Rational Relations Research Articles

MAX PRINCIPLE AND UNIVERSAL SPECTRUM OF PERIODS: COMPLEMENTARY FRACTAL DISTRIBUTIONS AS CONSEQUENCE OF RATIONAL AND IRRATIONAL RELATIONS BETWEEN PARTS OF THE WHOLE SYSTEM

The paper discusses the assumption that Mach principle should result in existence of a universal spectrum of periods. It is shown that fragments of such a spectrum were found in time series of fluctuations of various processes. A general approach is considered that demonstrates the emergence of discrete states in the spectra of periods, which is based on two basic concepts: resonance and roughness of a physical system. This approach leads to the existence of two complementary fractal distributions associated with sets of rational and irrational relations between the elements of the whole system. A brief review of works that also consider universal spectra of periods is given.

DETERMINISTIC-PROBABILITY EVALUATION METHOD OF THE AVERAGE TECHNICAL SPEED OF AUTO AND ARMORED TECHNICS

The functioning of military parts and units involves the widespread using of auto and armored technics (hereinafter - AAT). The machines are providing timely delivery personnel, weapons, ammunition, and other material and technical stuff for all types of supply without exception more than 80%. However, we have the situation that existing methods of operational and tactical calculations of the march do fit the requirements for accuracy and speed of obtaining time indicators of the duration of columns movement, groups or single machines in relation to the planning of AAT exploitation. This is expressed in the presence of a large number of calculations in operational-combat, operational-service and other planning documents of the border protection and in matters relating to the use of reserves, response group, border patrols and more. That was find out due to the results of studying the materials of service investigations, interviewing officers of the headquarters of the numerous border detachments about cases of non-compliance with time indicators calculated according to the existing methods of operational and tactical calculations during complex, targeted, unannounced inspections of units. Comparison of time indicators in the above documents with the real time of reserves arrival showed us their incomplete compliance with the required time indicators and led to the recognition of these units as limited or not ready to performance tasks. In that way, the main reason was taking into account the influence on time indicators of duration of movement of a number of traction-dynamic, road-soil, natural-climatic and ergonomic factors in the existing methods of marches calculation. The aim of the article is to present an improved method for evaluation the average technical speed of auto and armored technics which included the existing deterministic method and probabilistic approach for forecasting the final realized speed taken into account the traction, structural properties, probabilistic changes of climatic conditions, as well as ergonomic qualities of drivers. For this purpose, we analyzed previous researches of methods and techniques for determining the average speed and average technical speed of AAT. The existing deterministic methodology has been improved as the result. This methods aims to simplify and at the same time increase the accuracy of calculating the real average speeds on the march by taking into account the probabilistic values of speed changes depending on a set of variable factors in the system driver-machine-environment, rational relations between average speed and specific power for more formal either probable conditions of movement of AAT that will allow to approach more correctly to planning marches of units and movement of separate groups .

Construction of Self-Identity: “Blusukan” as the Strategy of Campaigning for Surakarta City Mayor Election

In political communication, “blusukan” (impromptu visit) is called door to door campaign, in which candidates conduct face-to-face communication by visiting the people directly. This situation creates personal intimacy in the sense of there is no physical distance and formal protocolary distance. People can see the personality of their candidate leaders closely. This face-to-face communication meeting can be interpreted that the candidates "nguwongke" (humanizing), putting the people not onto the context of profit-loss-based rational relation (between the electorate and the elected), but putting them as partners inseparable from the successful candidate leader. This study is based on fieldwork in Surakarta during the mayor election, applied in-depth interviews with politicians. While in ancient times the leader conducted "blusukan" to know his people’s condition, “blusukan” during the campaign for Mayor Election is conducted to socialize or to introduce the couples to the people. Having known the candidates, people are expected to think of whether or not they will elect them.

ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL SUPPORT FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF INTEGRATED ECONOMIC STRUCTURES IN A GLOBALIZED BUSINESS PROCESSES

The subject of the study are organizational and economic relations arising in the process of administrative and legal support of management of integrated economic structures in a globalized business processes. Methodology. Instrumental and methodological apparatus of the study consists of the applied methods of organizational economic analysis, statistical methods, sample observation, economic and mathematical modeling method, grouping, generalization, expert evaluations, methods of economic theory, marketing, etc. The aim of the article is to study the basics of administrative and legal support of integrated economic structures management in the globalization of business processes. The results of the study consist in the development of specific provisions and recommendations aimed at improving the management of the formation and integrated economic structures functioning in the context of business processes globalization. The proposed recommendations will improve the level of administrative and legal support of corporate governance and efficiency of companies' groups. Conclusion. The following conditions of effective management of integrated economic structures in the context of business processes globalization are highlighted: compliance with the target unity in the activities of integrated economic entities; orientation of participants to achieve a synergetic effect of integration interaction; creation and maintenance of economic motivation for joint activities; orientation to reduce corporate risks of integration interaction; compatibility of resource potentials of the main interacting organizations; ensuring the controllability of integration interaction processes in the interests of the owner. Organization of rational economic relations within them and with external structures is of great importance to improve the efficiency of economic activities of integrated economic structures. These are relations with public authorities (GR-management), suppliers and customers, banks, insurance organizations, employees of enterprises, owners. The effectiveness of the group of companies largely depends on the availability and level of system development of internal regulatory management of consolidated finances. The purpose of internal regulations system is to fill gaps in the norms of existing administrative and legal legislation in the regulation of economic, managerial and financial activities of integrated economic structures.

Adjustment coefficients and exact rational expectations in cointegrated vector autoregressive models

In cointegrated vector autoregressive models exact linear rational expectation relations can imply restrictions on the adjustment parameters. We show how such restrictions can be tested, in particular when the restrictions imply weak exogeneity of some variables.

Modelling and Prediction of Concrete Compressive Strength Using Machine Learning

The compressive strength of concrete plays an important role in determining the durability and performance of concrete. Due to rapid growth in material engineering finalizing an appropriate proportion for the mix of concrete to obtain the desired compressive strength of concrete has become cumbersome and a laborious task further the problem becomes more complex to obtain a rational relation between the concrete materials used to the strength obtained. The development in computational methods can be used to obtain a rational relation between the materials used and the compressive strength using machine learning techniques which reduces the influence of outliers and all unwanted variables influence in the determination of compressive strength. In this paper basic machine learning technics Multilayer perceptron neural network (MLP), Support Vector Machines (SVM), linear regressions (LR) and Classification and Regression Tree (CART), have been used to develop a model for determining the compressive strength for two different set of data (ingredients). Among all technics used the SVM provides a better results in comparison to other, but comprehensively the SVM cannot be a universal model because many recent literatures have proved that such models need more data and also the dynamicity of the attributes involved play an important role in determining the efficacy of the model.

Experimental study on the movement characteristics of pedestrians under sudden contact forces

In crowd disasters, collision among pedestrians is one of the main causes of crushing and trampling. However, in most controlled experiments, there is little physical contact among pedestrians, and microscopic human behaviors are less studied. Therefore, a series of controlled experiments where physical contact occurred were conducted to study the microscopic dynamics of a single pedestrian’s movement process and the transmission of impulse between two pedestrians. The impulse can be extracted from a flexible fabric pressure sensor that covers the pedestrian’s back. In the single-pedestrian experiment, the body postures and behaviors are analyzed. It is found that the impulse release distance increases as the impulse increases and the numerical linear relation is established to show the trend. The polynomial relation in the movement process is adopted and the numerical relations between speed, move distance and exerted impulse are established. In the two-pedestrian experiment, the transmission of impulse is studied. The transmission coefficient increases first and then decreases as the distance increases and the numerical rational relation is adopted to show the trend. The transmitted impulse increases as the exerted impulse increases in each distance and the numerical exponential relation is adopted. These equations can be used to study the impulse transmitted along the queue. The findings in this study can help us to understand pedestrian collision evacuation dynamics in a high-density crowd. Eventually, they could be used to assess the risk levels in local crowds and prevent crowd disasters involving trampling.

Conditional Inference under Disjunctive Rationality

The question of conditional inference, i.e., of which conditional sentences of the form ``if A then, normally, B'' should follow from a set KB of such sentences, has been one of the classic questions of AI, with several well-known solutions proposed. Perhaps the most notable is the rational closure construction of Lehmann and Magidor, under which the set of inferred conditionals forms a rational consequence relation, i.e., satisfies all the rules of preferential reasoning, *plus* Rational Monotonicity. However, this last named rule is not universally accepted, and other researchers have advocated working within the larger class of *disjunctive* consequence relations, which satisfy the weaker requirement of Disjunctive Rationality. While there are convincing arguments that the rational closure forms the ``simplest'' rational consequence relation extending a given set of conditionals, the question of what is the simplest *disjunctive* consequence relation has not been explored. In this paper, we propose a solution to this question and explore some of its properties.

Africa and the International Criminal Court: (Re)constructing the Narrative

Abstract African support for the International Criminal Court (icc) from its earliest stages of institutional development is often referenced in the international criminal justice literature with limited explanation. The aim of this article is to establish a holistic account of African support for an international criminal court in the pre-Rome period, during the Rome Diplomatic Conference, and after the establishment of the icc. This analysis uses rational choice and constructivist international relations (ir) theory to help explain levels of African commitment to the Rome Statute using Kenya and Ivory Coast as case studies. While the icc has been criticized on neocolonial bases, it is important to reconstruct the narrative to more accurately reflect African agency over the international criminal justice project, and the icc in particular. African resistance to the institutional behaviour of the icc is situated in its broader political context(s): domestically and internationally, using rational and normative factors to explain various levels of African commitment to the Rome Statute.

Perceptual presentation and the Myth of the Given

This paper articulates and argues for the plausibility of the Presentation View of Perceptual Knowledge, an under-discussed epistemology of perception. On this view, a central epistemological role of perception is that of making subjects aware of their surroundings. By doing so, perception affords subjects with reasons for world-directed judgments. Moreover, the very perceived concrete entities are identified as those reasons. The former claim means that the position is a reasons-based epistemology; the latter means that it endorses a radically anti-psychologist conception of reasons. First, I articulate and motivate the Presentation View. Then, I defend the view from three incarnations of a major objection levelled within the ranks of reasons-based epistemologies: McDowell’s version of the accusation that a view like this falls prey to the Myth of the Given. I argue that all three incarnations fail to show the Presentation View to be inadequate. The first version holds that a general characterization of the Myth clearly shows that it is an incoherent idea. The second version holds that endorsing the Myth makes it impossible to construe non-conceptual items as items that can stand in rational relations to judgements and beliefs. The third version holds that endorsing the Myth leads to a conception where perceptual experiences merely cause, but do not warrant, our perceptual beliefs and judgements. I explain in detail how the Presentation View has the elements to respond to each of these objections.

International standards on the rights of convicted persons in places of imprisonment

The relationship between crime and punishment has never been isolated. Under the influence of socio-economic, political, and cultural changes, metamorphoses of the institution of execution of punishments took place; in particular, the rights of convicts were liberalized. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the historiography of this phenomenon in terms of international standards, as well as the peculiarities of their implementation. The work aims to characterize the implementation of international standards on the rights of prisoners in terms of historiography and legal regulation. The object of research is the norms of international law. The subject of the study is social relations that arise in the implementation of international standards on the rights of convicts in prisons. The research methods were dialectical, systemic, structural, formal-legal, historical-legal, methods of analysis, synthesis, induction, and deduction. As a result, international standards for the rights of prisoners serve as a model, an example of rational social relations in the penitentiary environment. Key aspects that should be universally considered by the governments of all countries are identified and described.

Zero-Avoiding Transducers, Length Separable Relations, and the Rational Asymmetric Partition Problem

We consider the problem of partitioning effectively a given irreflexive (and possibly symmetric) rational relation [Formula: see text] into two asymmetric rational relations. This problem is motivated by a recent method of embedding an [Formula: see text]-independent language into one that is maximal [Formula: see text]-independent, where the method requires to use an asymmetric partition of [Formula: see text]. We solve the problem when [Formula: see text] is length-separable, which means that the following two subsets of [Formula: see text] are rational: the subset of word pairs [Formula: see text] where [Formula: see text]; and the subset of word pairs [Formula: see text] where [Formula: see text]. This property is satisfied by all recognizable, all left synchronous, and all right synchronous relations. We leave it as an open problem when [Formula: see text] is not length-separable. We also define zero-avoiding transducers for length-separable relations, which makes our partitioning solution constructive.

A Pictureless World (From the Icon to “Saturated Phenomena” and Neural Networks)

The article considers how the world and culture might be understood without any recourse to the idea of a picture (“representation” would be the philosophical term). Three concrete examples illustrate the proposition that, within a culture that is oriented toward pictures (or representations), non-representable — immanent — forces are always at work. The Shroud of Turin clearly shows agraphic stains that resist signification. In the tradition of acheiropoietic images, they exist alongside symbolic elements of representation and suggest a new reading of the icon as a dynamic sign. Jean-Luc Marion attempts to create a version of phenomenology that would be adequate to the excess of the world. His term “saturated phenomenon” refers to disturbances that interrupt the intentional aim. Among them are paintings that indicate to what extent we are dazzled with pure visibility, and it is precisely pure visibility that saturates our sight. Finally, neural networks that have lately become ubiquitous provide clear evidence that rationality and causal relations are yielding to magic and correlations. Theories of memory that present brain function as a set of unlocalized and changing interactions are of great importance in this connection. In all three examples, the world surpasses human beings and challenges their very rationality. The world’s speeds can be captured through dynamic signs that are transformed together with the transformations of matter. Thus, the current cultural and technological situation reveals what has always been latently felt: a world neither encompassed by culture nor reducible to it. This world is much richer and more diverse than human ideas or representations. It is devoid of transcendence and resists objectification.

CIRCULAR FOUNDATION PARAMETERS OPTIMIZATION BY METHOD OF BOUNDARY ELEMENTS

The types of structures, for construction of which it is expedient to use circular foundations, are considered. The advantages of the circular foundations as compared with other types of foundations are determined. Applying the method of boundary element (MBE), the search of optimal ratio of the internal and external diameters of circular foundation is performed to obtain maximum carrying capacity of tower drier circular foundation. The comparison of the numerical studies with the experimental data is carried out, carrying capacity of tower drier circular foundation in case of rational relations of its internal and external diameters is determined. The technique of non-linear behaviour of the circular foundation under loading as the most economically efficient type of foundation construction for ring in plan buildings is developed.

DDLV: A System for rational preferential reasoning for datalog

Datalog is a powerful language that can be used to represent explicit knowledge and compute inferences in knowledge bases. Datalog cannot, however, represent or reason about contradictory rules. This is a limitation as contradictions are often present in domains that contain exceptions. In this paper, we extend Datalog to represent contradictory and defeasible information. We define an approach to efficiently reason about contradictory information in Datalog and show that it satisfies the KLM requirements for a rational consequence relation. We introduce DDLV, a defeasible Datalog reasoning system that implements this approach. Finally, we evaluate the performance of DDLV.

Strukturanalyse normativ-praktischer Rationalität

Im Beitrag wird auf der Grundlage der Theorie struktureller praktischer Rationalität ein methodologischer Vorschlag zur interpretativen Rekonstruktion der moralischen Dimension menschlicher Handlungen, Überzeugungen und emotionaler Einstellungen zur Diskussion gestellt. Zunächst wird für die Ausgangsthese einer prinzipiellen normativen Imprägnierung menschlicher Handlungsund Lebensformen argumentiert. Im Anschluss daran werden weitere charakteristische Merkmale der Theorie struktureller Rationalität vorgestellt: der rational rekonstruierbare Bezug menschlichen Handelns, Denkens und Fühlens zu (guten) Gründen sowie das strukturelle Moment und die lebensweltlich verfasste Tiefendimension in der Begründung menschlicher Handlungsund Lebensformen. Den Abschluss des Beitrags bilden methodologische Überlegungen zu Optionen und Auswirkungen für die interpretative Sozialforschung.

Objective and subjective rationality and decisions with the best and worst case in mind

We study decision under uncertainty in an Anscombe–Aumann framework. Two binary relations characterize a decision-maker: one (in general) incomplete relation, reflecting her objective rationality, and a second complete relation, reflecting her subjective rationality. We require the latter to be an extension of the former. Our key axiom is a dominance condition. Our main theorem provides a representation of the two relations. The objectively rational relation has a Bewley-style multiple prior representation. Using this set of priors, we fully characterize the subjectively rational relation in terms of the most optimistic and most pessimistic expected utilities.

Artificial moral and legal personhood

This paper considers the hotly debated issue of whether one should grant moral and legal personhood to intelligent robots once they have achieved a certain standard of sophistication based on such criteria as rationality, autonomy, and social relations. The starting point for the analysis is the European Parliament’s resolution on Civil Law Rules on Robotics (2017) and its recommendation that robots be granted legal status and electronic personhood. The resolution is discussed against the background of the so-called Robotics Open Letter, which is critical of the Civil Law Rules on Robotics (and particularly of §59 f.). The paper reviews issues related to the moral and legal status of intelligent robots and the notion of legal personhood, including an analysis of the relation between moral and legal personhood in general and with respect to robots in particular. It examines two analogies, to corporations (which are treated as legal persons) and animals, that have been proposed to elucidate the moral and legal status of robots. The paper concludes that one should not ascribe moral and legal personhood to currently existing robots, given their technological limitations, but that one should do so once they have achieved a certain level at which they would become comparable to human beings.

National security analytical activities organizational models classification

The purpose of the article is to elaborate a national security analytical activities organizational models classification.The relevance of the research stems from the fact that Ukraine’s integration to the Euro-Atlantic and European security systems in the context of dynamic security environment sets for the national security state management system a task of elaborating and urgent implementing into the state managerial practice a fundamentally new national security analytical activities organizational model.Comparative-historical method and method of synthesis were used to meet the tasks of the research. The author suggests understanding under the concept «national security analytical activities organizational model» a formalized reflection of a process of establishing national security system analytical activities organizational structures, developing rational organizational relations between the subjects of the above-mentioned activities. The results of the USA, Germany, Russian Federation and China national security analytical activities conceptual bases comparative-historical analysis, and also the results of the analytical activities institutional matrices comparative study, allow to classify the analytical activities organizational models according to the criterion of analytical structures activities organization form into bureaucratic-nomenclatural and cooperative organizational models. The article characterizes bureaucratic-nomenclatural and cooperative organizational models within the national security system by the following components: analytical structure mission, goals, objectives, the way of structural organization, structural organization elements, the specific of cooperation between an analytical structure and the government, typical conditions for analytical structure activities. Conclusion. It is identified that the USA and Germany tend to have a cooperative organizational model of a national security system analytical activities, the Russian Federation, China, and Ukraine – bureaucratic-nomenclatural organizational model. In order to improve the national security state management system of Ukraine in terms of Euro-Atlantic and European integration objectives it is suggested to identify a cooperative model as a perspective organizational model within the national security system analytical activities.

On a conjecture of Furusho over function fields

In the classical theory of multiple zeta values (MZV’s), Furusho proposed a conjecture asserting that the p-adic MZV’s satisfy the same \({\mathbb {Q}}\)-linear relations that their corresponding real-valued MZV counterparts satisfy. In this paper, we verify a stronger version of a function field analogue of Furusho’s conjecture in the sense that we are able to deal with all linear relations over an algebraic closure of the given rational function field, not just the rational linear relations. To each tuple of positive integers \({\mathfrak {s}}=(s_1, \ldots , s_r)\), we construct a corresponding t-module together with a specific rational point. The fine resolution (via fiber coproduct) of this construction actually allows us to obtain nice logarithmic interpretations for both the \(\infty \)-adic MZV and v-adic MZV at \({\mathfrak {s}}\), completely generalizing the work of Anderson–Thakur (Ann Math (2) 132(1):159–191, 1990) in the case of \(r=1\). Furthermore it enables us to apply Yu’s sub-t-module theorem (Yu in Ann Math (2) 145(2):215–233, 1997), connecting any \(\infty \)-adic linear relation on MZV’s with a sub-t-module of a corresponding giant t-module. This makes it possible to arrive at the same linear relation for v-adic MZV’s.