Fly Ash Ratio Research Articles

Study on Mechanism of MSWI Fly Ash Solidified by Multiple Solid Waste-Based Cementitious Material Using the Rietveld Method

A novel multiple solid waste-based cementitious material (MSWCM) was developed to immobilize municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash. The compressive strength of MSWCM with different ratios of MSWI fly ash reached the standard requirements after curing for 28 days. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) in combination with the Rietveld method was employed to investigate the content and phase transformation of hydration products. The main hydration products of pure MSWCM paste were C-S-H, hydroxyapatite, ettringite and C-A-S-H. With increases in curing time, the content of ettringite and C-A-S-H increased significantly. The main hydration products of MSWCM paste with MSWI fly ash were C-S-H and Friedel’s salt. The contents increased markedly with increased curing time from 21.8% to 28.0% and from 8.53% to 16.7%, respectively. Additionally, a small amount of PbHPO4 (0.51–0.96%) and lead phosphate Pb3(PO4)2 (0.14–0.51%) were detected, indicating that phosphate had an effective curing effect on lead ions. The results showed that most of the hydration reactions had started at the initial stage of curing and reacted quickly to form a large number of hydration products. The quantitative analyses of hydration products provide essential information for understanding the immobilization mechanism of MSWI fly ash in MSWCM paste.

Laboratory Evaluation of Stabilising Components for Effective Treatment of Expansive Soil

The experimental study is to understand the mix ratio of fly ash and GGBS (ground granulated blast-furnace slag) in improving the shrink-swell characteristic of soil. The strength of the soil improved considerably after the addition of these stabilisers. In this study, experiments were conducted to observe the influence of the soil stabilisers in the improvement of the strength of the subgrade in expansive soil regions. This influential study will reveal the percentage of Flyash and GGBS mixture. Then the Standard Proctor Compaction test is used to determine the optimum moisture content required to compact the soil with Flyash and GGBS to attain the maximum dry density. The soil’s California Bearing ratio (CBR) was computed to understand the behaviour of improved soil if used as a subgrade. Hence the existing soil can be used as a subgrade with effective treatment of soil.

Development and investigation of thermal composite insulation from environmentally hazardous waste fly ash

Researchers all over the world are working on developing fly ash (FL-A) utilization technologies and turning the environmentally hazardous waste into a useful product. In the present study, an attempt to develop FL-A thermal insulation was made. Three thermal composite insulation were prepared with combination of FL-A (40, 60 and 70%), Sand (40, 20 and 10%), Cement (10, 5 and 15%) and Perlite (10, 15 and 5%) with water curing. The sequence of preparation of mixture was modified to improve the samples strength, and investigated for thermal conductivity. The samples with 60% FLA showed the lowest thermal conductivity of 0.1388, 0.136, and 0.1601 W/mK for thicknesses of 30 mm, 50 mm, and 70 mm, respectively, compared to other samples. The optimal composition was obtained in the sample with a ratio of FL-A: S: C: P = 60:20:5:15. The minimum density (750 kg/m3) was obtained. An optimized composite specimen shows the best thermal resistance with the thermal conductivity (k = 0.1388 W/mK) measured by the thermal conductivity measurement apparatus. The properties of the composites will help in estimating their suitability and potential for various commercialized applications in thermal insulation, thus also utilizing waste and reducing environmental concerns.

Development of Alkali Activated Concrete using flyash for reducing carbon footprint

The consumption of cement is increasing day by day due to the remarkable development in the infrastructure. One tonne of cement produced emits approximately one tonne of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. To reduce the use of cement, new-generation concretes such as Alkali Activated Concrete, also known as geopolymer concrete (GPC), have been developed. Geopolymer is a novel material with the potential to replace conventional Portland cement. It is an inorganic material with an amorphous to semi-crystalline polymeric structure that is manufactured by alkali activation of amorphous aluminosilicates at ambient or slightly higher temperatures. In this study, geopolymer concrete was made with low-calcium fly ash. The geopolymer was created by combining sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide solutions with fly-ash. Other materials used for GPC include locally obtainable coarse aggregate and fine sand that is surface dried. Mettur Thermal Power Plant's low-calcium, Class F fly ash was used to make geopolymer concrete. Alkaline solution to fly ash ratio was varied from 0.3 to 0.45. The sodium hydroxide solution concentration was kept constant at 12M (Molars). After being cast in moulds; the specimens were placed in a 60°C oven for 24 hours before being allowed to air dry at room temperature. The compressive strength of geopolymer concrete was tested at 7 and 28 days of age. The test results show that compressive strength increases with an increase in alkali ratio and alkali-to-fly-ash ratio. The slump value for GPC is very less compared with conventional concrete.

Influence of hybrid nano/micro particles on the mechanical performance of cross-ply carbon fibre fabric reinforced epoxy polymer composite materials

This study presents the flexural strength, compressive strength, and impact energy behaviour of graphene nanoplates and fly ash microparticle-loaded cement-based CFRP composites manufactured by the vacuum-assisted resin infusion method (VARIM). The composite structures consist of a fixed ratio of graphene nanoplates (2%), fly ash (2%), silica (2%), cement (2%), and sand (4%) particles filled into cross-plied carbon fibre-reinforced epoxy resin polymer composite beams and columns. Composites fabricated by hand lay-up methods because of infiltration problems. A three-point bending test through the width was used to measure the flexural strength of the graphene nanoplate (GnP)-filled CFRP composite beam. The low-velocity Izod impact and Charpy impact tests through the thickness were used to determine Charpy impact energy (3.46 J), Izod impact energy (2.5 J), and the dynamic fracture toughness of notch specimens under Charpy (28.5 KJ/m2) and Izod impact (25.0 KJ/m2). Also, the compressive test method was used to measure the compressive strength of hybrid particles and short glass fibre-reinforced epoxy resin composite square and circular columns. The results show compressive strength and flexural strength. Izod impact energy, Charpy impact energy, and dynamic fracture toughness of hybrid nano/microparticle-filled fibre composites have higher values than virgin fibre composites because of the influence of graphene nanoparticles and the perfect interface bonding between two dissimilar molecules of nano and microparticles, which improve the fracture toughness and absorb impact energy. Overall, the results show that molecules of nano/microparticle-filled carbon fibre and glass fibre-reinforced epoxy resin composites can be used in seismic wave resistance because of their improved mechanical properties compared to virgin fibre composites. In addition, SEM micrographs clearly show that nano- and microparticles are resistant to crack propagation and the debonding of matrix fibres.

Mechanical Properties and Mineral Characteristics of Multi-Source Coal-Based Solid Waste Filling Materials under Different Proportioning

Traditional grouting materials have certain limitations, such as greater cement consumption, high cost, slow setting rate, and insufficient early strength, hindering their wide applicability. In this paper, desulfurization gypsum (DG) and fly ash (FA) are used as the main raw materials, supplemented by a small amount of Portland cement (PC), to develop a low-cost, fast-setting, and high-early-strength filling material. The mechanical properties and setting characteristics were assessed for varying PC, DG, and FA ratios. The effects of different mineral crystal formations on mechanical properties and hydration characteristics were analyzed. The results show that adding DG leads to a sudden decrease in mechanical properties while accelerating the setting. The compressive strength and setting rate increase with increasing DG content. FA can assist in PC hydration and delay the setting time, and the dosage should be limited to 20%. A synergistic enhancement effect between DG and FA can be achieved, forming grossular-type aluminosilicate and promoting compressive strength development. The optimal performance is achieved when PC, DG, and FA are added at 20%, 60%, and 20% dosages, respectively.

Effects of GGBFS:FA ratio and humid-heat-treating on the mechanical performance and microstructure of the steel slag-based ternary geopolymer

In order to improve the comprehensive utilization of steel slag in China, the ternary geopolymer with ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), fly ash (FA), and steel slag (SS) was prepared under the fixed addition of 50% SS in this research. The GGBFS:FA ratio was optimized to improve the mechanical performance of ternary groups. Humid-heat-treating ranging from 60 °C to 195 °C was adopted as the accelerated method to try to further strengthen the geopolymers compared with the standard curing. The strength development and hydration mechanism with different GGBFS:FA ratios were studied. The result revealed that appropriate humid-heat-treating significantly improved the geopolymers’ strength, which built a mountain-shaped response surface with the variations of the GGBFS:FA ratio and the corresponding treating parameters. The reasons for this phenomenon were the different activities of GGBFS, FA, and SS under different treating conditions, as well as the change of Ca/(Si + Al) ratio in hydration products that cause massive matrix gels with low Ca/(Si + Al) crystallized to crystal calcium silicate hydrated with high Ca/(Si + Al). The crystallization of massive matrix gels made the initial dense structure break up, resulting in a loss of strength in geopolymers. The suggested Ca/(Si + Al) ratio value in whole raw material mixtures of GFS should be lower than 1.0, which reflects the GGBFS:FA = 4:1 in the system with 50% SS. Hence, the treating parameters needed to be controlled and selected in practical application, respectively.

Strength Development of Seawater Mixed and Cured Concrete with Various Replacement Ratios of Fly Ash

In certain scenario, seawater maybe the only mixing and curing water available. Normally, concrete mixing requires freshwater, a resource which is expected to vastly deplete as a result of global water scarcity. Seawater which covers more than 70 percent of earth surface has potential to replace the freshwater in concrete. Hence, it is necessary to optimize conditions for its application in concrete, because freshwater reserves are either limited or its transport is costly. Further, the effect of various replacement ratios of fly ash needs further studies to determine applicability on concrete with seawater mixing in particular. Thus, this study aims to examine by which seawater can be employed as mixing water for making concrete, especially for plain concrete. The main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of seawater as mixing and fly ash as supplementary binder at 10%, 20% and 30% for Portland Composite Cement replacement on compressive strength, respectively. The water-to-binder ratio was varied at 40%, 50% and 60%. The specimens were cured (continuous immersion) in freshwater and seawater for 91-days. The results indicated that seawater can be used as mixing and curing water. Compressive strength of concrete increase when using seawater as mixing water and freshwater as curing water especially for w/b of 40%. Also, significant strength development up to 91-days was shown by fly ash concrete when using seawater as curing water and freshwater as mixing water . Effectiveness of seawater curing on strength development of fly ash concrete with w/b of 40% is larger in concrete with freshwater mixing than seawater mixing. The results obtained in this study provide an information in development for applicability seawater in concrete.

A clay-coal fly ash based dual hydraulic-reactive liner for controlling acid mine drainage.

Hydraulic liners are used to restrict hazardous leachates such as acid mine drainage (AMD) from entering the hydrogeological system. In this study, we hypothesized that: (1) a compacted mix ratio of natural clay and coal fly ash with a hydraulic conductivity of at most 1 × 10- 8 ms- 1 can be achieved, and (2) mixing clay and coal fly ash in the right proportion can result in increased contaminant removal efficiency of a liner system. The effects of adding coal fly ash to clay on the mechanical behavior, contaminant removal efficiency, and saturated hydraulic conductivity of the liner were investigated. All clay:coal fly ash specimen liners with less than 30% coal fly ash had significantly (p < 0.05) lower cohesion stress values, and were discarded without further tests. Saturated hydraulic conductivity values showed no significant effect (p > 0.05) on the results of clay:coal fly ash (7:3) specimen liners and compacted clay liner. The clay:coal fly ash mix ratios of 8:2 and 7:3 significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the leachate concentration of Cu, Ni, and Mn. The pH of AMD increased from an average of 2.14 to 6.80 after permeating through a compacted specimen of mix ratio 7:3. Overall, the 7:3 clay to coal fly ash liner showed superior pollutant removal capacity and its mechanical and hydraulic properties were comparable to compacted clay liners. This laboratory scale investigation emphasizes potential limitations with column scale evaluation of liners and provides new information on the application of dual hydraulic reactive liners for engineered hazardous waste disposal systems.

The Effect of Fly Ash Ratio Addition as Layering Material Using Free Draining Column Leach Test Method on Laboratory Scale

Acid mine drainage (AMD) is formed due to the oxidation of sulfide minerals in the presence of water and air. AMD already entering the environment can damage the aquatic ecosystem due to low pH and high dissolved metal concentrations. Efforts to prevent the formation of AMD are by regulating the stockpiling of materials containing sulfide or potential acid forming (PAF) with non-acid forming (NAF) to avoid oxidation reactions of sulfide minerals. The purpose of this study was to simulate the effect of adding fly ash ratio as a PAF rock coating material to the quality characteristics of leachate using the laboratory-scale free draining column leach test (FDCLT) method. Adding fly ash ratio as a layering material significantly affects the quality of the resulting leachate. This is due to the physical condition of the fly ash material, which cannot prevent the meeting of AMD-forming components.

Analyzing Influence of Mix Design Constituents on Compressive Strength, Setting Times, and Workability of Geopolymer Mortar and Paste

Geopolymer concrete and mortar have evolved over the years as potential alternatives for reducing the greenhouse gases associated with cement production. This current research was aimed at investigating the optimum dosage and concentration of sodium hydroxide required to leach out silica and alumina oxides in the fly ash for geopolymerization to take place. Blackish grey fly ash from Morupule, Botswana, was synthesized by varying sodium hydroxide (NaOH) of 98% purity between 8 M and 14 M, respectively. The ratio influence of sodium hydroxide to fly ash in dissolving the oxides was carried out at the values of 0.55, 0.62, and 0.75. The results showed that the workability of the geopolymer mortar and paste decreased with the increase in the ratio of fly ash to alkaline activator. The highest workability was achieved at a ratio of 0.75 : 1. The compressive strength, setting time, and workability of geopolymer mortar and paste can be controlled by adjusting the ratio of fly ash to alkaline activator. A ratio of 1.5 : 1 was found to be the most suitable for achieving high compressive strength, while a ratio of 0.75 : 1 was found to be the most suitable for achieving high workability. Furthermore, the workability values were in the range of 105 to 143 mm, while the ranges of initial and final setting times were found to be between 280–350 and 950–1170 minutes, respectively. This study is significant because no previous study has carried out geopolmerization of the Morupule fly ash as a result of its unique characteristics. These findings have important implications for the development of sustainable construction materials. The main finding was that for optimum reaction to take place, and NaOH/fly ash ratio should be kept at 0.55 and molarity of 12 to avoid leaching of other oxides that might weaken the strength.

High-temperature performance of alkali-activated binders of fly ash and calcium aluminate

This paper studied the effect of elevated temperatures on the compressive strength of alkali-activated fly ash (so-called geopolymer) with the addition of calcium aluminate cement (CAC). In the elevated temperature tests (600 and 800 °C), the unstressed test method was adopted. Taguchi analysis was used to study the effect of three parameters (considered in mix design) on the hot strength. These parameters include the replacement ratio of fly ash by CAC, molarity of sodium hydroxide solution, and alkaline solution to fly ash ratio. The first parameter was found to be the most influential factor. XRD, TG/DSC and SEM techniques were then carried out to investigate the effects of the CAC content on the high-temperature performance of the geopolymer. The phase transformation taking place during the heat exposure was found to affect the compressive strength in the hot state directly. The retained strength of the optimal geopolymer mortar at 600 °C was around 2.5 times higher than that of ordinary Portland cement mortars with a similar original strength level.

Crack evolution characteristics of cemented-gangue–fly-ash backfill with different proportions of fly ash and cement

To explore the strength boundaries and corresponding failure characteristics of the backfill body, the basic bearing capacity and failure performance of cemented-gangue–fly-ash backfill (CGFB) with different ratios of fly ash to cement in the binder (F/C) were tested using a uniaxial compressive stress experiment, acoustic emission, and digital image correlation. The results indicate that CGFB has an upper-limit strength of 15.35 MPa, and the strength varies significantly from F/C 0.5 to 2. With the increase in F/C, the brittleness of CGFB decreases. The change in failure mode from tensile accounts for 69.7%, and the change in failure mode to shear accounts for 70.66%. When F/C is low, the crack initiation stress is approximately 0.4–0.5 the peak strength, the crack development is concentrated in the middle of the entire bearing stage, and the scale of the crack is large and develops along the main crack. With the increase in F/C, the initiation stress of the crack decreases to 0.25–0.4 the peak strength, and the development of cracks begins to concentrate in the early and late stages during the loading stage. The scale of the crack is smaller than when F/C is low, and the failure is scattered throughout the specimen.

Conservation of waste melon shell and fly ash utilized as reinforcements for aluminum alloy matrix in terrestrial ecosystem acquired green hybrid composites

AbstractNowadays, the environmental ecosystem is protected and maintains sustainability for waste material management like agriculture product end waste and industrial waste. The main scope of this research is to gather the agriculture end product of melon shell ash waste and industrial fly ash waste utilized as organic reinforcements for making a lightweight with superior strength green hybrid composite for fourth‐generation terrestrial ecosystem applications. The various volume percentage of waste melon shell ash and fly ash are governed by the ratio of 0:0, 1:4, 2:4, 3:4, and 4:4, respectively. The green aluminum alloy (Al6061) hybrid composite is synthesized via a semi‐solid stir technique. The developed green hybrid composites are subjected to physical and mechanical studies followed by ASTM standards. The developed composite contained a 4:4 ratio of melon and fly ash and found a light weight of 2.75 ± 0.11 g/cc with improved tensile strength and hardness percentages of 8.35% and 21.38% compared to cast aluminum alloy. This research may help basic knowledge for future investigations on modern green composite manufacturing via agricultural and industrial wastage.

Microstructure Studies on the Effect of Alkaline Activators to Flyash Ratio on Geopolymer Concrete

Abstract: Fly ash-based geopolymers are new binding materials produced to replace the ordinary Portland cement used in concrete. In this research, the effect of alkaline activators to flyash ratio on the compressive, split tensile, flexural strength and microstructural study of fly ash-based geopolymers were studied. Alkaline activators to fly ash ratios of 0.30, 0.35, 0.40 and 0.45 and ratio of sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) to sodium hydroxide (NaOH) maintained constant throughout the study. The alkaline activator solution was prepared by mixing sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) with a 12M NaOH solution. The samples were casted and cured at a temperature 60° C for 24 hours in Dry oven and kept at room temperature till the testing (7days and 28 days). The test results indicated that the compressive, split tensile and flexural strength increased when the ratio of alkaline activator to fly ash was decreased. The ratio of 0.30 produced the maximum compressive strength, which was 68.02 MPa at 28 days curing. SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) test conducted on geopolymer concrete samples and observed that alkaline activators to fly ash ratio of 0.30 and 0.35, geopolymer samples has the continuous, homogenous matrices and less porous structure because of the high dissolution of the fly ash particles in the alkaline activator solution.

A PCA-Based Approach for Very Early-Age Hydration Monitoring of Self-Compacting Concrete Using Embedded PZT Sensors.

This work proposed a novel approach based on principal component analyses (PCAs) to monitor the very early-age hydration of self-compacting concrete (SCC) with varying replacement ratios of fly ash (FA) to cement at 0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, and 60%, respectively. Based on the conductance signatures obtained from electromechanical impedance (EMI) tests, the effect of the FA content on the very early-age hydration of SCCs was indicated by the predominant resonance shifts, the statistical metrics, and the contribution ratios of principal components, quantitatively. Among the three, the PCA-based approach not only provided robust indices to predict the setting times with physical implications but also captured the liquid-solid transition elongation (1.5 h) during the hydration of SCC specimens with increasing FA replacement ratios from 0% to 45%. The results demonstrated that the PCA-based approach was more accurate and robust for quantitative hydration monitoring than the conventional penetration resistance test and the other two counterpart indices based on EMI tests.

Effects of Curing Methods on the Permeability and Mechanism of Cover Concrete

Curing methods are one of the most important factors in determining the quality and compactness of cover concrete. The effect of curing methods on the water absorption and sorptivity coefficient of cover concrete with the substitution ratio of fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast slag (GGBS) for cement between 30 and 40 wt % was studied by capillary water absorption test. The vacuum saturation test and mercury intrusion test were employed to characterize these differences in the pore structure of cover concrete under different curing methods. With further analysis of the compactness of microstructure by SEM, the mechanism of the impact of curing methods on the permeability of cover concrete was revealed. The results obtained indicate that the effect of curing methods on the water absorption, sorptivity coefficient and porosity of cover concrete shows the trend of natural curing &gt; cover curing &gt; water curing &gt; standard curing. It is also shown that reasonable curing is advantageous to reduce the porosity and permeability of cover concrete. In natural curing conditions, the appearance of porosity increasing and pore structure coarsening is more critical for cover concrete with mineral admixtures than for pure cement concrete. Therefore, the permeability of cover concrete with mineral admixtures is more sensitive to the early-age curing methods.

Fly ash, GGBS, and silica fume based geopolymer concrete with recycled aggregates: Properties and environmental impacts

Recycled coarse aggregates (RA) are sustainable alternatives to natural aggregate (NA) in concrete; however, their mechanical performance has not been competent to the later. The partial replacement of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) with the use of industrial by-products for preparation of geopolymer concrete (GPC) has also harnessed great research interest. The objective of the current study is to investigate the technoenvironmental feasibility of using fly ash (FA), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), and silica fume (SF) in GPC to support the use of 100 % RAs in concrete. This study aims to optimize the proportion of GGBS, FA, and SF in the design mix for the best mechanical performance and eco-efficiency of GPC concrete as compared to conventional OPC concrete. Results indicated positive synergistic effect between FA, GGBS, and SF causing improved mechanical, and microstructural performance of RA based GPCs as compared to OPC concrete with RA. The highest compressive (52.15 MPa), flexural (5.81 MPa), and split tensile strength (5.23 MPa) were exhibited by GPC-MG15 with a cement substitution ratio of FA: GGBS: SF – 35:50:15 which were 18–34 % and 7–10 % higher than that of OPC concrete with NA and RA, compensating the effects of RA addition. The microstructural, and mineralogical properties analysed through SEM and XRD results depicted the densification of the matrix and formation of C-S-H, C-A-S-H, and N-A-S-H gels which could be the possible reasons for the improved performance of GPCs. The environmental performance of optimized GPCs analysed through Life cycle assessment (LCA) reported a 50–60 % reduction in the environmental impacts as compared to OPC concrete with NA. Although GPC-FG50 (GGBS: FA – 50:50) was also environmentally competent, GPC-MG15 was the most sustainable concrete mix which was environmentally superior while not compromising on the functional properties.

Effect of EVA Polymer and PVA Fiber on the Mechanical Properties of Ultra-High Performance Engineered Cementitious Composites

In order to study the mechanical properties of ultra-high performance engineered cementitious composites (UHP-ECC) used for cable channel repair, orthogonal tests were carried out with four influencing factors, water binder ratio, silica fume, fly ash and mortar ratio, to obtain the optimum mix ratio of the cement paste. On this basis, the effects of ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) polymer and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber on the fluidity, flexural strength and compressive strength of UHP-ECC were studied, and the micromechanism was analyzed with SEM. The results show that the fluidity of UHP-ECC material prepared was 170-200 mm, which meets the requirements of working performance. The average compressive strength at 28 days reached 85.3 MPa, and the average flexural strength at 28 days reached 22.3 MPa. EVA polymer has a fast film forming rate in an alkaline environment. The formed polymer film wraps the fiber, enhances the bridging role between the fiber and the matrix and increases the viscosity of the material. Therefore, the early flexural strength is significantly improved. The 1-d flexural strength of UHP-ECC material mixed with 9-mm fiber is increased by 18%, and the 1-d flexural strength of 3-mm fiber is increased by 15%. Due to PVA fiber's high elastic modulus and tensile strength, it improved the flexural and tensile properties of the material after incorporation, especially in the later stages; the 28-d flexural strength of UHP-ECC material mixed with 9-mm fiber increased by 12%, and the 28-d flexural strength of 3-mm fiber increased by 7%. It was concluded that the effect of 9-mm PVA fiber is better than that of 3 mm PVA fiber.

A TiO2 modified whisker mullite hollow fiber ceramic membrane for high-efficiency oil/water emulsions separation

Design and preparation of membranes with ultrahigh separation performance and antifouling property for oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions remains challenging. In this study, a high flux mullite/TiO2 ceramic composite membrane was prepared via multi-precipitation of TiO2 on a whisker mullite hollow fiber support synthesized by combining phase inversion and high-temperature sintering techniques. The results showed that the generated whisker mullite structure improved the permeation flux, and the micro-nano structured TiO2 functional layer endowed the membrane surface with superhydrophility and stability. The retention of the optimal composite membrane (M20T13) that was soaked in the titanium solution 20 times for 13 min each time for the O/W emulsions like n-hexane, toluene and engine oil maintained over 98 %, and the flux after 6 h filtration was 668.34 L·m−2·h−1, 487.25 L·m−2·h−1 and 258.66 L·m−2·h−1, respectively, much higher than that of the optimal substrate (F3A1, mass ratio of fly ash: Al2O3 = 3:1). Moreover, the flux recovery rate of M20T13 was much higher than that of F3A1 after chemical backwashing. This work manifests great potential in O/W treatment fields.