Rational Type Research Articles

ANALYSIS AND CREATION OF NEW ENERGY-SAVING DESIGNS OF INSTALLATIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTALLY COMBUSTION OF LIQUID FUEL IN OIL FACTORY FURNACES USING THE HEAT OF OUTLET COMBUSTION PRODUCTS

The article analyzes the installations and methods used at oil refineries for recycling the heat of exhaust flue gases in order to increase the efficiency of fuel use in tube furnaces and accompanying reduction in pollutant emission into the air basin. Recommendations on rational type selection of waste heaters for furnace units of oil refining industries are given.The authors present fundamentally new installations for burning liquid fuel in the form of oil-water emulsions using the heat recovery of emitted combustion products of furnace installations for heating the oil-water emulsion and its further environmentally friendly combustion, i.e. reduction of harmful emissions. The proposedoriginal installations differ from well-known analogues in the novelty of their design, a fairly high environmental effect and relatively low material costs.

Разум, язык, культура: как сегодня прочитывать концепцию «арабского разума» ал-Джа̄бири

In his four-volume Critique of Arab Reason the late Moroccan philosopher Muḥammad ‘Ābid al-Jābirī (1935–2010) argues that human history witnessed “Greco-European” and “Arab” variants of reason, and not the single one. He challenges the confidence of philosophers in the universality of reason which disclosed itself in the course of European history. Reading al-Jābirī’s theory in Kantian optics will prove fruitful in view of significant number of observations accumulated in Arabic philosophical studies and directly related to the question of the type of rationality that grounds Arab-Muslim culture. The Arabic linguistic tradition bases itself not on the being of substance but on the flux of action. The indivisible segment of the Arabic speech is the flow of sound between the two “sides” (ḥ arf, pl. ḥ urūf). The copulative function ensures the gluing of the subject and predicate into a single statement due to the action of “leaning” (isnād) between them, which excludes the use of the “to be”-like copula and removes “being” from the list of the fundamental metaphysical categories. All Arabic words, with few exceptions, are “branches” growing from “roots” represented by names of actions. The “root – branches” (’aṣl – furū‘) model, developed by the representatives of the Arabic linguistic tradition and Islamic jurists, explains the diversity of Islamic culture which allows for direct contradictions, legitimizing them by tracing down to a single “root”, which contrasts with the law of contradiction fundamental to European rationality. Islamic ethics is concerned not with the moral perfection of a single substantial individual, but with maintaining a network of interactions between human being and God and between members of society, constituting society not as a hierarchy of strata and classes, but as multiple networks of interactions. The concept of the “Arab reason” by al-Jābirī, read in Kantian optics on the basis of the achievements of philosophical Arabic studies, allows to substantiate the hypothesis of the plurality of types of rationality developed through the history of humankind.

Oases of psychoanalytic discourse in Ukraine and Sigmund Freud’s personality

Historic-psychological research realizes the author’s i d e a of interdependencies between: a) the situationally variable existence of Sigmund Freud’s experiences, thoughts, insights, and personal preferences and the psycho-content filling of acts of cognition in the organic interweaving of his life and creative paths as a non-intersecting p e r s o n a l i t y; b) his rich mental-conscious experience of competently conducted research in the field of psychiatry, psychology, sociology, cultural studies and numerous, deeply personified and even very intimate, m a n i f e s t a t i o n s in the creation of his brainchild – p s y c h o a n a l y s i s, and initially as a method of treating neuroses and other mental disorders, then as an original theory of the structure of the person and their character, then as a critical methodological approach to the state and achievements of European civilization, and finally as a separate philosophy and a peculiar worldview, as well as between: c) an original subjectivity of any serious researcher who seeks to reveal a verifiable ontological picture of the mental reality of a person, and the scientific-subject content of his study of this super-complex (human-dimensional) object of cognition/construction, which constitutes an integral system-forming condition for obtaining the most reliable rational-humanitarian knowledge and which clearly visualize for today the f i v e reasonably highlighted oases of psychoanalytic discourse in Ukraine. It has been convincingly proven that the personality of an intellectual, that is, a theorist, methodologist, empiricist and practitioner in one person, and his thinking activity are part of the metasystem of the essentiality of this extremely complex object, as a separate – self-developing, multisystem – block-factor that creates from itself and through itself modular, self-flowing processes, with which both the object itself and the inspired creative personality are overflowing. The object-subject field of the current research covers, on the one hand, the personally centered psychoanalytic discourse in its classical version and in the latest (mainly post-non-classical) Ukrainian realities (mainly the state and prospects of development), on the other – the personal driving factor in its analytical unfolding of events, situations, details in the connection of inter-causative interweaving of thought-action acts-events of the covital creative path of both the founder of psychoanalysis and his successors. At the same time, the methodological optics of the research is constructed on the basis of the principles and canons of the post-non-classical type of scientific rationality and contains a five-module set of lenses-means of reflective methodologization at the levels of universal (vitacultural methodology), general (the sphere of professional methodologization), special (subject and principles of historical-psychological study), single (methodological procedure of detailing), specific (quintet and quaternary thought-schemes). In addition, it has been argued the presence of five oasis-locations of psychoanalytic theorizing in the bosom of ethno-national everyday of Ukrainianness, whose founders according to the criteria of historicity were and/or are Yevhen Hlyva, Roman Trach, Tamara Yatsenko, Yuriy Kuznetsov, Yuliia Medynska. Finally, from the psychoanalytical standpoint, the personal and characteristic portrait of Sigmund Freud as the founder of one of the most important directions of the development of psychology during at least the last 120 years is essentially outlined, and it is once again proven that the basic psychological knowledge he acquired is extremely personal, subjectively historical, but at the same time ontologically rooted, rational-humanistic, human-dimensional and in many epistemological dimensions invariably reliable.

To the Question of the Peculiarities of Modern Domestic Integrative Approaches to Law in the Conditions of Building a Legal State

Introduction. Currently, in the theory and philosophy of law, discussions continue about such an approach to law that would meet the challenges of our time. The special interest of the scientific community and practitioners is riveted to the integrative legal understanding and its methodological possibilities in the conditions of building the rule of law. Theoretical Basis. Methods. The purpose of this work is to analyze the most popular original domestic concepts of legal understanding and evaluate their scientific potential in solving the most pressing theoretical and practical problems of modern Russian society and the state. To achieve this goal, a conditional periodization of the formation of an integrative approach to law is carried out and factors-catalysts of its dynamics are identified; the features of modern domestic concepts of integrative legal understanding (phenomenological-communicative, dialogic, the concept of scientifically based integrative legal understanding) are revealed from the point of view of the possibility of building a universal concept of law and increasing the efficiency of the legal system. There were methods of analysis and synthesis of legal ideas and teachings of the past and present, comparative analysis of modern concepts of integrative legal understanding, the method of induction and deduction, and the method of system analysis used. Results. Each of the three conditional periods of the formation of integrative legal understanding was due to objective integration processes in science, as well as socio-cultural conditions of development, recognizable in a change in the scientific style of thinking (movement from classical to post-classical type of rationality). The discursiveness of the processes taking place in modern legal science, expressed in the search for various concepts of legal understanding, speaks of the viability of legal science and the living process of becoming appropriate type of legal understanding to the current realities. The most popular in domestic jurisprudence – phenomenological-communicative and dialogic approaches open any of the aspects of law as a phenomenon of spiritual life and in their own way correspond to the principles of post-classical science, but remain philosophical and legal doctrines, abstracted from specific legal realities. The concept of scientifically based integrative legal understanding, being essentially a theory of the middle level, has the potential not only to solve one of the key issues of legal science, but is able to streamline the legal thinking of modern lawyers and become a vector in increasing the level of efficiency of law as a system. Discussion and Conclusion. The process of legal understanding is directly conditioned by a complex of factors, among which are the leading type of scientific rationality, the political and legal situation in the state, the possibilities and accumulated experience of legal science in general. Appearing more than a century ago in a single quantity, going against the majority of established approaches, an integrative approach to law is gradually becoming a feature of modern theory and philosophy of law. Some of the concepts, explaining the essence of law as a sociocultural phenomenon, remain in the field of philosophy of law. For other concepts, an important task is to use the potential of all socio-humanitarian studies to solve the main problems of legal science and practice. The concept of scientifically based integrative legal understanding in line with the metamodernist paradigm seeks not only to construct a definition of law from the point of view of its consistency, internal unity and consistency, but clearly articulates legal and non-legal phenomena and regulators, which contributes to streamlining legal thinking and correlates with the practical tasks of the modern Russian state.

Analytical solution of the (2+1)-dimensional Zoomeron equation by rational sine-Gordon Method

The current study is about the solution of the Zoomeron equation, one of the important models of mathematics and physics. In this study, the rational Sine-Gordon expansion method (RSGEM) is used to obtain various analytical solutions of the model. Compared to other methods, this method is quite effective and the desired results were obtained. Although there are many analytical solutions to the model used in the literature, we present rational type solutions for the first time with this method. We obtained rational hyperbolic function solutions, and also classified all soliton solutions (kink-like, kink, singular kink, anti-kink, dark, bright). In addition, geometric representations of the solutions in two-, and three-dimensional space and contour shape are made with the Mathematica software program.

Logical Thinking in Idealist and Rational Students

The purpose of this study is to describe students’ logical thinking based on Keirsey’s personality types, specifically the Idealist and Rational types, within the topic of social arithmetic. The research adopts a descriptive qualitative approach. Data collection involves three techniques: MBTI (Myers-Briggs Type Indicator) surveys, logical thinking written tests, and semi-structured interviews. The study participants consist of students from classes VII A, VII B, and VII C at SMP Muhammadiyah 9 Watukebo. The research subjects include four students: two with Idealist personality types and two with Rational personality types according to Keirsey’s classification. The findings indicate that none of the research subjects fully meet the three logical thinking indicators, which are grouped into six points. However, there is one indicator that all subjects were able to achieve: the first indicator related to coherence of logical thinking (point B), which involves expressing the general steps used in problem-solving. On the other hand, there are indicators that none of the research subjects were able to fulfill completely. These include the second indicator concerning argumentation ability (point A), which involves articulating the logical reasons for using general steps in problem-solving, and point C, which pertains to expressing the logical reasons behind the correct final answer. Among the research subjects, the subject who successfully fulfills the good logical thinking indicator is the second subject with a rational personality type according to Keirsey’s classification.

What Is Leading Destinations Towards Inclusivity? Analysis of Accessible Tourism Drivers from a Stakeholders’ Perspective

ABSTRACT This research examines the factors driving the development of accessibility in tourist destinations and interprets them within the Weber’s theoretical framework on types of rationality. To do so, a Stakeholder Analysis with the testimony of accessible tourism stakeholders has been conducted by means of 83 in-depth interviews. Both formal and substantive rationality play a key role in the development of Accessible Tourism. That is to say, the motivation of the tourism industry towards promoting accessibility is not only economic but also grounded in moral values (substantive rationality). Formal rationality underlies one of the most significant drivers: the certification of a Smart Tourist Destination, as it generates a public–private synergy that significantly drives accessibility. Unlike previous works, this research has unraveled a diversity of explicit and tacit alliances among actors within a “favorable climate” towards accessible tourism, as well as some types of social conflicts that even stimulate its development.

Constructing the soliton wave structure to the nonlinear fractional Kairat-X dynamical equation under computational approach

In this paper, the nonlinear fractional Kairat-X equation is investigated on the basis of computational simulation. The nonlinear fractional Kairat-X equation is an integrable equation and is used to explain the differential geometry of curves and equivalence aspects. Several kinds of solitary wave structures of the nonlinear fractional Kairat-X equation are established successfully via the implantation of the extended simple equation method. Here, we explore the interesting, novel and general solutions in trigonometric, exponential, and rational types, which represent periodic wave solitons, mixed solitons in the shape of bright–dark solutions, kink wave solitons, peakon bright and dark solitons, anti-kink wave solutions, bright solitons, dark solitons, and solitary wave structure. The physical structures of secured results, aided by numerical simulation, have numerous applications in applied sciences such as optical fiber, geophysics, laser optics, mathematical physics, nonlinear optics, nonlinear dynamics, communication system, and engineering. This study explores the physical behavior of models through the visualization of solutions in contour, 2D and 3D plots by revealing that these solutions yield profitable results in the field of mathematical physics. The study demonstrates that the proposed technique is more reliable, efficient, and powerful in analyzing nonlinear evolution equations in various domains of science.

Analysis of the Cost Efficiency of Using Feed with Different Types of Feed and Ducks

This study examined how cost-effective it was to raise three distinct kinds of ducks using three different types of feed. The results of this study should help researchers and the general public, particularly breeders, by supplying information on the kinds of feed and duck varieties that are more cost-effective in duck farming. Three distinct types of feed and three distinct breeds of ducks were used in this investigation. The study used an experimental design with a factorial pattern (3 x 3) and a completely randomized design (CRD), with three replications made up of two components with the codes factor A and factor B. A1 (feed BR1), A2 (feed PP3), and A3 (feed mix) make up factor A, which is the type of feed. Duck types comprise factor B, which includes B1 (Peking duck), B2 (Mojosari duck), and B3 (MA duck). The factors that were observed were feed cost per gain (FCG), economic efficiency of ration usage (EEPP), and efficient use of rations (FE). The acquired data were subjected to variance analysis (ANOVA), and the Duncan multiple range test (DMRT) was used to determine how the treatments differed. The study indicated that variables A and B did not interact in treatments. Regarding the cost-effectiveness of using feed, factor A had a highly significant effect (P > 0.01). However, factor B had no discernible impact. This study concludes that the PP3 type of ration, which uses the more efficient Peking duck, has the best cost-efficiency when using rations. Based on the study findings, the recommendation is to employ Peking ducks fed PP3 diets to raise broiler ducks to their maximum body weight while minimizing ration expenses.

Some common fixed point results on ( psi, phi)-contraction

The aim of the paper is to obtain common fixed point theorems for ( psi, phi)-contraction under the generalized rational type condition in a complete metric space. Moreover, these theorems generalize recent well known results in the literature.

Manager's Decision-Making Styles: A Case Study On Family Enterprises

The personality traits of the managers, their perception styles, management approaches and the way they evaluate the events can affect their decision-making styles. However, it is known that managers generally prefer one of the intuitive or rational decision forms in the management process. This study aimed to examine managers' decision-making behaviors within the rationality and heuristics framework. The research is designed as a case study, one of the qualitative research designs, as it aims to examine the decision-making styles of the managers in family businesses and which rational or intuitive decision-making style they prefer. The research sample was determined according to the purposive sampling technique and includes 19 family business managers. Research data were collected from 19 family business managers operating in different fields with the help of a semi-structured interview form. The collected data were analyzed according to qualitative content analysis. According to the research findings, managers use all rational, limited rational or intuitive decision-making types in their decision processes. Participants stated that the conjuncture and their way of evaluating events determine the decision-making process. The research results show that perceiving and evaluating the conditions in the decision-making process affects the decision-making process. This result shows that decisions are made depending on the perception of events and personality traits. This situation is critical because it shows that decisions are made according to factual/rational processes and subjective and perceptual processes

The Rationality Of The Judge's Decision States That Good Faith Is The Basis For Canceling The Lease Agreement For Land And Buildings Under His Control

In general, when people make written agreements regarding the rental of land and house buildings, they are usually made privately, some of which are notarized (Notarial Deeds), some parties choose to make written agreements regarding the rental of land and house buildings. made by hand with sufficient stamp duty. One example of the Supreme Court Decision Number 1078 K/Pdt/2021, the basis of the lawsuit filed by the Plaintiff is Bad Faith committed by the owner of the rental object in the lease extension agreement for the land and building under his control, then the actions or actions of the owner of the leased object can be categorized as an act of breach of contract or breach of contract. This research aims to find out whether there is a rational basis for the judge's decision which states good faith as a basis for canceling land and building lease agreements based on Supreme Court Decision Number 1078 K/Pdt/2021. This research method uses normative juridical research using a case approach. The analysis technique used is the syllogism method and interpretation using deductive thinking patterns. The results of the research and discussion can be concluded that legal rationality is needed by judges in carrying out their considerations in order to determine decisions that contain the values ​​of justice and the law that applies in Indonesia. This does not only apply to one type of legal rationality but also applies to other types. The use of this type of legal rationality requires looking at the relationship between facts, norms, morals and doctrine in considering the judge's decision. The issue of default used in the main issue in the decision becomes a boomerang for the tenant, in this case the tenant, because there is no legal force in the rental agreement signed by the tenant with the renting party. Different conditions will occur if the rental agreement is made before a notary and explains that they have entered into an agreement and asks the Notary to make a deed, then this deed is a deed made before a Notary (Notarial Deed). So in this case, the parties to the agreement have legal certainty and are therefore legally protected, so that if a dispute occurs in the implementation of the agreement, the judge with his decision can force the violating party to carry out its rights and obligations according to the agreement.

Leveraging organizational culture to create competitive value from environmental practices

There has been a long-standing debate in the management literature as to the performance implications of environmental practices. Drawing upon the contingent resource-based view, we hypothesize that organizational culture moderates the relationship between environmental practices and firm performance. We use the competing value framework to explore the effects of developmental, group, rational, and hierarchical culture types on three key capabilities (i.e., stakeholder integration, higher-order learning, and continuous innovation) that stem from implementing environmental practices. We test our hypotheses using data from the fourth round of the High Performance Manufacturing survey. We find that the developmental, group, and rational culture types positively moderate the relationship between external proactive environmental practices and firm performance. By contrast, hierarchical culture negatively moderates the relationship between internal proactive environmental practices and firm performance, but positively moderates the relationship between external reactive environmental practices and firm performance. As such, our study contributes to the literature by unpacking the influence of organizational culture on the capabilities through which environmental practices affect firm performance. Our results can guide operations management executives in choosing the most suitable environmental practices that will align with their organizational culture.

Exploring rationality of peer-to-peer lending investors: A conceptual approach and multicriteria-based methodology

Research background: The shift towards globalization, technological innovations, and digitalization has led to the emergence of various innovative financial products, such as peer-to-peer (P2P) lending. Characterised by digital solutions and easier access, P2P lending allows investors to make quick and more frequent investment decisions. However, this can increase investors’ vulnerability to behavioural biases, and therefore leave them open to potential losses. There is a research gap in understanding P2P lending investors’ rationality, including research methods tailored to the specifics of this innovative product. Purpose of the article: Objectives of our study is to propose a conceptual approach and multicriteria-based methodology to measure the degree and type of investor rationality; to apply it in Lithuanian P2P lending context, and to explore the differences in rationality based on the investors’ sociodemographic characteristics. Methods: The data set represented answers to an online survey collected from 390 Lithuanian P2P lending investors. Three groups of criteria were employed to assess rationality degree and type: risk and return (reflecting utility maximization), use of available information, and behavioural biases criteria. The rationality index was developed to measure the rationality degree of individual P2P lending investors; descriptive and cluster analysis were performed to assess the rationality type; t-test, ANOVA test and regression analysis were used to investigate its influencing factors. Findings & value added: The results indicated a moderate overall degree of P2P lending investors’ rationality, with bounded rationality representing 96,67% of the sample. Further clustering analysis proved that bounded rationality behaviour is not homogenous; therefore, measures taken to increase individual’s rationality should be tailored to their specific rationality type primarily focusing on low-scoring rationality criterion. Regarding sociodemographic factors, investors’ financial literacy was identified as the only significant and positive determinant of P2P lending investors’ rationality, reinforcing the importance of financial literacy in society.

From the ideal legislator to the competent speaker: uncovering the deception in legislative intent

ABSTRACT Central to the legal positivism of the nineteenth and the first half of the twentieth century was the dogma of the Ideal Legislator. Legal materials were to be interpreted as the work of an omniscient, coherent, consistent legislator. We argue that this dogma persists in the different guise of the competent speaker model, on which legal materials are the work of a competent speaker, who follows all the pertinent semantic and pragmatic rules. We will first lay out the Ideal Legislator dogma as applied in legal interpretation, arguing that this dogma does not limit interpretive discretion but rather amplifies it by hiding it under the veil of an inexistent, purely instrumental rationality. We will then turn to the competent speaker model, showing that, despite its apparent neutrality, it proves to be a reincarnation of the Ideal Legislator dogma, for it, too, amplifies interpretive discretion, only it hides it under the veil of an inexistent, purely linguistic rationality. Finally, we will inquire into the different types of rationality and their relations, arguing that there is always a choice and value judgment involved in ascribing rationality to legislators, and that these choices and judgments need to be carefully inspected and normatively justified.

Fixed Point Theorems for Kannan Interpolative, Riech Interpolative and Dass-Gupta Interpolative Rational type Contractions in A-Metric Spaces

(\(\lambda\), \(\alpha\))- interpolative Kannan contraction, (\(\lambda\), \(\alpha\), \(\beta\))- interpolative Kannan contraction, (\(\lambda\), \(\alpha\), \(\beta\), \(\gamma\))- interpolative Riech contraction and (\(\lambda\), \(\alpha\), \(\beta\))- interpolative Dass-Gupta rational contraction are presented in this study. Furthermore, we prove a few fixed-point theorems for interpolative contractions in complete A-metric spaces. These theorems also extend and apply to an A-metric setting several interesting results from metric fixed-point theory.

The idea of God as a condition for the reason functionning in Kant's transcendental Theology

According to I. Kant, reflecting on reality, the mind inevitably comes to the idea of an entity possessing the highest perfection and absolutely necessary by its nature. The idea of God as the supreme being is considered by transcendental theology as a hypothesis of pure reason, without which its practical application is impossible. The author of the article explores why and how the concept of God plays a coordinating role in the work of speculative reason. In this regard, the structure and tasks of Kant's transcendental theology are discussed, its problematic nature as a form of cognition, the prerequisites for the emergence of the idea of God in pure reason, the possibility of proving His existence solely based on a priori concepts, the problem of excluding empirical definitions from the idea of God. The idea of God is analyzed in the light of the natural tasks of the mind formulated by Kant, as a necessary condition for the possibility of achieving them. The study is based on the analysis of Kantian texts. These are mainly the works "The only possible basis for proving the existence of God" (1763), the First and Second criticisms, manuscripts from 1778-1780 (the so-called materials for the "Critique of Pure Reason"), Lectures on Rational Theology of the winter semester of 1783/84, etc. As a result of the research, it is shown that the idea of God acts as an unprovable position, which, nevertheless, the mind must accept, since this is necessary for the completeness of its application. The author explains the organizing role of the concept of God by its a priori "genetic" connection with such categories of pure reason as reality and necessity. The concept of God is "involved" in the work of these categories and is simultaneously shaped by their application. It allows, ultimately, to think about the order and expediency of reality and satisfies the requirement of reason to be economical with respect to the number of explanatory principles. The author's special contribution to the research of the topic is to demonstrate the specifics of the transcendental approach to the stated problem. It is shown that the unprovability of the existence of God is a necessary element of transcendental theology. The very idea of the supreme essence appears in it as a limit, indicating the limit of the possibilities of the mind. In this regard, it is productive, as it allows us to idealize, model consciousness and construct a different type of rationality within the boundaries of our understanding of our own mind.

Electrical Properties of Vertical Dominant Charge Structures Observed in Corsican Thunderstorms With a LMA

AbstractLightning characteristics of Corsican storms with different charge structures are investigated in this study. Observations of an LMA network are used to document the total lightning activity. Complementary lightning observations of the lightning detection network Météorage are also used. A clustering algorithm is used to build a database of electrical cells from June to October 2018. A method is also applied to infer the vertical charge structure, as dominant dipoles, per 10‐min period for each electrical cell. As an example, one cell recorded in July 2018 is discussed. The cell database is then presented as well as the main electrical properties according to the dominant charge structures. For instance, the higher in altitude the dominant dipole, the higher the flash rate. Overall, dominant negative dipole are observed for 25% of the 10‐min periods and can be separated into two categories: (a) low altitude negative dipole class dominated by negative cloud‐to‐ground (CG) flashes with a main positive layer located between 2 and 4 km height and (b) high altitude negative dipole class, dominated by negative intracloud (IC) with a main positive layer at 5 km height. Dominant positive dipole can also be separated into two categories with (a) a dominant positive dipole located between 4.5 and 10 km high, −CG dominance, weak flash rate and (b) higher altitude dominant positive dipole, +IC dominance and a larger +CG fraction. The synergistic use of LMA and Météorage observations independently gives a rational type and polarity classification with regard to the vertical charge structure.

Объединение теорий прогностической обработ­ки и когнитивного диссонанса в контексте проблемы рационального выбора

A significant problem in constructing the theory of rational choice (and rationality in gen­eral) at the moment is the question of explaining irrationality, or rather the fact that an agent can act irrationally for an external observer, and the models used for it may not work. However, the agent himself “inside”, if you find yourself in his “logic”, acts clearly rationally upon verification. It’s just that his “rationality” and the “rationality” of an ex­ternal observer turn out to be different, hence they do not coincide, and hence this leads to a discrepancy in the language of their description of each other. To resolve this prob­lem and find a theoretical basis for the connection between the physiological states of or­ganisms and testable the theoretical constructs, and thus obtaining the opportunity, with­out changing the optics, to work with all agents, regardless of the types of rationality they have, psychological approaches have increasingly become involved. But for them, the basic problem is always “rootedness” in the “material substrate”. This work largely suggests and shows which mechanism can allow this problem to be solved. The paper draws atten­tion to the fact that the combination of the theory of predictive processing and the theory of cognitive dissonance turns out to be extremely promising for this task. This is due to the fact that both of these theories are engaged in reducing surprise or inconsistency (prediction errors and dissonance), with the former providing the latter with valuable and informative context within the broader perception – prediction – action framework (known as active inference) and also helps us to separate dissonant cognitive elements from dissonant psychological states, while considering them as part of the same process of perception and cognition. All this allows us to set a fundamental theoretical basis for the connection between the physiological states of organisms and testable theoretical con­structs about the degree of rationality of a particular agent, and, thus, gain access to the internal information processes in the brain for study.

The Three Powerful Traditions of Thinking that Constitute Homeopathy.

By means of a historical, classical philological and philosophical approach, this paper attempts to demonstrate that homeopathy is based on three powerful traditions of thinking, which can be traced back to Ancient Greece's pre-Socratic era. Actually, it seems to be constituted by what may be termed lógos-, hómoion- and iásthai-thinking: that is, thinking in terms of rationality, similarity and healing. By contrast, modern medicine tends to be aligned with just one of these traditions, at the expense of the others, this being not without risk and adverse effects. It is mainly determined by the first type of rationality that genealogically derives from, and is therefore compatible with, the logic of economics whose predominance in the health care systems of modern societies is progressively rising. Homeopathy, however, may not be sufficiently and fairly understood without taking into account the complementary forms of thinking on which it also rests, such as the principle of similarity in an all-encompassing sense, and ancient healing knowledge in the tradition of catharsis. As a corollary of being essentially constituted by the three, homeopathy may persistently be in need of a dynamic equilibrium of its three constituent bases. Attempts to approach homeopathy from only one of the indicated modes of thinking fail to grasp its essence and result in figments or caricatures of what homeopathy was originally meant to be.