithin: spray-dried powders in cake formulations

In the present study, the olive mill wastewater (OMW) phenolics were extracted with soy lecithin using the cloud point extraction method, and this enriched lecithin (OMW-L) was converted into spray-dried powders using maltodextrin (MD) and whey protein concentrate to be utilized as a dry food ingredient in a cake premix. The inlet temperature of 170 °C and a 3 mL/min feed flow rate yielded the highest powder yield (70.88 ± 2.12%) with a moisture content of 3.78 ± 0.03% when the mass ratio of lecithin to MD was 1:3 (w:w). The hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol contents of the powder were 42.60 ± 4.51 mg/100 g and 15.48 ± 2.50 mg/100 g, respectively. Vanillic acid, caffeic acid, 3-hydroxybenzoic acid, catechin, and rutin were also identified in the powders. The spray-dried OMW-L powder with a higher loading of polyphenols was then used in a cake premix, replacing 1% and 3% of wheat flour. This substitution significantly reduced the K value of the cake batter, as determined by rheological analyses. The addition of spray-dried OMW-L powder to the cake samples, particularly at higher concentrations (3%), influenced both crust and crumb color, causing changes in L*, a*, and b* values. The hardness values of the cake samples did not alter when blank or OMW-enriched lecithin powders were added; rather, the hardness value was influenced by the powder content. Overall, this research offers a different perspective on the use of OMW phenolics in food applications, especially in ready-to-use blends, and demonstrates the effects of the obtained spray-dried lecithin powders on batter rheology and cake characteristics.Graphical abstract

Preparation, Characterization and Evaluation of Antioxidant Flavonosomes

The objective of the present study was to prepare flavonosomes loaded with kaempferol and curcumin in order to improve the bioavailability of the flavonoids. The flavonosomes loaded with kaempferol and curcumin were prepared using bulk co-loading method using lecithin as the lipid molecule. The particle size of the flavonosomes was determined using zeta sizer and ranged from 497.3 nm to 167.1 nm. The results indicated that increase the ratio of lipid to extract was able to reduce the particle size of the flavonosomes. The flavonosomes prepared using 4:1 ratio of lipid to flavonoids were found to be rigid, spherical as seen in SEM with smooth regular surface. Sharp and distinct endothermic peaks in DSC revealed the formulation of stable flavonosomes due to molecular interactions between the extract and lecithin. The entrapment efficiency of flavonosome preparation F4 was determined by measurement of the non-entrapped flavonoids and subtracting from the total flavonoids used to obtain the flavonoids entrapped in the formulation. The entrapment efficiency of F4 has been calculated to be 94.12%. The flavonosome F4 was studied for release of the entrapped flavonoids by dialysis method. The amount of flavonoids released at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 hours was determined using UV spectrophotometry. After the first hour, the entrapped flavonoids released in a steady manner from the flavonosome depicting and almost complete release (90.52% for kaempferol and 94.67% for curcumin) from the formulation. The flavonosomes were found to be stable under the storage conditions. The best formulation with respect to particle size and anti-inflammatory action was F4 that contained 4:1 ratio of lecithin: flavonoids. DPPH radical scavenging assay was used to determine the antioxidant action of the individual flavonoids and the flavonosome formulation. It was found that the formulation F4 was having higher antioxidant activity in comparison to kaempferol and curcumin. The IC50 of kaempferol, curcumin and flavonosome were found to be 228.20 µg/mL, 175.51 µg/mL and 158.19 µg/mL respectively. Keywords: Flavonosome, Kaempferol, Curcumin, Bulk co-loading, antioxidant

Polyglycerol polyricinoleate and lecithin stabilized water in oil nanoemulsions for sugaring Beijing roast duck: Preparation, stability mechanisms and color improvement

Traditional Beijing roast duck often suffers from uneven color and high sugar content after roasting. Water-in-oil (W/O) nanoemulsion is a promising alternative to replace high concentration of sugar solution used in sugaring process according to similarity-intermiscibility theory. Herein, 3% of xylose was embedded in the aqueous phase of W/O emulsion to replace 15% maltose solution. W/O emulsions with different ratios of lecithin (LEC) and polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR) were constructed by high-speed homogenization and high-pressure homogenization. Distribution and penetration extent of solutions and emulsions through the duck skin, as well as the color uniformity of Beijing roast duck were analyzed. Emulsions with LEC:PGPR ratios of 1:3 and 2:2 had better stability. Stable interfacial film and spatial structure were important factors influencing emulsion stabilization. The stable W/O emulsions could more uniformly distribute onto the surface of duck skin and longitudinally penetrate through the skin than solutions.

Modulation of Lipid Digestion by Nanoarchitectonics of Complex Interfacial Structures with Tween 80 and Lecithin.

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in regulating lipid digestion through the construction of various interfacial structures. In the present work, a series of complex interfacial structures were designed by combining Tween 80 in the aqueous phase and lecithin in the oil phase at different concentration ratios. The emulsification properties, the roles in regulating lipid digestion, and the interfacial dilatational rheological properties of the composite emulsifying systems were characterized. The results showed that the combination of Tween 80 and lecithin at different ratios could effectively modulate the rate of lipid digestion. The polyoxyethylene chains of Tween 80 formed a network, that provided a spatial obstacle for the adsorption of bile salts and lipases. Thus, Tween 80 significantly delayed the lipid digestion. The introduction of lecithin gradually replaced Tween 80 molecules at the interface, thus providing space for the adsorption of bile salts and lipases. In addition, as the ratio of lecithin concentration to Tween 80 increased, lecithin gradually became the dominant factor in the interfacial properties. As a result, the rate of lipid digestion was accelerated. Therefore, by compounding different ratios of lecithin and Tween 80, a series of emulsions with different lipid digestion rates were obtained. This research provides a basis for rationally designing food emulsions according to specific needs.

Влияние ультразвукового воздействия на эффективность процесса обезжиривания жидких лецитинов

De-oiling fluid lecithin is a resource- and energy-intensive process that provides a phospholipid isolate with a high content of phospholipids. Ultrasonic exposure is one of the most effective and easy-to-implement physical methods that intensify this chemical-technological procedure. This article describes the effect of ultrasonic exposure on the efficiency of de-oiling fluid lecithins.
 The research featured soy lecithin (fluid, partially de-oiled, phospholipid isolate). The de-oiling process involved acetone as a solvent and included three 10-min stages at a temperature of 40°C. The ratio of lecithin:acetone (by weight) was as follows: stage I – 1:7, stage II – 1:6, stage III – 1:5. The systems of fluid lecithin – acetone and partially de-oiled lecithin – acetone underwent ultrasonic treatment during the de-oiling process at different specific power and exposure time. As a result of filtration, phases separated into an acetone solution of neutral lipids and phospholipids. The phospholipid isolate was dried in a vacuum oven at 5 kPa and 40°C. Each stage ended with the following measurements: the content of phospholipids in partially de-oiled lecithins, the content of phospholipids in the phospholipid isolate, and the extraction degree of neutral lipids after distilling the solvent from the acetone miscella.
 The specific power in the lecithin – acetone system was 0.28 W/cm3 at de-oiling stage I and 0.36 W/cm3 at stages II and III. Three minutes of ultrasonic exposure at stages I and II and two minutes at stage III reduced the acetone consumption by 1.2 times. The resulting phospholipid isolate yielded by 3.3% more phospholipids than the control sample, which presupposed no ultrasonic treatment.
 Ultrasonic exposure proved to be an effective and solvent-saving three-stage method that intensified the process of de-oiling fluid soy lecithin. The study specified the optimal technological modes for obtaining a phospholipid isolate with a high content of phospholipids (98.6%), which can be recommended as a food additive.

Robust sugar alcohol with lecithin functionalities for sustainable gelation of edible oils

Edible oleogels are of interest to many researchers in the food industry. However, the applications of oleogels in foods are limited owing to the demand for food-grade and low-cost gelators. In this study, we investigated a facile and reliable route for the formation of oleogels using lecithin and D-sorbitol as gelators, which are food-grade and commercially available. Grapeseed, olive, rice bran, and sesame oils are used as edible oils and all of which gel at a certain molar ratio of lecithin (40 mM) and D-sorbitol (42–54 mM), wherein the samples do not flow downward in the inverted vials and the formed oleogels are analyzed. The rheological properties of the samples, such as zero-shear viscosity (∼20 Pa.s to infinite viscosity), viscous modulus, and elastic modulus (70–110 Pa) under diverse conditions (i.e., shear-stress and temperature), were explored in detail by steady-shear and dynamic rheology. The mechanism of gel formation was also studied using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) technique, which revealed that the gel was formed by the entanglement of the reverse cylindrical micelles (slop of I vs q: ∼1) induced by the hydrogen bonds between lecithin and D-sorbitol. Furthermore, the hydrogen bonds were confirmed with the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), in which the absorbance bands of phosphate (red-shift) and carbonyl groups (blue-shift) of lecithin are shifted upon addition of D-sorbitol. Finally, this method to create oleogels of diverse edible oils using lecithin/D-sorbitol mixtures is simple and reproducible; thus, mass production of oleogels for marketable consumer products is expected to be achieved.

Formulation and Scale-up of Delamanid Nanoparticles via Emulsification for Oral Tuberculosis Treatment.

Delamanid (DLM) is a hydrophobic small molecule therapeutic used to treat drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB). Due to its hydrophobicity and resulting poor aqueous solubility, formulation strategies such as amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) have been investigated to enhance its aqueous dissolution kinetics and thereby improve oral bioavailability. However, ASD formulations are susceptible to temperature- and humidity-induced phase separation and recrystallization under harsh storage conditions typically encountered in areas with high tuberculosis incidence. Nanoencapsulation represents an alternative formulation strategy to increase aqueous dissolution kinetics while remaining stable at elevated temperature and humidity. The stabilizer layer coating the nanoparticle drug core limits the formation of large drug domains by diffusion during storage, representing an advantage over ASDs. Initial attempts to form DLM-loaded nanoparticles via precipitation-driven self-assembly were unsuccessful, as the trifluoromethyl and nitro functional groups present on DLM were thought to interfere with surface stabilizer attachment. Therefore, in this work, we investigated the nanoencapsulation of DLM via emulsification, avoiding the formation of a solid drug core and instead keeping DLM dissolved in a dichloromethane dispersed phase during nanoparticle formation. Initial emulsion formulation screening by probe-tip ultrasonication revealed that a 1:1 mass ratio of lecithin and HPMC stabilizers formed 250 nm size-stable emulsion droplets with 40% DLM loading. Scale-up studies were performed to produce nearly identical droplet size distribution at larger scale using high-pressure homogenization, a continuous and industrially scalable technique. The resulting emulsions were spray-dried to form a dried powder, and in vitro dissolution studies showed dramatically enhanced dissolution kinetics compared to both as-received crystalline DLM and micronized crystalline DLM, owing to the increased specific surface area and partially amorphous character of the DLM-loaded nanoparticles. Solid-state NMR and dissolution studies showed good physical stability of the emulsion powders during accelerated stability testing (50 °C/75% RH, open vial).

Proniosome-Based Transdermal Drug Delivery of Resveratrol

Vesicular systems have been receiving a lot of interest as a carrier for advanced drug delivery. The present investigation aimed at the development and characterization of proniosome based transdermal delivery of resveratrol. The proniosomal structure was a liquid crystalline-compact niosomes hybrid which could be converted into niosomes upon hydration by skin itself. To optimize the formulation, various proniosomes composed of various ratios of sorbitan fatty acid esters, polysorbates, cholesterol, and lecithin were prepared by the coacervation-phase separation method. From each of the prepared proniosomes, the entrapment efficiency with span 60 was found to be the highest. The effects of cholesterol, phospholipids, and solvents were also assessed. Optimized formulation was characterized for entrapment efficiency, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, in vitro release study, vesicle size, and stability studies at 4°C and room temperature. Thus, proniosome was found to be a promising carrier system for resveratrol because of ease of preparation and better bioavailability.

A Comprehensive Review on Silymarine for the treatment of Atopic dermatitis

Abstract: Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that causes eczema, rashes, and itching. It is most common in younger people & adolescence. Recurrent relapses are a characteristic feature of atopic eczema. Anti-inflammatory therapy of exacerbations is aimed to control effectively disease activity and permit a return to basic dermatological therapy as soon as possible. Oxidative stress & inflammatory responses are thought to be responsible for the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Silymarin is a polyphenolic flavonoid derived from the seed of milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertner) that has antiinflammatory, antioxidant and cytoprotective effect. Silymarin is a naturally occurring flavonoid medication, and recent studies have shown that it may be used to treat atopic dermatitis (AD). The primary goal of this effort is to formulate silymarin into a pluronic-lecithin organogel (PLO) base for topical skin administration. Utilizing two cosolvent systems of ethyl alcohol and dimethyl sulfoxide, six distinct PLO formulations with varied pluronic to lecithin ratios were created.

Development, Characterization and Evaluation of Phytosomal Gel of Curcumin for the Treatment of Topical Fungal Infection

An innovative approach to the delivery of phytoconstituents and plant extracts for therapeutic and cosmetic purposes constitutes a herbal medication delivery system. However, their bioavailability is low because of their high molecular size and low lipid solubility. Turmeric (Curcuma longa) and Curcuma xanthorrhiza oil contain the active component curcumin, also known as diferuloylmethane. This medication can kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria, fungi, viruses, and fungi, and it can reduce inflammation, lower blood sugar, and speed the healing of wounds. In this study, we created a phytosomal gel containing Curcumin and analyzed its efficacy. Anti-solvent precipitation was used to create Curcumin phytosomes in three separate batches with varying drug-to-soya lecithin ratios. Several tests, including those of yield, solubility, drug content, entrapment efficiency, and in vitro drug release, were conducted on phytosomal formulations. Based on a number of evaluation criteria, the formulation F1 was chosen as the optimal formulation to include into a gel basis of varying proportions utilizing carbopol 940 and PEG400 as polymers. This formulation contained drug extract: soya lecithin in the ratio 1:1. Maximum drug absorption (98.19%) was observed after 8 hours in the improved formulation (G2). 45 days of stability testing was conducted at 40oC ±20oC, 70±5%.RH The drug's potency, pH, dispersibility, extrudability, viscosity, or in-vitro diffusion profile all remained unchanged. The Curcumin phytosomal gel was found to have a superior diffusion and stability profile, making it an appealing vehicle for the delivery of the various phytoconstituents.

Designing Nanoliposome-in-Natural Hydrogel Hybrid System for Controllable Release of Essential Oil in Gastrointestinal Tract: A Novel Vehicle.

In this study, thyme essential oil (essential oil to total lipid: 14.23, 20, 25, and 33.33%)-burdened nanoliposomes with/without maltodextrin solution were infused with natural hydrogels fabricated using equal volumes (1:1, v/v) of pea protein (30%) and gum Arabic (1.5%) solutions. The production process of the solutions infused with gels was verified using FTIR spectroscopy. In comparison to the nanoliposome solution (NL1) containing soybean lecithin and essential oil, the addition of maltodextrin (molar ratio of lecithin to maltodextrin: 0.80, 0.40, and 0.20 for NL2, NL3, and NL4, respectively) to these solutions led to a remarkable shift in particle size (487.10-664.40 nm), negative zeta potential (23.50-38.30 mV), and encapsulation efficiency (56.25-67.62%) values. Distortions in the three-dimensional structure of the hydrogel (H2) constructed in the presence of free (uncoated) essential oil were obvious in the photographs when compared to the control (H1) consisting of a pea protein-gum Arabic matrix. Additionally, the incorporation of NL1 caused visible deformations in the gel (HNL1). Porous surfaces were dominant in H1 and the hydrogels (HNL2, HNL3, and HNL4) containing NL2, NL3, and NL4 in the SEM images. The most convenient values for functional behaviors were found in H1 and HNL4, followed by HNL3, HNL2, HNL1, and H2. This hierarchical order was also valid for mechanical properties. The prominent hydrogels in terms of essential oil delivery throughout the simulated gastrointestinal tract were HNL2, HNL3, and HNL4. To sum up, findings showed the necessity of mediators such as maltodextrin in the establishment of such systems.

MICRONEEDLES ASSISTED ENHANCEMENT OF TRANSDERMAL DELIVERY OF CURCUMIN THROUGH ORGANOGEL FORMULATION

Curcumin is a natural compound found in turmeric and has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Topical delivery of curcumin through an organic emulsion-based gel can effectively target inflammation at specific sites on the body. The current study aims to formulate Pluronic based organogel of curcumin, whose absorption is further assisted by microneedles technology. Nine organogel formulations were prepared and optimized by 32 full factorization model to fix the ratio of lecithin[A] and Pluronic[B] concentration in order to get optimum drug release after 2 hours (Q2) and maximum release of drug after 8 hours (Q8). The in-vitro study through the Franz diffusion cell indicated a significant impact of Pluronic F-127 concentration on the release of drug. As increased concentration of Pluronic increased the viscosity of formulations which ultimately retarded the release of drug. Based on Design of Experiment (DoE) study, optimized batch containing 6.5% lecithin and 20.6% Pluronic was further studied for microneedle assisted ex-vivo skin permeation through rat skin. Permeation without microneedle poration was around 70.26% after 8 hours, which was significantly increased (around 25%) after microneedle treatment of the skin. The results indicated promising application microneedle assisted skin permeation as a non-invasive and controlled delivery of curcumin through the transdermal route. Further, in-vivo studies are recommended to further establish this promising concept, targeting a variety of inflammatory conditions, including arthritis, psoriasis, and eczema, etc., through non-invasive transdermal drug delivery systems.

Influence of stearic acid to soy lecithin ratios on structural, technological and bio‐functional characteristics of rice bran, mustard and virgin coconut oil‐based oleogels

SummaryOleogelation is a novel method for effectively lowering trans and saturated fats without compromising composition or consumer acceptance, making them a safe and environmentally benign technique for future industrial applications. Oleogel development takes into account the industry's need for shortening and spread substitutes to create nutritionally enhanced products with limited trans and saturated fat. The oleogels were developed using different combinations of stearic acid (SA) to soy lecithin (SL) ratios (7:3; 5:5; and 7:5) at 25% w/w to structure rice bran oil (RBO), virgin coconut oil (VCO) and mustard oil (MO) individually. X‐ray diffraction and confocal laser microscopy were used to examine the crystal morphology of oleogels. The characterisation of developed oleogels was done using temperature‐sweep test, texture profile, oil loss and gel strength. Additionally, FT‐IR and GC‐FID were used to evaluate chemical characteristics. The study discovered that the firmness and gel strength of all the oleogels rose with an increase in SA:SL. However, at the same level and composition of oleogelators, RBO‐based oleogels were the firmest in comparison to VCO‐ and MO‐based oleogels, owing to the different chemical composition of oil medium.

Polyherbal phytosomal gel for enhanced topical delivery: design, optimization by central composite design, in vitro and ex-vivo evaluation

Annona squamosa (AS) and Cinnamomum tamala (CT) leaves have been used traditionally and have well reported various pharmacological activities which justify their topical use. But the majority of compounds present are phenolic compounds which due to their polar nature are unable to permeate through the skin. Therefore, polyherbal phytosomes of ethanolic extracts of AS and CT were combined in a ratio of 1:1 to get polyherbal Ethanolic extract (PHEE) and polyherbal phytosomes (PHP) were prepared and optimized using Response Surface methodology by applying Central Composite design (CCD) for studying the effect of drug soya lecithin ratio and speed of rotation on responses like vesicle size and entrapment efficiency. Followed by numerical optimization, PHP with vesicle size of 215.5 ± 0.45 nm and Entrapment efficiency of 85.24 ± 0.05% were obtained. These PHP were characterized with FTIR, DSC, SEM and XRD. The PHP showed % cumulative drug release of 84.22 ± 5.62%. For easy application on the skin these phytosomes were incorporated in Carbopol 934 gel matrix and evaluated for physical appearance, pH, viscosity and drug content. The ex vivo permeation of the phytosomal gel (PG) was compared with a conventional gel containing PHEE. A significant improvement in permeation was observed in case of PG with 36.62 ± 3.33 µg/cm2 of drug permeated in 24 hours whereas 17.06 ± 1.54 µg/cm2 through the conventional gel. The PHP and PG were found stable during stability studies for six months. Polyherbal phytosomal gel can be a good carrier for herbal extracts for topical delivery.

High-Stability Bi-Layer Films Incorporated with Liposomes @Anthocyanin/Carrageenan/Agar for Shrimp Freshness Monitoring

High-stability bi-layer films were prepared by incorporating anthocyanin-loaded liposomes into carrageenan and agar (A-CBAL) for non-destructive shrimp freshness monitoring. The encapsulation efficiency of the anthocyanin-loaded liposomes increased from 36.06% to 46.99% with an increasing ratio of lecithin. The water vapor transmission (WVP) of the A-CBAL films, with a value of 2.32 × 10-7 g · m-1 · h-1 · pa-1, was lower than that of the film with free anthocyanins (A-CBA). The exudation rate of the A-CBA film reached 100% at pH 7 and pH 9 after 50 min, while the A-CBAL films slowed down to a value lower than 45%. The encapsulation of anthocyanins slightly decreased the ammonia sensitivity. Finally, the bi-layer films with liposomes successfully monitored shrimp freshness with visible color changes to the naked eye. These results indicated that films with anthocyanin-loaded liposomes have potential applications in high-humidity environments.

Preparation and properties of fucoxanthin-loaded liposomes stabilized by sea cucumber derived cholesterol sulfate instead of cholesterol

The preparation of steady-state phospholipid liposomes requires cholesterol as a stabilizer, but excessive intake of cholesterol may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. The sulfated sterols extracted from sea cucumber, mainly including sulfated 24-methylene cholesterol and cholesterol sulfate, have been reported to have a variety of physiological activities. Sulfated sterols are similar to cholesterol in structure and have the potential to replace cholesterol to prepare novel stable multifunctional liposomes, allowing the liposomes to act as carriers for the delivery of less bioavailable nutrients while allowing sulfated sterols in the lipid bilayer to exert physiologically active effects. This study aimed to prepare a novel multifunctional nanoliposome stabilized with sulfated sterols from sea cucumber instead of cholesterol by ultrasound-assisted thin-film dispersion method. The results showed that stable and uniformly dispersed nanoliposomes could be formed when the substitution ratio of sea cucumber-derived cholesterol sulfate was 100% and the ratio of lecithin to cholesterol sulfate was 3:1. Fucoxanthin encapsulated liposome with egg yolk lecithin/sea cucumber-derived cholesterol sulfate/fucoxanthin mass ratio of 6:2:3 was successfully prepared, with an average particle size of 214 ± 3nm, polydispersity index (PDI) value of 0.297 ± 0.006, the zeta potential of-57.2 ± 1.10mV, and the encapsulation efficiency of 85.5 ± 0.8%. The results of digestion and absorption invitro and invivo showed that liposomes could significantly improve the bioavailability of fucoxanthin and prolong its residence time in serum. As an efficient multifunctional carrier, this novel liposome has great potential for applications in functional foods and biomedicine.

Passive and iontophoretic delivery of bifonazole loaded Liposomal formulation: A comparative study

Fungal infections are one of the most common dermatological conditions worldwide. The goal of this study was to create and test a liposomal version of the antifungal medication Bifonazole. The thin film approach was used to make nine batches of Bifonazole liposomal gel, each with a different ratio of cholesterol, soya lecithin, and stearyl amine. It was investigated how formulation variables affected entrapment efficiency, particle size, surface charge, and drug release behaviour. The addition of a positively charged surfactant like stearyl amine improves the entrapment effectiveness of Bifonazole into liposomes considerably. When compared to the other formulations, the LFG8 formulation had the highest drug-loading capacity (83.210.69%). After 24 hours, the total amount of medication released from the Bifonazole liposomal gel ranged from 51.520.67% to 83.210.69%. The molar ratio of soya lecithin in the formulation rose, delaying drug release. This may be due to Bifonazole's interaction with the vast surface area of the liposome's lipid bilayer membrane and the thickness and fluidity of the soya lecithin layer. In an ex-vivo skin permeation investigation, it was discovered that iontophoretic administration had superior penetration than passive diffusion. Iontophoresis dramatically enhances the amount of medication that is absorbed through the skin.

Design and Development of Pharmacosome Loaded with Piroxicam to Improve Oral Bioavailability

The design of the present investigation was to prepare Piroxicam bounded pharmacosomes to improve the water solubility, bioavailability and to minimize the gastrointestinal toxicity of Piroxicam. Pharmacosome is a potential approach in vesicular drug delivery systems which exhibits several advantages over conventional vesicular drug delivery systems. Pharmacosomes are phospholipid complexes with a potential to improve bioavailability of poorly water soluble as well as poorly lipophilic drugs. Piroxicam was complexed with soya phosphatidylcholine in various ratios using conventional solvent evaporation technique. In our study, Pharmacosomes thus prepared were subjected to drug solubility, drug content evaluation, surface morphology (by scanning electron microscopy), crystallinity (by X- ray powder diffraction), quality control tests for capsules and in-vitro dissolution study. Solubility profile of the prepared complexes was found to be much better than Piroxicam pure drug. This improvement in solubility of the prepared pharmacosomes may result in improved dissolution and lower gastrointestinal toxicity. Drug content was found to be 96.84%w /W for the optimized Piroxicam phospholipid complex, F1 (Piroxicam: lecithin ratio of 1:1). The pharmacosomes were found to be disc shaped in scanning electron microscopy. X-ray powder diffraction data confirmed the formation of phospholipid complexes. The formulation F1 showed 94.69% drug release while the free Piroxicam showed a total of only 60.42% at the end of 10-hour dissolution study. Thus the solubility and hence the bioavailability of Piroxicam can be increased to a greater extent by complexing it with soya phosphatidylcholine.

Ultrafiltration for Homogenization of Wheat Germ Oil:Water System: Droplet Size Distribution and Stability of Emulsion

Wheat germ oil (WGO) in water emulsion is increasingly being used in a variety of fields due to its outstanding nutritional and health benefits. To enhance WGO composability, emulsification should be performed to allow them to dissolve more easily in food matrix or active packaging. Membrane emulsification is a promising advanced homogenization technology that has recently been developed. This research focused on application of membrane emulsification for homogenization of WGO-in-water emulsion by polyether sulfone (PESU) membrane with 0.45 µm of pore size, operating pressure from 5 to 9 bar, WGO fraction in range 10–20% w/w, and lecithin ratio in range 0–0.2% w/v were evaluated on the mean of particle diameters, distribution of particle diameter, stability of emulsion, and permeate flux. Higher operating pressure led to smaller mean particle diameters and higher homogenization efficiency and permeate flux. However, increasing the WGO fraction showed the opposite trend. Notably, increasing lecithin ratio from 0 to 0.2%, the mean particle diameters increased from 3.36 to 7.72 µm, homogenization efficiency decreased from 98.54 to 97.68%, and permeate flux decreased from 105.95 to 77.45 L h−1 m−2. The results showed the advantage of using PESU membrane in WGO-in-water homogenization, that produce emulsions with small particle size (50% of particle volume was less than 5 µm), high emulsion stability (greater than 95%), and lower emulsifier usage. Results imply premix membrane emulsification is potential to apply homogenization WGO-in-water emulsion.