Rational Considerations Research Articles

A Systematic Review of Health Economic Evaluation on Targeted Therapies for First-Line Treatment of Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC): Quality Evaluation.

BackgroundEvolving practices in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) therapy inevitably affect health care budgets, especially through the introduction of targeted therapies. This results in a rise of health economic evaluations (HEEs) in this domain. This article reviews the quality of the economic evidence of targeted therapies used in metastatic NSCLC.MethodsA literature search was conducted using PubMed, Cochrane, Embase and CRD (University of York Centre for Reviews and Dissemination) databases to identify topical original articles published between 1/1/2000 and 3/31/2019. A quality of reporting assessment using the CHEERS (Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards statement) checklist was converted into a quantitative score and compared with the results of a QHES (Quality of Health Economic Studies) evaluation. Components of QHES were also used to analyze the validity of primary outcomes, consideration of heterogeneity and rationality of main assumptions of models in modeling studies.ResultsIn total, 25 HEEs were obtained and analyzed. From the CHEERS assessment, it was found that method description integrity (including setting, perspective, time horizon and discount rate), justification of data sources and a heterogeneity description were often absent or incomplete. Only five examined studies met the accepted standard of good quality. Modeled articles were examined with the QHES instrument, and a lack of illustrated structure, population variability, formula of the transitioning probability and justification for the choice of the model were the most frequently observed problems in the selected studies. After quantification, the CHEERS scores and QHES scores did not differ significantly.ConclusionCurrent NSCLC models generally lack consideration for demographic heterogeneity and transparency of data description, and it would be difficult to transfer or generalize from the scientific literature to real-world evidence-based decision-making. Frameworks of future models should be informed and justified based on the validity of model results and the improvement of modeling accuracy.

Are There Levels of Students Morales? The Effects of Biological Problem Solving on Moral Development

The implementation of the value of life and integrity has been done in the teaching and learning process of science by moral problems in life that relate to biological issues and to train the students’ capability in problem-solving. It stimulated the students’ moral development involving logic, feeling, and behaviors deemed as right and wrong in students. The purpose of this study is to describe the students’ tiers of moral development through valid and reliable biological problem-solving. This study is descriptive research with a qualitative approach. The theoretical formulation formed is a design of the level of moral development about biological problems. The collection of data is done through a task-based interview. The subject of this research is students in the 8th grade of Banjarmasin Middle School. The data is analyzed using a constant comparison method. The results of this study indicate a valid and reliable level of students’ moral development in solving biological problems. JPM2B1: An action is considered good from its principles and point of view to fulfill his/her obligations and needs without caring about other people’s needs. Students often claim that “solving a problem is easy, it’s because our teacher taught us to solve it”. JPM2B2: An action is considered good from its perspective and principle of the movement for the greater good and planning a solution. JPM2B3: An action is considered good with a view of helping each other in creating a better future. JPM2B4: An action is considered good with a view of caring for the needs of others, emphasizing rational considerations for humanitarian reasons and God’s blessing.

Is guided, targeted information about the risks of twin pregnancy able to increase the acceptance of single embryo transfer among IVF couples? A prospective study.

To assess whether receiving information about twin pregnancy in the form of oral presentation given by a physician could affect the acceptance of single embryo transfer (SET) by couples undergoing IVF. Prospective interventional study. University hospital IVF unit. One hundred and forty patients (70 couples) undergoing IVF. A questionnaire to measure patients' emotions about twin pregnancy was administered to IVF patients just before and immediately after attending a slide presentation in which the risks of twin pregnancy were explained. Patients scored (1 to 6) ten adjectives linked either to positive or negative emotions; scores before and after presentation were compared. The patients' preference between double embryo transfer (DET) and SET was also registered before and after the presentation. The presentation about twin pregnancy caused a significant (p < 0.001) shift of the score distribution toward lower values for positive adjectives referred to twin pregnancy and higher values for negative adjectives. Information impacted similarly on women and men. Despite the relevant change in the emotional attitude, after presentation, 45.7% of women and 48.6% of men were still favorable to DET, whereas 24.3% of women and 37.1% of men preferred SET. Oral information on the risks of twin pregnancy can affect the emotional attitude of patients toward twin pregnancy, but the wish of getting pregnant after fresh embryo transfer overcomes all rational consideration, and the majority of patients still prefer DET.

Ulama dan Politik: Relasi Politik Tuan Guru Bajang pada Pemilu 2019

Political contestation in the 2019 elections is not only about the contestation of political parties, but the involvement of the Tuan Guru and Ulama regarding ijtihad (political thought) is a concern. The use of Political Identity in the 2019 Elections is damaging to the integration of the nation and state of Indonesia. It began with the 2017 DKI regional election contestation with the start of a demonstration in the name of the defense of religion on December 12, 2016 to try Ahok who was considered blasphemous about religion. TGB is one of the figures who supported the demonstration so that it received sympathy from the alumni brotherhood of 212. PA 212 support was stopped when TGB opposed in supporting Jokowi in the 2019 Election. As Gunernur NTB, TGB had thought according to rational choice considerations in expressing its support for Joko Widodo. Rational choice through consideration of the benefit (goodness) of the people is a priority that encompasses all Indonesian people, including NTB.

A Conceptual Model and Medium Term Strategy Templates for Improving Housing Budget Performance in Anambra State, Nigeria

This study advances a conceptual Housing Budget Performance Model (HBPM) and adapts medium term strategy templates to the housing sector of Anambra State for improving her annual housing budget performance and ultimately, housing delivery. This became expedient due to the prevalence of problems facing the budget process of the State. The Anambra State Government is still faced with poor budget performance arising from a myriad of challenges. Lacks of templates to monitor/track performance during housing budget implementation and review implemented budgets have also been attributed as causal factors for poor performance. The basis or platform for constructing the proposed HBPM was anecdotal evidences and in-depth review of salient budgeting models The researchers employed critical thinking in constructing the schematic model and explaining the operationalization of the variables, while the proposed medium term expenditure framework drew largely from the existing medium term framework presently used by the agriculture sector of Anambra State since it played a major role in its revitalization and sustenance. The conceptual HBPM developed is a holistic one; harmonizing the conventional budget process/stages/procedures and the peculiar nature of housing construction tendering, estimating and management, which also makes it unique. The implication of this model is that it will ensure that housing budget activities are focused on objective allocation, rational considerations, efficient preparation procedures, appropriate duration, execution, utilization of funds, monitoring and citizen participation. The medium term housing budget monitoring and review templates incorporates variables for checking housing targets, outputs, user impact, variance analysis of work done and remedial measures, which should be done every 3 or 4 years to give ample time for the housing program to make progress. The study recommends the HBPM and templates for further validation and possible adoption by the Anambra State Government, ministries, departments and agencies of housing, budget and economic planning.

Computational thinking – Essential and pervasive toolset

Education 21st century is all about enfolding digital technology. The theme “Higher Education 4.0: Knowledge, Industry and Humanity”, mandated from Malaysia’s former Higher Education Minister Datuk Idris Jusoh. The minister identified that universities have to be trained to adapt and change the curriculum so that graduates are capable to fill in jobs which are yet to arise. This Fourth Industrial Revolution 4.0 as part of the call to revamp the Malaysia higher education system. There are nine Malaysia future-proof skills that has been listed under Ministry of Higher Education module on Framing Malaysian Higher Education 4.0 – future-proof talents. There are creativity and innovation; Holistic Entrepreneurial and Balanced; Resilience; leadership; Compassion and mindfulness; values and ethics; flexibility and adaptability; critical thinking and problem solving and finally communication and language proficiency. The above mentioned points are future-proof skills sets for Malaysian graduates. There are three additional future-proof attributes which are lifelong learners, multiple intelligence and competencies and computational thinking. This qualitative study explored the significant area in the recent digital technology and development hence, it will be one of the crucial knowledge that should be acquired by everyone and anyone not only in Malaysia but in the whole wide world. Technology is moving rapidly and educators have to keep up with this fast pace. This issue attentively allied with the terminology pioneered by Jeanette Wing that is called computational thinking (CT). The interviewed is carried out among eleven Malaysian pre-service teachers and existing teachers under PGCE (Post Graduate Certificate in Education) program in the United Kingdom, to study on their attitudes towards the idea of learning programming. Through the interviews, the researcher was able to record and interpret trainee teachers’ perceptions of the motivation to learn programming. The data were then analysed and categorised before the final codes were determined to get the final output using thematic code analysis technique. The findings show that learning programming is possible for those who had no computing background thus answered one of the aim of this study that CT skills could be adopted in any fields and more creators or designers will be established compared to the passive users. There was a rational consideration of the value of learning programming to their professional skills and the studies have asked whether understanding such will raise the participants’ engagement with learning a programming language and thus assist them to acquire CT skill.

The Role of Physical Education in Developing Student Characters in the Industrial Revolution 4.0

The physics paradigm includes symmetry, optimization and unification is a unity of human life. The paradigm contributes to the development of physics education, so it has a role in providing a frame of reference in the development of good character students. Three aspects of physics education that affect human nature include (a) habits and explorative abilities of the surrounding natural environment; (b) communication and mathematical representation in step for problem solving; and (c) habit in developing problem-solving using observation and experiment tools as well as manual or digital information processing. By linking these three aspects through implementation to the learning process in the classroom and based on honesty and goodwill of individuals, students can build products to think towards good character. Rational considerations by physics thinking, always trying to be grateful and patient in every step of life by students, have a role in personal development with noble character.

The online anti-public sphere

In this article, I outline the online ‘anti-public sphere’ as an object for analysis, defined as that space of online socio-political interaction where discourse routinely and radically flouts the ethical and rational norms of democratic discourse. This is a formerly offline space made newly visible by digital networked media. It includes discursive spaces and forms such as White supremacist websites, anti-climate science forums, militant ‘men’s rights’ sites, anti-immigration Facebook pages, gay hate memes, misogynist trolling, anti-Semitic websites, alt-right websites and ‘truth’ (conspiracy) websites, to name a few, where discussion flouts norms of public debate, rules of argument and requirements for the rational consideration of evidence for its own ends. Building on earlier work on anti-publics by McKenzie Wark and Bart Cammaerts, and working from examples from several different domains of online anti-public discourse, I argue that despite its size and complexity, it is possible and necessary to theorise this heterogeneous discursive field, not least because while such discourse is often dismissed, the meanings developed in such domains increasingly intermingle with and inform everyday democratic discourse. While we tend to think of extreme and irrational online discourse as aberrant and alien to everyday democratic discourse, analysis suggests that such discourse in fact is a precise reflection of an everyday ‘post-normative’ democratic discourse that has itself become deeply inflected with reactionary and populist themes.

The Influence of Financial Literacy and Reference Group toward Consumptive Behavior Across Senior High School Students

Consumptive behavior is the tendency to buy goods or services without rational consideration. This study aims to analyze the influence of financial literacy and reference groups toward consumptive behavior across senior high school students. The study used a cross-sectional design and the research location was selected purposively based on the distance of the school from the shopping center area. Using the self-administered questionnaire, the study involved 125 students of public high school (SMAN) at Bogor City, that is SMAN 3 and SMAN 9. The data were analyzed using descriptive analysis and inferential statistics. The study showed that the level of financial literacy was in the medium category, while the reference group and the level of consumptive behavior were in a low category. Moreover, results indicated a relationship between the characteristics of adolescents, financial literacy, reference groups, and consumptive behavior. The regression test found a significant negative effect of financial behavior toward consumptive behavior. Females were more likely to be more consumptive, while reference groups positively influenced the consumptive behavior of senior high school students.

HARRY POTTER" AND MORAL VALUES LEARNING: A QUALITATIVE STUDY OF THE RESPONSE OF CHILDREN AGED 11-13 YEARS AGAINST J.K. ROWLING BOOKS

"Harry Potter" and Moral Value Learning ​​is a qualitative study of the response of students aged 11-13 at an international Christian school in Bekasi, Indonesia, towards the phenomenal J.K Rowling text. Through the hermeneutic method, this research tried to seek the influence of Harry Potter texts, which are suspected of bringing adverse effects for their young readers. Besides, this research offers rational considerations to the authority in schools, especially regarding matters related to book censorship. Three things investigated in this study were the ability of students to think critically in making a distinction between fiction and facts in the Harry Potter text, the influence of the Harry Potter text on students' tendencies of violence and occultism, and finally about student learning of moral values ​​contained in the text. The data was collected through in-depth interviews with two male respondents and three female respondents aged 11-13 years with a high religious background, mediocre, and less significant religious background. It was found that all respondents were able to distinguish between fiction and facts in the Harry Potter texts, and there was no significant evidence that the texts influenced respondents' tendency for violence nor respondents' interest in occultism. This study also found that respondents were able to identify the moral values ​​contained in the text.

The Adaptation Differences in Terms of Gender on Students in Ulumul Qur'an Stabat Islamic Boarding School

This research aims to adjustment see the difference self in terms of gender performed by students of boarding schools, where good adaptability are in case there is no excess, no emotional obtained psychological mechanism, a feeling of frustrated personal, ability to learn, the utilization of the experience of the past, realistic and objective stance and rational considerations and direct self. Where the subject of the research is male and female students Class VII MTs ulumul qur'an Stabat that add up to 60 students using simple random sampling technique. Measuring instrument used is liket scale consisting of 64 item and after do try out at 40 students, a valid item becomes 55 item. Based on the data analysis noted that: there is a significant difference in adaptability on student boarding schools in terms of gender, the results of data analysis with the correlation of the T-Test revealed differences with the coefficient of T-Test, F = 1,377 with P = 0000 &lt; 0050. It is declared that the adaptability of male students is higher than female students. Females students having adaptability which are with the empirical mean 145.17 and hypothetic 137.5. Based on the analysis of the data, then the hypothesis presented in this research were declared admissible, namely distinction adaptability according to the gender in which conformity to higher male than female.

Anatomically-based transoral surgical approach to early-stage oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma.

The mainstream of treatment of early-stage oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) is represented by transoral resection with "adequate" free margins. Despite that, a precise and shared definition of "adequate margin" is lacking, and so is a standardized transoral surgical technique.The tongue is a symmetrically paired organ, consisting of intertwining intrinsic and extrinsic muscles, which can be distinguished during dissection. Routes of tumoral spread in oral tongue cancer are well-known and should be taken into account during resection. We propose herein a standardized and replicable surgical technique to resect early-stage OTSCC, based on rational anatomical considerations.

Choices Creating the Modern Self in Oral Life Stories

The autobiographical narrative, or life story, of a modern urban citizen is usually constructed in such a way that choices become its key moments. The modern urban man does not inherit their parents’ farm, does not continue the trade of their father or mother; instead, they choose everything that shapes them according to their demands and understanding. Choices thus become the key elements in the narrative portrait of the modern subject. This notion would suppose placing of the evaluating, deciding and choosing subject (ethical, social or political one) always in the foreground, with the entirety of the narrated life depending solely on their inner processes. These choices and decisions allegedly shape the narrative ego, or the narrating subject, which is at the core of any narrative. Such “self” does not contain any discrepancies or ambiguities; it is coherent, explicable and reasonable.However, such notion of the modern autobiographical narrative is challenged by numerous researchers of memory. For instance, this article draws on the views by philosopher Emmanuel Levinas maintaining that choices include also the presence of what is different, new and unusual. The inner logic of the narrating subject, their reasoning and evaluations of the definite or abstract phenomena not necessarily determine the outcome of the choice. The most important choices are experienced, remembered and narrated as more or less unexpected inbreaks of the Otherness into the stable everyday routine. In some cases, this Otherness is experienced and remembered as a very strong emotion evoked by seeing another human being in distress, in other cases – as a fascinating and attractive novelty, and in yet others – as a discovery of one’s own physical abilities. Such cases are analyzed in this article on the basis of empirical data – namely, by employing fragments of three different autobiographical narratives.The forth presented narrative reveals a different modern subject, who is indeed introduced as the one making rational choices, decisions and judgments. In this case, the oral narrative seems rather similar to a written or even literary autobiography. This narrative, which also creates the modern “self”, testifies to the existence of a different mode of constructing of the narrating subject, i.e. the one that is based on the ethical judgment and ceaseless rational consideration. The difference between the last example and the three earlier ones is striking: the three first stories represent an emotionally absorbed and adopted modernity, which manifests itself as an inclination to create, introduce, and spontaneously react to innovations, taking care of everything around. The fourth example demonstrates another way of interrelating the events in one’s life: namely, by rational and sober consideration, rejection of unacceptable local notions and creation of a coherent and universally righteous “self” (which takes into account only the most general principles formulated in the masterpieces of the global literature and philosophy). The author maintains that both such ways of constructing the modern “self” that are introduced in her article may exist in parallel, thus revealing the diversity and complexity of the modern “self”.

PARTISIPASI POLITIK PEMILIH PEMULA DALAM PESTA DEMOKRASI

Beginner voters have different characteristics with older people in general. Beginner voters tend to be critical, self-contained, independent and are not satisfied with the establishment, pro-change and so on. The characteristics condusive to building a community of intelligent voters in the general election voters have rational consideration in determining his choice. For example, because the integrity of the political party leaders nominated, track record or work programs are offered. Because it has not had experience in presidential elections, beginner voters need to know and understand the various matters related to the election is held, what are the stages of the election, anyone who is eligible to participate in the elections, how the procedures for exercising the right to vote in elections and so on. The beginner voters expexted that still can maintain their political participation, so that when the quota rights of beginner voters can be run by continuing to participate at this stage then democracy will be able to bring the era of Indonesian democracy at this stage of the better later on, of course it would be better anyway when beginner voters can choose intelligently based sciences that have been obtained and supported with good ethics is also based on conscience and integrity in the absence of negative things from those who play with a sense of cheating.

Resolving Zeckhauser\u2019s paradox

Zeckhauser’s paradox has puzzled and entertained many rationality enthusiasts for almost half a century. You are forced to play a Russian Roulette with a 6-chamber revolver containing either (A) two bullets, or (B) four bullets. Would you pay more to remove the two bullets in (A) than you would to remove one in (B)? Most would say yes, but rational considerations based on the classical utility theory suggest you should not. We discuss a possible solution within the classical framework, by explicitly stating and accounting for more detailed preferences in terms of fewer bullets and smaller debt. To a large extent, the paradox arises due to a surreptitious trespassing of Savage’s Small-World utilities implied by a limited set of preferences to govern a larger world containing potentially conflicting preferences. To avoid logical issues associated with death in the roulette, we also describe a non-fatal game-show version, where you choose one box out of six that could be either empty or contain prize money. Here, the paradox arises when you pay from the prize money, but not when you pay from your own money. In summary, the paradox provides a useful lesson about the normative role of the utility function as a rational guide for our decisions and preferences.

СИНГУЛЯРНІ ПРОСТОРОВО РОЗПОДІЛЕНІ ДИФУЗІЙНІ ЗБУРЕННЯ ОДНОГО КЛАСУ ДИНАМІЧНИХ ПРОЦЕСІВ

Запропоновано малі просторові зміни динамічних процесів враховувати шляхом дифузійного збурення відповідних вироджених динамічних систем. Побудовані асимптотичні розвинення розв’язків відповідних сингулярно збурених задач. Наведені результати числових експериментів, що характеризують вплив дифузійного збурення на вироджені динамічні системи зі сталою інтенсивністю надходження особин у середовище, а також у випадках, коли демографічні складові процесу описуються моделями Мальтуса, Ферхюльста та Оллі.

Problematika Kajian Alquran di Era Modern: Studi Pemikiran ‘Abīd al-Jābirī

This paper examines a number of problems in Qur’anic studies in the perspective of ‘Abīd al-Jābirī. By using descriptive analytic method, the writer discusses issues about the Qur'an, takwil, interpretation, and the role of reason towards revelation. This study finds that al-Jābirī in discussing these issues combines normative Qur'anic considerations with empirical and rational considerations, to provide answers to religious perspectives whiches relevant to the demands of the times.

On The Role of Modern Doctrines on Human Rights (International Legal Examination)

The modern doctrines on human rights, which are proposed to be considered in the context of their implementation in international legal practice, are the subject of theoretical and legal analysis in the paper. It is noted that human rights have come a long way in their formation, design and subsequent genesis, and they have finally formed by the end of the last century, and it seems that now all the necessary conditions have been created for their philosophical, legal, axiological analysis and relevant rational consideration of human rights. The advantages of international law in the field of human rights are listed; namely, it is noted that international human rights standards are universal in nature and are binding based on which states are obliged to ensure a minimum standard of those rights and freedoms that are enshrined in international acts, There are listed in the paper advantages of international legal regulation regarding human rights and freedoms, such as the supranational, mandatory and imperative nature of international acts; guarantees of protection and the possibility of restoring violated rights and freedoms of citizens; a man-centred approach in resolving disputes and conflicts arising in international practice. The role of international bodies such as the International Criminal Court, the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, the Court of the European Union, the European Court of Human Rights, the International Tribunals for Rwanda and the Former Yugoslavia, and the Special Court for Sierra Leone, is emphasized. Particular attention is paid to the principle of presumption of innocence, which has fundamental and quintessential characteristics in the field of human rights.

A Modified Self-Knowledge Model of Thought Insertion

Thought insertion is a condition characterized by the impression that one's thoughts are not one’s own and have been inserted by others. Some have explained the condition as resulting, in part, from impaired or defective self-knowledge, or knowledge of one’s mental states. I argue that such models do not shed light on the most puzzling feature of thought insertion: the patient’s experience that an introspected thought does not feel like her own. After examining ways in which existing versions of the model might address this worry, I propose a significant modification. I argue that the experience of disownership consists in a rational indifference that one feels towards one’s inserted thought. I further contend that the experience is generated by an underlying absence of an expectation of rational authority towards the inserted thought, such that the patient does not expect her thought to reflect, or be shaped by, her own rational considerations. I defend my proposal using empirical studies from cognitive and social psychology which suggest that we ordinarily have and experience an expectation of rational authority towards a certain subset of our thoughts, and direct analysis of patient reports, which strongly suggest that it is this expectation and the corresponding experience that thought insertion patients lack.

Assessment of Prescriptions Patterns and Drug Use across the Kurdistan Region

Background: Errors in drug prescriptions are the most common preventable medication errors encountered in clinical practices worldwide. The purpose of this study is to examine the pattern of prescriptions and drug use in the Kurdistan region and to determine whether prescription patterns are based on rational therapeutic considerations. Methods: A cross sectional-observational study was conducted in the Kurdistan region of Iraq over a period of five months. A total of 1000 prescriptions were selected randomly from different pharmacies and data obtained from each prescription. In these prescriptions a total of 2878 medications were prescribed. After collection, excel software was then used to perform calculations. Results: The average number of drugs per prescription was calculated to be 2.8. Drugs prescribed by generic name were 27% and more than 98 percent of prescriptions were handwritten. The duration of therapy was mentioned in 56.5% of prescriptions. However, the dose and dosage form of medications were recorded 62% and 87.3% respectively. The percentage of prescriptions containing a signature was 88.1%. Furthermore, the percentage of antibiotics, supplements, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and other painkillers were prescribed at a rate of 51.8%, 44.2%, 31.8%, and 21.8% per prescription. Conclusion: Whilst observing the data we can conclude that the rate of drugs written per prescription is much higher than the suggested World Health Organization (WHO0 average. Prescribing errors are one of the most common preventable causes of medication errors and the use of electronic prescriptions may play a huge role in ameliorating this fact.