Rational Difference Research Articles

Pairs of cyclic cubic units with rational difference

Pairs of cyclic cubic units with rational difference

Dietary Anion Cation Difference in Ration of Transition Cows Kept under KPSBU and KPBS Cooperative Administration

Dietary Anion Cation Difference in Ration of Transition Cows Kept under KPSBU and KPBS Cooperative Administration

Exploring rationality of peer-to-peer lending investors: A conceptual approach and multicriteria-based methodology

Research background: The shift towards globalization, technological innovations, and digitalization has led to the emergence of various innovative financial products, such as peer-to-peer (P2P) lending. Characterised by digital solutions and easier access, P2P lending allows investors to make quick and more frequent investment decisions. However, this can increase investors’ vulnerability to behavioural biases, and therefore leave them open to potential losses. There is a research gap in understanding P2P lending investors’ rationality, including research methods tailored to the specifics of this innovative product. Purpose of the article: Objectives of our study is to propose a conceptual approach and multicriteria-based methodology to measure the degree and type of investor rationality; to apply it in Lithuanian P2P lending context, and to explore the differences in rationality based on the investors’ sociodemographic characteristics. Methods: The data set represented answers to an online survey collected from 390 Lithuanian P2P lending investors. Three groups of criteria were employed to assess rationality degree and type: risk and return (reflecting utility maximization), use of available information, and behavioural biases criteria. The rationality index was developed to measure the rationality degree of individual P2P lending investors; descriptive and cluster analysis were performed to assess the rationality type; t-test, ANOVA test and regression analysis were used to investigate its influencing factors. Findings & value added: The results indicated a moderate overall degree of P2P lending investors’ rationality, with bounded rationality representing 96,67% of the sample. Further clustering analysis proved that bounded rationality behaviour is not homogenous; therefore, measures taken to increase individual’s rationality should be tailored to their specific rationality type primarily focusing on low-scoring rationality criterion. Regarding sociodemographic factors, investors’ financial literacy was identified as the only significant and positive determinant of P2P lending investors’ rationality, reinforcing the importance of financial literacy in society.

How to Make Impossible Decisions

In this paper, I propose that Derrida’s writing on the impossibility of justice has the potential for fruitful dialogue with Ruth Chang’s contemporary account of practical rationality. For Derrida, making a just decision must always come with a moment of undecidability, a “leap” into the unknown with an experience of doubt and anxiety that continues to “haunt” the decision-maker. By contrast, in her work on rationality, Chang proposes that hard decisions are difficult to make because the alternatives are “on a par,” such that there are no rational differences between the alternatives that would contribute to choosing one over the other. Hard decisions are made by expressing one’s own rational agency, generating will-based reasons to commit to or “drift” into one of the alternatives. Derrida writes of anxiety, doubt, and impossibility, yet Chang writes of commitment, agency, and rationality. Despite these differences, there are important comparisons and connections between the two accounts that are worth exploring. I suggest that the moment of the decision which Derrida describes as heterogeneous to knowledge can be understood as a moment of parity in which there is a lack of given reasons, as explained by Chang. Chang’s account of rational agency provides an interpretation of how decision-making is possible despite the undecidability as described by Derrida. This notion of commitment and agency as explained by Chang is not incompatible with Derrida’s insistence that the responsible decision is haunted by anxiety and doubt. Instead, I suggest that Derrida’s writing highlights uncertainty as central to understanding the nature of hard choices and how to navigate the demands of justice.

The Impact of Strategy Awareness on Student Rationality within the Prisoner’s Dilemma Game

This study determined the importance of strategy awareness on student rationality within the Prisoner’s Dilemma Game in a Central High School. The Prisoner’s Dilemma Game is a model that tests rationality and has an underlying strategy: Rationality can be tested by the number of participants that behave in accordance with the strategy. 57 Participants were provided with three Prisoner’s Dilemma Game scenarios via survey to assess how rationally each player would behave in each respective scenario. Participants were randomly assigned to two groups, in which one group possessed the optimal strategy for each scenario while the other group did not. Each scenario had one best option that could have been selected. The two groups were compared to assess if students with access to the optimal strategy behaved in accordance with the strategy more so than the group without the optimal strategy; This is how rationality was measured. The differences in rationality between the two groups were insignificant, thus demonstrating that strategy awareness has a minimal impact on the rationality of students in the scenarios. However, these findings could be further explained by confounding variables, such as Age and AP Classroom Enrollment. The findings signify that students are not rational when making decisions because the students ignored outside information such as the optimal strategy when making a decision within the scenarios. Moving forwards, this demonstrates the need for students to learn how to use surrounding resources to make optimal decisions, which is an important skill outside of high school.

The heuristics-and-biases inventory: An open-source tool to explore individual differences in rationality.

Over the last two decades, there has been a growing interest in the study of individual differences in how people's judgments and decisions deviate from normative standards. We conducted a systematic review of heuristics-and-biases tasks for which individual differences and their reliability were measured, which resulted in 41 biases measured over 108 studies, and suggested that reliable measures are still needed for some biases described in the literature. To encourage and facilitate future studies on heuristics and biases, we centralized the task materials in an online resource: The Heuristics-and-Biases Inventory (HBI; https://sites.google.com/view/hbiproject). We discuss how this inventory might help research progress on major issues such as the structure of rationality (single vs. multiple factors) and how biases relate to cognitive ability, personality, and real-world outcomes. We also consider how future research should improve and expand the HBI.

Implementation of Straw Racks in Commercial Pig Housing—Impact on Straw Availability and Pig Behaviour

This study investigated if straw racks, which enable larger straw rations, induced a more straw-directed behaviour in pigs, as a mean to facilitate the provision of manipulable material and natural behaviour. It was conducted on a commercial farm (459 pigs, 42 pens, 30–120 kg) where half of the pens received 25 L of straw on the floor (CONTROL) and the other half of the pens received straw in a rack holding 44 L of straw (RACK). The pig behaviour in five randomly assigned pens per treatment were recorded for 24 h, during three periods of production. Pig activity levels, exploratory behaviour, pen utilization and available clean straw were scan sampled. During period 1, no pigs were observed interacting with the straw racks. During this period, CONTROL pigs conducted more straw-directed behaviour and less pen-directed behaviour compared to pigs in the pens with a rack during period 1. The lack of rack interactions may imply an underdeveloped spatial cognition in the pigs. Apart from period 1, there were no significant difference in behaviour between RACK and CONTROL pigs. The racks did not disturb the use of the pen. The absent treatment effect in periods 2 and 3 may reflect that there was a too small difference in straw ration between the treatments. In order to design and implement straw racks that promote straw interaction, future studies should focus on understanding pigs’ spatial cognition.

Behaviors of the Solutions via Their Closed-Form Formulas for Two Rational Third-Order Difference Equations

In this work, we derive the solution formulas and study their behaviors for the difference equations x n + 1 = α x n x n − 3 / − β x n − 3 + γ x n − 2 , n ∈ ℕ 0 and x n + 1 = α x n x n − 3 / β x n − 3 − γ x n − 2 , n ∈ ℕ 0 with real initials and positive parameters. We show that there exist periodic solutions for the second equation under certain conditions when β 2 < 4 α γ . Finally, we give some illustrative examples.

Understanding the relationship between rationality and intelligence: a latent-variable approach

A hallmark of intelligent behavior is rationality – the disposition and ability to think analytically to make decisions that maximize expected utility or follow the laws of probability. However, the question remains as to whether rationality and intelligence are empirically distinct, as does the question of what cognitive mechanisms underlie individual differences in rationality. In a sample of 331 participants, we assessed the relationship between rationality and intelligence. There was a common ability underpinning performance on some, but not all, rationality tests. Latent factors representing rationality and general intelligence were strongly correlated (r = .54), but their correlation fell well short of unity. Rationality correlated significantly with fluid intelligence (r = .56), working memory capacity (r = .44), and attention control (r = .49). Attention control fully accounted for the relationship between working memory capacity and rationality, and partially accounted for the relationship between fluid intelligence and rationality. We conclude by speculating about factors rationality tests may tap that other cognitive ability tests miss, and outline directions for further research.

Stability and Neimark–Sacker Bifurcation of Certain Mixed Monotone Rational Second-Order Difference Equation

Stability and Neimark–Sacker Bifurcation of Certain Mixed Monotone Rational Second-Order Difference Equation

Triangular Schlesinger systems and superelliptic curves

We study the Schlesinger system of partial differential equations in the case when the unknown matrices of arbitrary size (p×p) are triangular and the eigenvalues of each matrix form an arithmetic progression with a rational difference q, the same for all matrices. We show that such a system possesses a family of solutions expressed via periods of meromorphic differentials on the Riemann surfaces of superelliptic curves. We determine the values of the difference q, for which our solutions lead to explicit polynomial or rational solutions of the Schlesinger system. As an application of the (2×2)-case, we obtain explicit sequences of rational solutions and of one-parameter families of rational solutions of Painlevé VI equations. Using similar methods, we provide algebraic solutions of particular Garnier systems.

Value distribution of meromorphic functions concerning rational functions and differences

Let c be a nonzero constant and n a positive integer, let f be a transcendental meromorphic function of finite order, and let R be a nonconstant rational function. Under some conditions, we study the relationships between the exponent of convergence of zero points of f-R, its shift f(z+nc) and the differences Delta _{c}^{n} f.

Torelli group, Johnson kernel, and invariants of homology spheres

In the late 1980s, it was shown that the Casson invariant appears in the difference between the two filtrations of the Torelli group: the lower central series and the Johnson filtration, and its core part was identified with the secondary characteristic class d_1 associated with the fact that the first \mathrm{MMM} class vanishes on the Torelli group (however it turned out that Johnson proved the former part highly likely prior to the above, see Remark 1.1). This secondary class d_1 is a rational generator of H^1(\mathcal{K}_g;\mathbb Z)^{\mathcal{M}_g}\cong\mathbb Z where \mathcal{K}_g denotes the Johnson subgroup of the mapping class group \mathcal{M}_g . Hain proved, as a particular case of his fundamental result, that this is the only difference in degree 2 . In this paper, we prove that no other invariant than the above gives rise to new rational difference between the two filtrations up to degree 6 . We apply this to determine H_1(\mathcal{K}_g;\mathbb Q) explicitly by computing the description given by Dimca, Hain and Papadima. We also show that any finite type rational invariant of homology 3 -spheres of degrees up to 6 , including the second and the third Ohtsuki invariants, can be expressed by d_1 and lifts of Johnson homomorphisms.

Survey on the rationality and standardization of clinical oxygen therapy in a general hospital in Shanghai

Objective To survey the current status of oxygen therapy in a comprehensive hospital in Shanghai and to assess its rationality and standardization. Methods Cluster sampling method was adopted in selecting in-patients who received oxygen therapy from various departments in Changhai Hospital from March 2018 to June 2018. General information such as gender, age, and department were recorded. The self-developed Oxygen Therapy Form for Inpatients was used to collect clinical data such as admission diagnosis, oxygen therapy indications, oxygen therapy orders, and related parameters. BTS guideline for Oxygen use in adults in Health care and Emergency Settings was used to assess the rationality and standardization of oxygen therapy. Results In this survey, 464 patients were assessed for their oxygen treatment orders. According to the guidelines, the overall reasonable rate of oxygen therapy was 92.2% (428/464); the standardization rate of oxygen therapy was 22.4% (104/464). Among them, the reasonable rate of oxygen therapy in internal medicine ward (64.7%, 46/71) was lower than that in surgery ward (98.3%, 304/309) and in wards of other specialties (92.8%, 78/84) (χ2=91.09, P<0.01); while the reasonable rate of general ward (90.9%, 362/398) was lower than that of ICU (100.0%, 66/66) (χ2=6.47, P<0.05). In the standardization assessment, the wards of other specialties (54.8%, 46/84) were better than the internal medicine ward (26.8%, 19/71) and the surgery ward (12.6%, 39/309) (χ2=68.35, P<0.01); while the ICU (65.2%, 43/66) was superior to the general ward (15.3%, 61/398) (χ2=80.81, P<0.01). Conclusions The rationality of oxygen therapy in the general hospital is acceptable, but the standardization needs to be improved. There are some differences in the rationality and standardization of oxygen therapy orders among different departments and different levels of wards. Key words: Oxygen inhalation therapy; Cross-sectional studies; Clinical audit

Rational expectations, difference of opinions and asset pricing

ABSTRACTThis article applies the concept of relative overconfidence (the measure of how heavily investors depend on others’ information) to combine the rational expectations equilibrium (REE) and difference of opinions (DO) models. And we discuss the effects of relative overconfidence on asset price efficiency and trading volume. We find that when investors hold assets to maturity, relative overconfidence has no effect on price efficiency and trading volume; however, when investors speculate, relative overconfidence reduces price informativeness and trading volume, because investors will reckon asset prices as more noisy and find it meaningless to speculate on capital gains based on their private information. Our results highlight the role of speculation in differentiating REE and DO models and influencing the effects of overconfidence.

Atheism and Inferential Bias

While the cognitive science of religion is well-trodden ground, atheism has been considerably less scrutinized. Recent psychological studies associate atheism with an intellectual virtue, inferentiality (Shenhav 2011; Norenzayan, Gervais, and Trzesniewski 2012; Norenzayan and Gervais 2013; Pennycook 2012). Theism, on the other hand, is associated with an intellectual “vice”, intuitive thinking. While atheism is allied with the attendant claim that atheism is the result of careful rational assessment of the relevant evidence, theism is considered the result of a lack of reflection on the relevant evidence (or careless disregard of the evidence). Atheism, then, is rational, but theism, then, is irrational. In this essay, we will assess the import of these studies and the attendant claims that these differences in thinking styles entail differences in rationality.

농어촌 보건소의 기능별 공간구성 및 면적배분에 관한 연구

Purpose: To improve and establish functions for public health centers in rural public, an analysis will be done on arrangement plan and area by function for public health centers in farming and fishing villages. After finding out this relationship and architectural characteristics, spatial organization and area ratio for providing efficient medical service and the relationship between the two will be examined. Methods: 8 of them were selected and site visit and interview with the person in charge were conducted to investigate the current status. The drawings collected for analysis were input as CAD data and schematized. The relationship between the arrangement type and area for the public health centers in farming and fishing villages was analyzed and based on this, an analysis was done on agricultural scale and characteristics, and putting these analyzed results together, an appropriate method of improvement was proposed for spatial organization by function for public health centers in farming and fishing villages and to provide efficient service. Results: Firstly, the Plan types found in the public health centers in farming and fishing villages could be classified into three including single-type, multiple-type and radial-type. Secondly, according to an analysis of areas by function, in the case of treatment function, there was a difference in the area ration for selective treatment. This ratio is considered to be greatly influenced by the project each public health center focuses on. Thirdly, I could become aware of the relationship between spatial organization and area ratio based on the analysis of arrangement and area derived above. Implication: As the data to refer to in future research on spatial organization for public health centers, if the object of analysis becomes more expanded and investigated, it will be utilized in detail for spatial planning of public health centers, thereby being expected to contribute to more efficient and qualitatively enhanced medical service provided by public health centers.

Management Innovation in Chinese Context: The Diffusion of TQM in China

This research focuses on the diffusion of TQM from 1978 in China when it began to reform and open up, and this paper has further discussed the features of management innovation in the Chinese context, which would have some inspirations for how to import a new management technique in a different context in the future research. The study found that from 1978 the dominant body of demand for management innovations has gradually shifted from government to enterprises and during different periods it shows differences in rationality. In China, the early discussion on TQM was first initiated by academic scholars who were usually deemed more rational than corporate managers, then it was affected by social psychological factors showing the other side of irrationality. Through bibliometric analysis of publications and journals on TQM, this study also found that the life cycles of the diffusion of management innovation were different when the dominant body of demand had changed.

Dynamical behaviour of second-order rational fuzzy difference equation

This paper is concerned with the existence, the boundedness and the asymptotic behaviour of the positive solutions of a second-order fuzzy nonlinear difference equations. The parameter and initial values of system are positive fuzzy numbers. Finally an example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the results obtained.

Developmental Psycho- Neurological Research Trends and Their Importance for Reassessing Key Decision-Making Assumptions for Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults in Juvenile/Youth and Adult Criminal Justice Systems

One of the underlying foundations of Western criminal justice is the notion that human behavior is the product of rational choice. The creation of separate justice systems for juveniles and adults is based on the idea that fundamental differences in rationality exist between these two groups. Since its inception, the establishment of upper and lower boundaries demarking the juvenile justice system has been a highly contentious issue, both scientifically and politically. Critically, this debate stems from the largely arbitrary nature of the boundaries. Over the last thirty years a sufficiently large body of psychological and neurological empirical work has examined the development of decision-making and rational choice in late childhood, adolescents, and adulthood. The current article discusses the implications of this research on the establishment of upper and lower age jurisdictions for the juvenile justice system, as well as how adolescent decision-making influences other key aspects of the justice process such as competency to stand trial.