Ratio Of Gelatin Research Articles

Nanohydroxyapatite–chitosan–gelatin polyelectrolyte complex with enhanced mechanical and bioactivity

A wet chemical approach was used to synthesis HAp–chitosan–gelatin nanocomposites at different wt.% of chitosan–gelatin (CG) ratios such as CG-00, CG-40, CG-31, CG-22, CG-13 and CG-04. XRD analysis confirms the formation of HAp on nanocomposite matrix and the decreased crystallite size was found with the decrease in chitosan and increase in gelatin compositions. FTIR study reveals that the presence of characteristic bands of HAp and CG. The decrease in chitosan in CG leads to band shift of organic phase towards a higher wave number side due to the intimate bonding with an inorganic phase. FE-SEM images show that the particles had a short nanorod-like morphology. The bioresorbability and microhardness test indicate that the composites have better resorbability and hardness than pure HAp. It was inferred that particle size, morphology, resorbability and hardness of the composite can be altered by tuning the composition.

Foaming and surface properties of casein glycomacropeptide–gelatin mixtures as affected by their interactions in the aqueous phase

Gelatin is widely used in food industry for the stabilization of foam products. On the other hand, casein glycomacropeptide (CMP) is a bioactive peptide with high surface activity. The aim of this work was to study the interfacial and foaming properties of CMP–gelatin mixed systems at pH 6.5 and 3.5 and evaluate the relation of these properties with the interactions in the aqueous phase. The CMP:gelatin ratio in mixed systems was 0:100 (pure gelatin), 25:75, 50:50, 75:25 and 100:0 (pure CMP). Viscosity, particle size, ζ-potential, interfacial properties and foaming properties were determined. At both pH, gelatin solutions showed the highest viscosity, CMP the lowest and the mixed systems presented behaviour more similar than CMP. Particle size and ζ-potential determinations evidenced the formation of complexes between CMP and gelatin at both pH. CMP was more surface active than gelatin and dominated the rate of diffusion of the mixed systems to the air–water interface. A synergistic effect was observed on foamability and foam stability in mixed systems that could be explained by the formation of a complex between CMP and gelatin with outstanding capacity for foams formation and stabilization.

Properties of electrospun pollock gelatin/poly(vinyl alcohol) and pollock gelatin/poly(lactic acid) fibers

Pollock gelatin/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) fibers were electrospun using deionized water as the solvent and pollock gelatin/poly(lactic acid) (PLA) fibers were electrospun using 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) as the solvent. The chemical, thermal, and thermal stability properties were examined for the electrospun samples. The electrospun PVA samples generally had thinner and more uniform fibers than the electrospun PLA samples. For the PVA samples, an increase in total solids content and PVA to gelatin ratio generally resulted in higher average fiber diameter values and wider diameter distributions. Pollock gelatin in both types of electrospun samples remained amorphous. The PVA in electrospun samples had comparable melting temperatures to that of neat PVA, whereas the PLA in electrospun samples had slightly lower melting temperatures than that of neat PLA. Also, the PLA in electrospun samples had crystallization temperatures approximately 30°C lower than that in neat PLA. This was due to better alignment of PLA chains during electrospinning, which resulted in the chains being more readily crystallized at lower temperatures. In addition, the electrospun PVA samples completely dissolved in water at room temperature after soaking for one day, whereas the electrospun PLA samples remained intact even after soaking for three days.

Preparation and Characterization of a Novel Injectable Hydrogel

Injectable hydrogels have emerged as a great candidate in tissue engineering for they can be delivered via a minimally invasive manner. Here, we report an in situ forming hydrogel composited of oxidized dextran (Odex) and modified gelatin. The dynamic gelling process was measured through rheological measurements. The effect of the ratio of Odex and gelatin on gelling time, microstructure, swelling ratio and in vitro degradation of the composite hydrogels were examined. Biological assess was performed through WST-1 Assay by using Synovium-derived Mesenchymal Cells (SMSCs). According to the results, adjustable physicochemical properties can be obtained through simply altering the ratio of Odex and gelatin. Moreover, with the increase of incorporated gelatin, better biocompatibility was shown in the composite hydrogels, which exhibited its potentially high application prospect in the field of cartilage tissue engineering.

Bacteriorhodopsin Embedded in Gelatin and Polyvinyl Alcohol Films as Recording Materials for Holographic Memories

Objectives: Bacteriorhodopsin is a heptahelical membrane protein found in the archaean Halobacterium salinarum. The performance of bacteriorhodopsin film was evaluated as a holographic optical memory. Material and method: Bacteriorhodopsin was immobilized on polymeric films with different weight/volume ratios of polyvinyl alcohol and gelatin. The effect of different concentrations of phosphate buffer (from 0.001 to 0.1 M) on performance of the polyvinyl alcohol / gelatin composite films was studied. Results: The results indicate that the best quality of the film was obtained in 0.001 % (w/v) of polyvinyl alcohol and gelatin mixture and 0.1 M phosphate buffer. For the control, bovine serum albumin was immobilized on polyvinyl alcohol/gelatin films instead of bacteriorhodopsin. The films based on bacteriorhodopsin were illuminated by two orthogonal beams, green laser (vertical) and red laser (horizontal) for 10 minutes, then their absorbance spectrum was measured. The green and red lasers were irradiated to the bacteriorhodopsin film for writing data which lead to absorption peaks about 380 nm (Q state) and 640 nm (O state). Finally, the decrease in absorption at 380 nm was monitored after 15 minute radiation of 1 watt blue LED utilized to erase the data. Conclusion: As a conclusion, this matrix is suitable for immobilization of bacteriorhodopsin protein and can be used in optical memory devices.

Gelatin-derived nitrogen-doped porous carbon via a dual-template carbonization method for high performance supercapacitors

High performance nitrogen-doped porous carbon for supercapacitors, named as Gelatin–Mg–Zn-1 : 5 : 3, has been successfully prepared via a dual-template carbonization method, without any physical/chemical activation process, in which gelatin serves as both carbon/nitrogen source, and low cost Mg(NO3)2·6H2O and Zn(NO3)2·6H2O as dual templates. It is revealed that the carbonization temperature, and the mass ratio of gelatin–Mg(NO3)2·6H2O–Zn(NO3)2·6H2O plays a crucial role in the determination of surface area, pore structure and the correlative capacitive behavior of the Gelatin–Mg–Zn-1 : 5 : 3 sample. It displays a high BET surface area of 1518 m2 g−1, large total pore volume of 4.27 cm3 g−1, and large average pore width of 11.3 nm. In a three electrode system, using 6 mol L−1 KOH solution as electrolyte, we can achieve a high specific capacitance of ca. 284.1 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1 and high capacitance retention of ca. 31.2% is obtained at 150 A g−1, indicating high rate capability. It also possesses a high capacitance retention of ca. 96.1% even after charging/discharging for 10 000 cycles. More importantly, a two electrode system, using [EMIm]BF4/AN (weight ratio of 1 : 1) as electrolyte, has been adopted for the Gelatin–Mg–Zn-1 : 5 : 3 sample with different operation temperatures of 25/50/80 °C. As a result, wide voltage windows, broad operation temperatures, and high cycling stability achieved in the two electrode system make it possible for practical application under extreme conditions.

Identification of Shear Modulus of Gelatin Blended with Carboxymethylcellulose Scaffolds Using Curve Fitting Method from Compressive Test

Biopolymer scaffolds which made from various ratios of gelatin blended with carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) were studied. The scaffolds were fabricated to porous structure via freeze drying process and crosslinked to induce conjugation of free amide and carboxyl groups in protein structures by using thermal crosslinking techniques. The mechanical properties of the scaffolds were characterized by experimental procedure. In order to evaluate the modeling, we described the stress-strain behavior of the scaffolds by fitting the data to a neo-Hookean model. Results shown that models which evaluated CMC blended gelatin scaffold in the ratio of 80 and 20 of gelatin and CMC occurred in the highest average in shear modulus which was 10.30 kPa compared to other blended scaffolds. Gelatin scaffold with 10, 30 and 40% of CMC showed dramatically decreased in the shear modulus which were 2.12, 1.73 and 0.85 kPa, respectively compared to pure gelatin scaffold with significant different. These results showed the possibility of using CMC as a low cost material to combine with biopolymers for using in tissue engineering applications.

Effect of bovine and fish gelatin in combination with microbial transglutaminase on gel properties of threadfin bream surimi

Abstract Textural property of surimi products is a prime factor in determining the acceptability of consumer as well as market value. Gelatin is one of the most popular biopolymers widely used in food industry as gelling agent with the unique textural properties. Therefore, the addition of gelatin along with the use of protein cross-linkers could be a means to modify the texture of surimi gel, which can fit the demand of consumers. Surimi from the threadfin bream (Nemipterus bleekeri) was added with bovine gelatin (BG) and bovine/fish gelatin mix (BFGM; 1:1, 2:1, 1:2, 4:1, and 1:4) at 10% protein substitution in combination with and without microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) at 1.2 units/g surimi. Textural properties, whiteness, expressible moisture content, protein pattern, and microstructure and sensory properties of gels were determined. When MTGase at 1.2 units/g surimi was incorporated, the increases in breaking force and deformation were noticeable in both surimi gels, with and without 10% BG added ( p < 0.05). On the other hand, surimi gels added with BFGM at all bovine/fish gelatin ratios had the higher breaking force and deformation, compared with that added with BG, when MTGase was incorporated. Addition of BG or BFGM lowered the expressible moisture content and whiteness of surimi gel ( p < 0.05). Based on SDS-PAGE, band intensity of myosin heavy chain and actin of surimi gel decreased when surimi gel was added with all gelatins, regardless of MTGase addition. The microstructure study revealed that surimi gel network became finer and denser with the addition of MTGase (1.2 units/g surimi), but the coarser and irregular structure was obtained when gelatin was incorporated. Gelatin, especially bovine/fish gelatin mix, at an appropriate level could be used as the protein additive in surumi gel in conjunction with MTGase in order to improve the textural and nutritive properties of the products.

Effects of reaction conditions on intercalation between gelatin and montmorillonite: Thermodynamical impact

AbstractTo investigate the effects of reaction conditions on a intercalation between gelatin and montmorillonite (MMT) and thermodynamical impact of the intercalation, a series of gelatin/MMT hybrids were prepared by changing the reaction conditions (weight ratio of gelatin and MMT, pH, concentration of gelatin solution and MMT suspension, and reaction temperature).The hybrids were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The results showed the intercalation between gelatin and MMT, which was a faster process than the melt intercalation of some synthetic macromolecules such as polystyrene, achieved a thermodynamically stable state in 5 min. All the other reaction conditions, except reaction temperature, affected the intercalation between gelatin and MMT. The reaction was driven by enthalpy. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013

Ultrasonication and Genipin Cross-Linking to Prepare Novel Silk Fibroin–Gelatin Composite Hydrogel

Hydrogels are highly desirable tissue engineering scaffolds due to their high water content and structural similarity to a natural extra cellular matrix. However, the extensive use of hydrogels is limited by their low strength and facile degradation. By combining mechanical integrity and slow degradation of silk fibroin with excellent bioactivity of gelatin, a novel biocompatible protein-based composite hydrogel of silk fibroin and gelatin was developed. The gelation of silk fibroin aqueous solution was accelerated by ultrasonication, and gelatin derived from porcine skin was immobilized into the hydrogel network by the silk fibroin β-sheets. After that, genipin was used to post-cross-link the hydrogel to form a compact and stable hydrogel network. This hydrogel composite was a mechanically robust biomaterial with predictable long-term degradation characteristics. MG63 cells readily attached, spread, and proliferated on the surface of the hydrogels as demonstrated by fluorescein diacetate/propidium iodide staining and mitochondrial activity (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay. Furthermore, the physicochemical and biological properties of hydrogel were fine-tunable by altering the ratio of silk fibroin and gelatin. The silk fibroin/gelatin composite hydrogels are anticipated to have the potential as cartilage or non-load-bearing bone tissue engineering and regeneration.

Preparation and characterisation of chicken skin gelatin as an alternative to mammalian gelatin

The aims of this study were to report for the first time, the extraction and physico-chemical properties of chicken skin gelatin compared to bovine gelatin. Extracted chicken skin gelatin 6.67% (w/v) had a higher bloom value (355 ± 1.48 g) than bovine gelatin (259 ± 0.71 g). The dynamic viscoelastic profile of chicken gelatin exhibited higher viscous and elastic modulus values compared to bovine gelatin for a range of concentrations and frequencies. Thermal properties studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that the melting temperature of 6.67%, chicken skin gelatin was significantly greater (p < 0.05) than that of bovine gelatin, indicating lower stability of bovine gelatin compared to chicken skin gelatin. Results obtained in this study showed that Gly (33.70%), Pro (13.42%), H.Pro (12.13%) and Ala (10.08%) were the most dominant amino acids in chicken skin gelatin which contributed to the higher gel strength and stability. Raman spectra of chicken skin and bovine gelatin were similar and displayed typical protein spectra. Chicken gelatin showed strong hydrogen bonding compared to bovine gelatin as the tyrosine doublet ratio (I855/I830) of chicken gelatin was significantly lower than that of bovine gelatin. Significantly, the alpha helix and β-sheet type structures were higher for chicken skin gelatin compared with bovine gelatin. The average molecular weight of chicken gelatin was 285,000 Da. These findings, obtained for the first time for chicken skin gelatin, show that it has high potential for application as an alternative to commercial gelatin.

Bottom-up generation of 3D silk fibroin–gelatin microfluidic scaffolds with improved structural and biological properties

Silk fibroin has shown great potential for tissue engineering applications. However, it is still challenging to generate three-dimensional (3D) silk fibroin microfluidic scaffolds with desirable properties. Here we proposed to improve the structural and biological properties of silk fibroin scaffolds by the addition of gelatin. The blending ratio of silk fibroin and gelatin was investigated. The obtained composite material was further employed to generate 3D microfluidic porous scaffolds using a bottom-up assembly strategy. We envision that this method can be potentially used to engineer thick tissues when the microfluidic channels are perfused with culture medium to enhance nutrient and oxygen supply.

Preparation and Characterization of Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogel Blends with Gelatin

Porous hydrogel blends composed of various weight ratios of hyaluronic acid (HA) and gelatin (Gel) were fabricated by a freeze-drying method. The 1-ethyl-3(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) was used as a crosslinker to improve their biostability. The effect of the component and crosslinker content on the morphology, swelling ratio (SR), and mechanical properties were investigated. The results indicated that after chemical crosslinking the hydrogel showed a smoother and denser surface with less pores and a crosssection with smaller pores than that without crosslinking. The crosssection morphologies of the HA/Gel hydrogels changed from a sheet-like appearance to a fiber-like appearance with increasing HA content. The addition of HA improved the swelling property, but reduced the compressive strength. As the crosslinker content increased, the SR decreased; however, the compressive strength of the HA/Gel hydrogels increased. All these results suggest that HA/Gel hydrogel crosslinked by EDC is a potential candidate for tissue engineering scaffolds.

Study of Complex Coacervation of Gelatin A with Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose: Microencapsulation of Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) Seed Oil (NSO)

The efficiency of complex coacervation of gelatin A with sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (SCMC) was measured by checking viscosity, coacervate yield (%), and turbidity of the mixture. Maximum coacervation occurred at pH 3.5 and SCMC: gelatin ratio of 1.0: 2.33. Encapsulation efficiency, oil content, oil load, and release behavior of the microcapsules were studied. The size and nature of the microcapsules varied with the concentration of polymer and NSO as revealed by scanning electron microscopy study. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy indicated that there was no significant interaction between the polymer and NSO.

Solubility of Drugs in Aqueous Polymeric Solution: Effect of Ovalbumin on Microencapsulation Process

Microencapsulation of water-soluble drugs using coacervation-phase separation method is very challenging, as these drugs partitioned into the aqueous polymeric solution, resulting in poor drug entrapment. For evaluating the effect of ovalbumin on the microencapsulation of drugs with different solubility, pseudoephedrine HCl, verapamil HCl, propranolol HCl, paracetamol, and curcuminoid were used. In addition, drug mixtures comprising of paracetamol and pseudoephedrine HCl were also studied. The morphology, encapsulation efficiency, particle size, and in vitro release profile were investigated. The results showed that the solubility of the drug determined the ratio of ovalbumin to be used for successful microencapsulation. The optimum ratios of drug, ovalbumin, and gelatin for water-soluble (pseudoephedrine HCl, verapamil HCl, and propranolol HCl), sparingly water-soluble (paracetamol), and water-insoluble (curcuminoid) drugs were found to be 1:1:2, 2:3:5, and 1:3:4. As for the drug mixture, the optimum ratio of drug, ovalbumin, and gelatin was 2:3:5. Encapsulated particles prepared at the optimum ratios showed high yield, drug loading, entrapment efficiency, and sustained release profiles. The solubility of drug affected the particle size of the encapsulated particle. Highly soluble drugs resulted in smaller particle size. In conclusion, addition of ovalbumin circumvented the partitioning effect, leading to the successful microencapsulation of water-soluble drugs.

Fabrication and Properties of Gelatin/Chitosan Composite Hydrogel

Gelatin/chitosan hydrogels were prepared by using glutaraldehyde as crosslinker. The porous structure was confirmed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Swelling ratios of the hydrogels with various ratio of gelatin to chitosan and crosslinker reagent dosage were studied in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). In addition, in-vitro cytotoxicity was assessed via MTT assay with fibroblastic cell cultured in hydrogel extractions. It was found that by increasing glutaraldehyde dosage and chitosan content, the swelling ratio of the hydrogels decreased in buffer solutions. The MTT test showed that the gelatin/chitosan hydrogel clearly presented adequate cell viability, non-toxicity, and suitable properties. Therefore, these developed blends, based on gelatin and chitosan has broadened the number of choices of biomaterials to be potentially used in biomedical applications such as biomaterial, drug delivery vehicles and skin tissue engineering.

Development and characterization of pectin/gelatin hydrogel membranes for wound dressing

The present work deals with the development of pectin-gelatin (PEGE) hydrogel membranes for wound dressing applications. The prepared hydrogels were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, XRD spectroscopy, water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) test and tensile strength test. Morphology and thermal stability of the membranes were analyzed by Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The swelling studies of the hydrogels were conducted in different pH buffer solutions (pH 1.4, 5.4, 7.4 and 9.4). FTIR spectra of the hydrogels indicated considerable lowering in usual –OH stretching vibration peak of pectin and gelatin, which suggests the development of probable intermolecular interactions between the two natural polymers. XRD study revealed the decrease in crystallinity of hydrogels as compared to parent pectin. The morphological analysis of the hydrogel revealed highly interconnected honeycomb type architecture with pore size ranging from 10 to 40 μm. It was found that increase in gelatin ratio significantly improves the porous nature of the membranes. TGA study showed the enhanced thermal stability of PEGE hydrogel as compared to reference pectin. Tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break (EB) was found to increase with gelatin content in the hydrogel membranes but further increase leads to decrease in TS and EB. The WVTR analysis of the membranes showed the moisture retentive properties indicating its possible use in moist wound care. The PEGE hydrogels were found to be cytocompatible with B16 melanoma cells.

Effect of highly dispersed silica on water absorption of gelatin materials

Composites with different ratios of gelatin and silica are prepared. The water absorption of these materials from the gas and liquid phase and the water release from the composites under heating are studied. It is shown that the addition of silica decreases the water absorption of gelatin materials and makes it possible to control their rate of dissolution in aqueous media.

Gelatin-assisted templating route to synthesize sponge-like mesoporous silica with bimodal porosity and lysozyme adsorption behavior

Sponge-like mesoporous silica (SMS) was prepared using a gelatin-assisted templating route with dodecyl amine (DDA) as the main template. The synthesized SMS showed a bimodal pore size distribution, with mesopores of 3.2 nm and texture pores of 50–80 nm. We found that gelatin (GE) had a pronounced effect on the morphology and porosity of the synthesized silica, which was then extensively investigated by electron microscopy. When the mass ratio of GE to DDA, M GE/ M DDA, was increased from 0.05 to 0.6, the morphology evolved from a sponge-like sphere to a hollow sphere, and finally to a popcorn-like hollow sphere. It was also found that the porosity could be modulated by changing the GE concentration. Due to its unique bimodal porosity, the synthesized SMS demonstrated a higher adsorption capacity and faster lysozyme adsorption rate, making SMS potentially applicable in the immobilization of enzymes with high capacity and bio-activity.

Fabrication of gelatin–hyaluronic acid hybrid scaffolds with tunable porous structures for soft tissue engineering

The development of three-dimensional (3-D) scaffolds with highly open porous structure is one of the most important issues in tissue engineering. In this study, 3-D macroporous gelatin/hyaluronic acid (GE/HA) hybrid scaffolds with varying porous morphology were prepared by freeze-drying their blending solutions and subsequent chemical crosslinking by using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC). The resulting scaffolds were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Their swelling, in vitro degradation properties and compressive strength were also investigated. To evaluate in vitro cytocompatibility of scaffolds, mouse L929 fibroblasts were seeded onto the scaffolds for cell morphology and cell viability studies. It was found that the porous structure of scaffolds can be tailored by varying the ratios of gelatin to HA, both the swelling ratios and degradation rate increased with the increase of HA content in hybrid scaffolds, and crosslinking the scaffolds with EDC improved the degradation resistance of the scaffold in culture media and increased the mechanical strength of scaffolds. The in vitro results revealed that the prepared scaffolds do not induce cytotoxic effects and suitable for cell growth, especially in the case of scaffolds with higher gelatin content. The combined results of the physicochemical and biological studies suggested that the developed GE/HA hybrid scaffolds exhibit good potential and biocompatibility for soft tissue engineering applications.