Rational Animal Research Articles

Expert system as a means for optimizing cattle diets

Existing expert systems for optimizing cattle diets were studied, the ISO 9126 quality model was chosen to formulate requirements and evaluate existing systems. A mathematical model for optimizing animal feed rations was developed based on the linear programming problem, which is to minimize the objective function for the ration cost with the restrictions on the indicators of overall nutritional value. The prototype of the application being developed is based on a functional model developed using the IDEF0 methodology, which defines the main functions of the system: processing user requests and providing the necessary information on animal feed and standards; creation of rations for animals according to set parameters; recalculation of a diet taking into account the changes made by the user; analysis of the diet and providing recommendations for its optimization. Methods for developing user interaction algorithms are described. To create an interface, design methods were chosen - “User-oriented design” and “Human-oriented design”. When implementing the objectives of the current research, the problem of optimizing the diet of animals will be solved.

Response to Edwards

Abstract My essay highlights differences between how Edwards and I approach ancient sources and the scholarship on them. My response also provides a dossier of a dozen or so passages where Origen portrays paradise as a divine or incorporeal place, distinct from this earth, and as a residence for pre-existent rational creatures. Edwards denies such a portrait.

English

Fungi especially Aspergillus species are potential candidates for production of mycotoxins and industrially important enzymes. Aspergillus flavus isolates (129) recovered from soil mixed with animal rations (n=145) had aflatoxins (17.82%) and Enzymes (10.37%) production potential. Quantity of detected Aflatoxins varied for different isolates i.e., 3.25 to 11622.24ng, 21.34 to 194.47ng and 3.36 to 40.12ng per mL of Sabouraud’s dextrose broth in case of AFB1, AFB2 and AFG1 as determined by High performance liquid chromatography. Optimization of non-toxigenic starch hydrolyzing A. flavus was carried out at different incubation temperatures (22, 30 and 37°C), pH (4.5, 6 and 7.5) and substrates including maize, wheat bran and rice husk (1, 3 and 5% each) for incubation period of 7 days. In optimization experiments for starch hydrolysis, most of the A. flavus (86%) produced highest enzyme (IU) at 37°C and pH 6 quantified by Dinitrosalicylic method. Most of the isolates were able to produce enzymes using rice husk followed by maize. The highest quantity of enzyme was produced by A. flavus (179.88+1.71IU) using one percent of maize at pH 6 and 37°C. It was concluded that indigenous non-toxigenic A. flavus can be used in food industry as biological source of starch hydrolyzing enzymes.

Beasts of Prey or Rational Animals? Private Governance in Brazil’s Jogo do Bicho

A rational-choice account of Brazil’s jogo do bicho (animal game), possibly the largest illegal lottery game in the world, examines the mechanisms that have fostered the lottery’s notable growth outside the boundaries of Brazilian law and reveals how animal-game financiers combine costly signals and selective incentives to induce cooperation from members of the community and exploit the fragmentation of Brazil’s political system to advance their long-term interests. Uma abordagem da teoria da escolha racional do jogo do bicho, possivelmente o maior jogo de loteria ilegal do mundo, examina os mecanismos que fomentaram o crescimento notável da loteria fora dos limites da lei brasileira e revela como os financiadores de jogos de animais combinam caros sinais e incentivos seletivos para induzir a cooperação de membros da comunidade e explorar a fragmentação do sistema político brasileiro para promover seus interesses de longo prazo.

Replacing Soybean Meal with Sesame Meal in the Diets of Lactating Awassi Ewes Suckling Single Lambs: Nutrient Digestibility, Milk Production, and Lamb Growth.

Simple SummaryAlternative feeds are agricultural or industrial by-products (rich in nutrient content) that can be used to replace part of the conventional ingredients in animal rations. These by-products are typically much lower in cost than conventional feeds and reduce the dependence on conventional feeds, which would increase the benefits and profitability of raising livestock. Another objective of this kind of experiments is to utilize agro-industrial by-products, such as sesame meal, which, in turn, would reduce their waste disposal and the associated pollution issues. Sesame meal can replace soybean meal at levels of 0%, 7.5%, and 15%. Milk production increased in SM-containing diets more than the control. Lamb growth improved in sesame meal-containing diets.Two experiments were conducted to assess the influence of sesame meal (SM) feeding on nutrient digestibility, N balance, milk production and composition, ewes’ body weight change, and growth performance of lambs. In experiment 1, 18 ewe lambs were randomly distributed into three diets to evaluate the effects of soybean meal replacement with SM on nutrient intake, digestibility, and N balance. Treatments were no SM (SM0), 7.5% SM (SM7.5), or 15% SM (SM15) of the dietary dry matter (DM). Aside from intake and digestibility of ether extract (EE), which was greater in the SM-containing diets compared with SM0, intake and digestibility of the remaining nutrients was similar among dietary treatments. In experiment 2, 30 ewes suckling single lambs were randomly assigned to the same diets used in experiment 1. Intakes of DM, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber were unaffected by treatment. Milk yield was greater in SM diets than in the SM0 diet. Cost/kg of milk production decreased while feed efficiency improved in the SM-diets compared to the SM0 diet. In conclusion, results of the current studies demonstrate the possibility of replacing soybean meal with sesame meal in diets of lactating Awassi ewes.

Morphological composition of blood and indexes of protein metabolism in dry cows

The results of a hematological study of cow’s blood are presented, as well as the results of an evaluation of the protein metabolism of serum of dry and newborn cows. The use of various vitamin-mineral premixes (P60-3/2 and P 60-3/P) in combination with and without propylene glycol has been analyzed in animal diets. This research was supported by FASO Russia project АААА-А18-118031390148-1. The methods of morphological investigation of blood, methods of biochemical study of protein metabolism parameters of blood serum, mathematical and statistical methods were used in the work. Studies have established that the use of various feed products in the rations of feeding animals and the various terms of their application have an effect on the morphological and biochemical composition of blood and serum, respectively. Changes are established two weeks before calving and on the third day after calving. The use of the premix P60-3/P in the feeding of animals of the third group throughout the entire dry period in combination with propylene glycol is accompanied by the most pronounced significant increase in erythrocyte content in these individuals on day 3 after calving (by 21.3%, P<0.05 ). Two weeks before calving, the content of serum of total protein (25.2-30.1%, <0.01) and albumins (21.7% (P<0.05) - 52.2% (P<0.01) The use of the third group of premix P60-3/P in the feeding of animals from the first day of the dry period is accompanied by the most pronounced significant increase in the total protein content of these individuals two weeks before calving (30.1% %, P<0.01).

RESEARCH OF ORGANOLEPTIC PARAMETERS OF DUTCH CHEESE, PRODUCED FROM MILK OF COWS OF DIFFERENT BREEDS

The aim of this research is to study an influence of types of different breeds of milk cows on organoleptic properties of Dutch cheese at different rations of their food. It allows to receive cheese with prognosticated quality characteristics and to manage marketing strategies at cheese realization. The work presents the results of studying organoleptic properties of Dutch cheese, produced of milk of cows of different breeds, traditionally bred in the Northern-Eastern region of Ukraine. For studying an influence of cows feeding on exclusive properties of hard cheese, traditional food rations of cows were added with forages of a silage-hay type with Lucerne as a main source of proteins (44 % of the daily norm). Rations were practically identical with traditional ones by the content of energy and main food value factors and in general corresponded to norms of cows feeding. It has been demonstrated, that the high mark of cheese, up to 45 points for the taste and smell and total point mark 99 of 100 possible was obtained as a result of changing food rations at the expanse of introducing Lucerne silage in them. The data on optimization of food rations of certain cow breeds allow managing quality characteristics of milk and products of and are expedient for making cheese with unique regional characteristics. At conducting the comparative organoleptic assessment, there has been revealed a distinct dependence between a point mark of quality parameters of cheese on a breed of milk cows, and also on food rations of them. At the silage-hay food ration of animals, the received Dutch cheese had higher quality characteristics after 60 days of storage than cheese samples, obtained of cow milk at the traditional food ration.

Alasdair MacIntyre as an Aristotelian Economic Sociologist: Reading After Virtue with Dependent Rational Animals

Alasdair MacIntyre’s After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory presents a complex argument that spans numerous academic disciplines and combines empirical and theoretical analyses. Its radical conclusion has inspired activists and social critics from all sides of the ideological spectrum. Critics and commentators have questioned MacIntyre’s critique of modern moral philosophy and the plausibility of the concluding prescription, concerning the need to create new forms of community. But it has less often been asked in what sense the book presents a unified perspective. In other words, how do the premises of MacIntyre’s argument, presented and defended throughout the text, warrant the conclusion? In this article, I partially formalize the main argument of After Virtue, discussing the grounds for each premise, and explaining how they ground the book’s radical conclusion. In doing this, I argue that economic sociology, specifically Karl Polanyi’s theory of the modern market economy, plays a large role in supporting MacIntyre’s claims. After presenting the main argument of the text, I draw upon the social theory elaborated in Dependent Rational Animals: Why Human Beings Need the Virtues, specifically its theory of the relationship between vulnerability, dependence, and virtuous networks of giving and receiving, while briefly noting recent sociological criticisms of Polanyi, to argue that we have reason to be skeptical of MacIntyre’s empirical claims concerning the vicious character of modern social structures in After Virtue.

NOTAS SOBRE A LIBERDADE DA VONTADE EM AGOSTINHO E ANSELMO

A noção de que a vontade é um bem dado à criatura racional está presente tanto na reflexão de Agostinho como naquela de Anselmo, quando ambos abordam o tema do livre-arbítrio. No entanto, a forma de considerar a vontade difere em cada um deles: para Anselmo, a liberdade será pensada como a reta determinação da vontade para o bem, é o poder de não pecar, expressão da retidão da vontade; já para Agostinho, a vontade livre será pensada como um bem intermediário, que pode aderir ao bem supremo ou afastar-se dele e converter-se para um bem que lhe é próprio, exterior ou inferior. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar algumas notas de leitura sobre (1) a liberdade da vontade em Agostinho e (2) sobre a definição de liberdade em Anselmo.

Introduction to Natural Justice

Man is a rational animal, what is just and unjust is written in him by nature itself. With the growth of civilization, the problem of harmonizing the social, associational, economic and political relations between governed and government and individuals inter se became more complex. The want of establishing orderly and peaceful society continuously constrained man to be in search of higher norms, which can effectively regulate the human behaviour and ensure justice to the deserved. Though nature has its own law to govern all animate and inanimate life forms, yet its rules are subtle and un-manifest, subtle norms of natural laws were construed differently by individuals according to their own perceptions, self-interests and ideologies. Consequently, time and again, laws were made by the might (ruler) to the disadvantage of the weak (subjects). To protect himself against the excesses of organized power man always appealed to the omnipotent or someone beyond his own creation. The wise man from time to time argued that there are certain principles of justice regarded as fundamental and foundational to almost all legal systems which are called ‘principles of natural justice’. In this sense, natural justice implies fairness, reasonableness, equity and equality. It represents higher procedural principles developed by judges, which shall be followed by the judicial, quasi-judicial and administrative bodies in making a decision affecting the rights or status of an individual. In this milieu, the first segment of the Module is designed to study the meaning of ‘justice’ and ‘natural justice’ in the first place and followed by a brief discussion on the history of the principles of natural justice, both in India and England. The Second part focuses on the fundamental components of natural justice namely, the rule against bias, fair hearing and reasoned decisions. Thereafter, the third segment includes a brief discussion on the principles of natural justice in the Indian Constitution, followed by exclusion of natural justice and concluding remarks. To make content more comprehensible to the readers wherever required illustrations are used, read them carefully.

THE REFORMATTING OF HOMO SAPIENS

This article addresses the perennial picture of the human as rational animal, the nexus of trends undermining the cultural legacy of classical humanism, and the so-called posthumanisms that embrace its dissolution. Against critical posthumanism, which aims to break with humanism entirely, and in contrast to transhumanism, which uncritically inherits certain features of humanism, I outline an alternative – rationalist inhumanism – which critically extracts the inhuman core of humanism by unbinding rationality from animality. I begin by re-examining the history of humanism leading up to the posthuman nexus, in order to highlight the features that can be repurposed by inhumanism. I then weave these features into an outline of a genealogy of reason, encompassing its genesis in, co-evolution with, and eventual liberation from the animal that is Homo sapiens.

Thematic groups of the phraseologisms in the Borys Grinchenko's works

The present article deals with the groups, semantic fields and variant-synonymous groups of the phraseologisms in the works of Borys Grinchenko. Structural-semantic models of phraseologisms in the prose heritage of the writer are created. The article also presents tables of phraseologisms’ideographic classification. On their basis, statistical calculations were made within the framework of the phrase-thematic groups. Borys Grinchenko's prose is a broad field for the study of the ideology of phraseology, but these units in the writer's work are not explored, in what is the novelty of the article. The purpose of the exploration is to study thematic groups of phraseologisms in the works of Borys Grinchenko. In this paper, we used methods of linguistic analysis of the text, modeling, schematic, and statistical. In this work, we relied primarily on the ideographic classification of phraseologisms, undertaken by Victor and Dmytro Uzhсhenko. Scientists offer the allocation of language universals (structural semantic models — SSM), through which they build phrases. Today, this classification is applied only to the study of the vocabulary of Borys Grinchenko's works. The most stable phrases are found in the phrase-thematic group “Person” (95%), namely in the PTF “Person as a rational creature”. In this thematic field is particularly rich in phraseologisms of the PSF “Emotions, feelings, states”. This is primarily due to the fact that Borys Grinchenko had some psychological abilities, skillfully revealing the characters and feelings of his characters. In the PTG “Abstract relations” (3%) the most numerous was the PSF “Quality”, the smallest quantity — “Number”. It can be explained by the poorer extreme potential of the last field. There is no PSF “Opportunity” in this phraseological group, as opposed to the classification of Victor Uzhchenko. PTG “Nature” (2%) is also small, but it managed to allocate three SSMs. In addition, the classification of Victor Uzhchenko was supplemented by the necessary VSG in the article. The analysis of Boris Grinchenko's artistic prose in the ideographic aspect of phraseology proves its richness and diversity in almost all thematic groups.

Hegel’s Phenomenology: On the Logical Structure of Human Experience

Abstract I argue that Hegel’s Phenomenology is an attempt to prove that human experience displays a sui generis logical structure. This is because, as rational animals who instinctively create a universe of meaning to navigate our environment, the perceptual content of our conscious experience of objects, the desires that motivate our self-conscious experience of action, and the beliefs and values that make up our sociohistorical experience all testify to the presence of rationality as their condition of possibility. As such, Hegel’s Phenomenology not only requires of us that we transform the mission of logic into a description of the immanent logic at the basis of human experience, thereby making the task of logic “anthropological.” It also presents us with a novel model of human experience—one that: demonstrates the rationality already instinctively at work in our bodily sensations, perceptions, and desires; gives an account of the origins of human society and history; and also makes human experience irreducible to cognitive processes in the brain, psychological mechanisms, and the biological imperatives of survival and reproduction.

ВЛИЯНИЕ СОРБЦИОННО-ДЕТОКСИЦИРУЮЩИХ КОМПЛЕКСОВ НА КУМУЛЯЦИЮ КАДМИЯ И СВИНЦА В ОРГАНИЗМЕ БЕЛЫХ КРЫС ПРИ СОЧЕТАННОМ ПОСТУПЛЕНИИ РАДИОНУКЛИДОВ И ТОКСИЧНЫХ ЭЛЕМЕНТОВ

The article presents the results of the evaluation of the influence of complex sorption-detoxifying agents on the accumulation of Cd and Pb in the organism of white rats with their combined intake with 137Cs and 90Sr radionuclides. The efficiency of a number of selective and polyfunctional sorbents, detoxicants and other biologically active substances and sorption-detoxifying complexes developed on their basis as means of efferent therapy, detoxification and correction of the immune status of animals was studied. It was determined that the combined administration of several sorbents, sulfur or its compounds, mineral-vitamin and some other biologically active substances into organism of rats increased the sorption of Cd and Pb in the gastrointestinal tract, reducing their accumulation in organs and tissues. The efficiency of sorption of Cd was observed at the level of 65,5–71,9%, of Pb – at the level of 58,9–79,4% in the liver; in the kidneys did not exceed 50%, and for muscles reached 80–90% for both Cd and Pb. In accordance with the obtained results, the use of the tested agents in the form of sorption-detoxifying complexes which are included in the animal ration as feed additives is optimal and effective way to reduce the accumulation of Cd and Pb in the organism of white rats with their combined intake with 137Cs and 90Sr.

ЕКОЛОГО-БІОЛОГІЧНІ ОСНОВИ ПІДБОРУ КОМПОНЕНТІВ ДЛЯ ЗМІШАНИХ ПОСІВІВ КОРМОВИХ КУЛЬТУР

Introduction. The main task of the plant growing field and its accompanying fodder production is the production of fodders in the required amount for the uninterrupted provision of livestock production by high qualitative, cheap fodders and, above all, balanced by protein.Unfortunately, the stock of cattle has decreased by 2.7 times in the past few years. Deficit of digestible protein in animal rations is 25%, which leads to fodder over-consumption by 1.3-1.4 times and products shortage by 30-34%, and, in turn, to the increase in products price by 2.5.One can solve these problems by using mixed sowings of corn with high-protein components. Corn is one of the most common fodder crops, there is a lot of carbohydrates in its herbage and silage, but low protein (60-75 gramsper fodder unit), which is lower than zootechnical standards (100-110 g).It can be used one of the cheapest methods to enrich corn herbage and silage for protein compounds by using its mixed sowings with high-protein crops. The value of the mixed sowings is that they allow improving fodder quality, increasing the area of sowings assimilation, reducing the loss of solar energy, using moisture and nutrients in a more productive way. However, the lack of knowing the peculiarities of yeild formation, depending on the selection of high-protein components and methods of sowing, leads to the deterrence of the expansion of areas under mixed sowings of corn while growing for silage.T herefore, researches in this area are topical, since they provide the opportunity to develop and substantiate measures to improve the quality and increase the productivity of mixed sowings of corn with high-protein components. Purpose. The purpose of the study is to substantiate theoretically and determine the optimal variety composition of corn mixes with high-protein crops for fodder in specific soil-and-climatic conditions. Material and methods . General scientific methods, in particular, such as: hypothesis, observation, analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction, abstraction and generalization were used during performing the study. Own observations and literary sources on the chosen sphere of the research were the material basis. Results and discussion . It is important to select the components properly when growing corn for fodder in the compatible sowings for the purpose to obtain high yields of herbage with increased protein content. The following legumes for simultaneous growing with corn for silage are selected which enter the phase of full beans development at the time of milk-waxy and waxy ripeness of corn grains, their leaves still remain green, and the stems are succulent. Its mixed sowings with soybean deserve the greatest attention among numerous possible combinations of corn growth together with grain legumes. This crop, like corn, belongs to the plants of short light day and late term of sowing, and their seedlings appear at the same time under the compatible sowing. Also, both crops have close periods of slow and intensive growth, and under correct selection of the components at the time of panicle heading by corn plants, soybeans enter into the phase of mass flowering, and into the phase of the beginning of beans yellowing of the lower layer during the period of milk-waxy and waxy ripeness of corn grains. In addition, quite good results on the formation of a large number of qualitative fodders can be obtained under the compatible sowing of cereal crops (corn, Sudan grass and others) with legumes such as fodder beans, melilot, white lupine and fodder peas. Furthermore, choosing of the varieties adapted to the specific soil-and-climatic conditions, the optimal ratio by the mass of seeding standards of the mixtures and the sufficient level of mineral nutrition have important significance. Conclusions. Mixed sowings of corn with high-protein components can provide higher yields of herbage and gathering of digestible protein in comparison with a single-crop sowing. At the same time, compatible sowing contributes to the improvement of the growth processes of all crops by optimizing the water and nutrient regimes of the soil, light and temperature conditions and photosynthesis processes by the above-ground mass of the plants.

„Mozak koji je izbačen iz lobanje”: Peščanik Danila Kiša kao auto/patografija o zalutalom racionalizmu

The central place of Danilo Kis’s novel Hourglass, which is a kind of an illness/disease narrative (ecriture patografique), is occupied by the human condition as an animal rationale. It was one of the subjects raised by many intellectuals, including Edmund Husserl, whose name does not appear here accidentally. Phenomenology was a strong intellectual impetus for the authors of the new French novel. Although in his statements Kis resolutely distanced himself from any connections with him, emphasizing the documentary, auto/biographical character of his work, in this article I point to the existent (albeit unintended) connections between Kis’s novel and the literary views of his French colleagues.

Animals: A History ed. by Peter Adamson, and G. Fay Edwards

Reviewed by: Animals: A History ed. by Peter Adamson, and G. Fay Edwards Gary Steiner Peter Adamson, and G. Fay Edwards, editors. Animals: A History. New York: Oxford University Press, 2018. Pp. xiv + 454. Hardcover $99.00; paperback $34.95. Recent years have seen a proliferation of publications on the status of nonhuman animals in philosophy, some of them single-authored monographs and quite a few others taking the form of anthologies. Anthologies always present the reader with challenges, and in the case of this volume, the challenges are significant. While it is admirable that the editors have brought together essays on a variety of important thinkers and topics related to animals in the history of philosophy, the essays in this volume exhibit a conspicuous tendency to polemical (which is to say, exaggeratedly one-sided) readings of philosophers, as well as a tendency to ignore or pass over very quickly some extremely important work that has been done over the past generation. Perhaps the most troubling drawback to this volume is that some key issues are dealt with in passing by different essays, but never receive any sort of in-depth treatment that would serve the reader in further research. The editors provide a brief introduction that covers a vast array of issues and questions in fairly short order. The volume would have benefited from an introduction that examined and provided more guidance to the reader on central issues, such as the sorts of intelligence that nonhuman animals possess if we assume that their cognitive abilities must consist in more than mere sensory awareness while not being as sophisticated as human rationality. This issue is broached in a number of the contributions, but it is never thoroughly discussed. Instead, it is typically resolved with a solution that oversimplifies the philosopher’s or historical tradition’s views. Aristotle, for example, is best known for having excluded nonhuman animals from political community with humans on the grounds that nonhuman animals [End Page 566] lack logos (reason/language). Less well-known, but discussed by Devin Henry, the author of the contribution on Aristotle, is the fact that Aristotle wrote many hundreds of pages in his zoological writings emphasizing the sophisticated cognitive abilities of nonhuman animals, not infrequently using terms such as phronêsis and synesis in characterizing nonhuman animal intelligence. Henry acknowledges these remarks in the zoological texts but dismisses them on the grounds that Aristotle notes in those texts that there is something analogous to human rationality in nonhuman animals. This dismissal is a bit too hasty; it militates too strongly against the ambivalence about animal intelligence exhibited in Aristotle’s writings, and it leaves unanswered the question of what form nonhuman animal intelligence can take if we see it as more than mechanistic but less than full-blown human rationality. A similar one-sidedness is evident in the essay on Plutarch and Porphyry, where Fay Edwards argues strongly for the conclusion that these thinkers’ primary motivation was human welfare rather than any direct concern for nonhuman animals. The author’s argument rests on the idea that neither Plutarch nor Porphyry ascribes human rationality to nonhuman animals. While this is true, it begs the question of what the term ‘rationality’ meant for these thinkers as well as whether and to what extent they were open to the possibility that some nonhuman animals possess some sort of rationality. Porphyry opens Book 3 of On Abstinence with a very interesting discussion of the different forms of logos and the proposition that many nonhuman animals are capable of logos, even if not of logos that can be understood by human beings. Plutarch presents some extraordinarily thought-provoking anecdotes about nonhuman animal ingenuity, and while many of these might seem contrived at first blush, contemporary ethological research has made more and more of these anecdotes seem less far-fetched and worthy of serious reflection. The reader would have benefited from a discussion of some of these anecdotes; doing a lot more to show both sides of controversies such as this one would have put the reader in a position to make up her own mind about the thesis urged by the author of this essay. The...

Дослідження репродуктивних функцій свиноматок при згодовуванні хлорели

The introduction of intensive development of industrial pig production, above all, depends on the full feeding of animals, which, in turn, depends on the qualitative composition of feed. In addition to the main nutrients that perform the functions of plastic and energy material, in feed rations of animals requires the presence of a wide range of compounds with high biological activity - vitamins, macro-and trace elements, enzymes and many others, contained in&nbsp; chlorella. Therefore the purpose of this work was to investigate the effect of chlorella as an additional source of vitamins and biologically active substances on reproductive functions and productivity of sows. The objects of the study were sows of Landras breeds at the age of 2 years and chlorella in the form of a suspension and in the form of granular mixed fodder. For research 30 sows were selected, which were placed in 3 sections with 10 heads in each of them. The standardization of feeding of sows was based on the concentration of energy and nutrients in 1 kg of full-fodder feed. To ensure full feeding of sows, the content of exchange energy and biologically active substances in the composition of feed was calculated. Sow feeding was carried out with full-feed compound twice a day in accordance with the adopted feeding scheme: 1 group (control) received a complete diet; ІІ group (experimental) - full-fodder feed with free access to drinking suspension Chlorella; group III (experimental) - granulated mixed fodder with spray suspension of chlorella. The results of current research showed the following indicators: live weight of piglets increased, on average, by 35 %, milkability increased by 24 %, and the survival of piglets was 90 % in that groups whose diet included chlorella. Also, the feeding of piglets with a suspension of chlorella contributed to a decrease in the incidence of diarrhea. The weight of one pig in experimental groups was on average 6,8 % higher than in the control group of pigs, whose diet consisted only of feed. The practical and scientific work of many researchers has shown that the use of chlorella as an additional source of valuable substances in feeding farm animals reduces the cost of their maintenance, including the cost of feed. Economic efficiency of our research has shown that the use of chlorella in sows' diets as in the composition of the feeds and suspension does not affect the formation of prime costs per 1 head. And due to an increase in live weight gain, high preservation of young animals in experimental groups, net profit of 5509 and 5831 UAH was received. Thus, the mechanism of action of chlorella suspension is determined by its effect on all systems and functions of the animal organism. Chlorella suspension is a natural probiotic, as the quality of feed increases, it does not contain fodder toxins, which affects the increase in live weight of farm animals.

NOTES FROM NARNIA (ON THE HUMAN BODY)

What is a human body? Some reasons are given for thinking that, in the primary case, it is a body that is both of and suitable to a rational animal.

On the Separated Soul according to St. Thomas Aquinas

On the Separated Soul according to St. Thomas Aquinas Melissa Eitenmiller Introduction There is an ongoing debate between two predominantly analytic1 groups of Thomists, those holding the "survivalist"2 view of the human person after death and those maintaining the "corruptionist"3 view. Those who defend [End Page 57] the survivalist view wish to claim that the human person does not cease to exist at death, and although, according to Mark Spencer, the survivalist camp does not identify the human person with the separated soul, it nevertheless "contends that, in the separated state, a person is constituted by a soul, while remaining an individual rational animal and individual substance of a rational nature."4 The corruptionist view, on the other hand, will be represented in the present article by Patrick Toner5 in his "St. Thomas Aquinas on Death and the Separated Soul," in which he argues that St. Thomas held that "human beings cease to exist at their deaths,"6 at least until the resurrection of the body. Toner presents this in the following manner: (1) "human beings" are composites of body and soul (therefore, as he quotes Aquinas, "my soul is not me"7); (2) death is a substantial corruption of the composite; and (3) [End Page 58] "hence, humans stop existing at their deaths."8 In this article, I would like to propose that Aquinas's view is more nuanced than either side appears ready to acknowledge.9 It seems to me important to emphasize that, although death truly involves a separation of body and soul (thus constituting a corruption of the human person as such), nevertheless, the soul remains the "essential part" of the person and maintains a certain identity with that person as a subject of attribution10 [End Page 59] already capable of enjoying the absolute bliss of the Beatific Vision (or the suffering of temporal or eternal punishment in purgatory or hell, respectively), even before the general resurrection.11 Consequently, it would be wrong, and even spiritually dangerous, to ignore the importance of the intermediate state. It is not at all clear to me that Toner means to do this, but in emphasizing the destruction of the human person at death, he and other corruptionists do appear to leave themselves open to that sort of interpretation. In fact, Serge-Thomas Bonino, who calls these two camps12 the "minimalists" (i.e., corruptionists) and the "maximalists" (i.e., survivalists), points out that: According to the minimalists, the refusal to attribute personhood to the separated soul not only means that St. Thomas calls into question the identity between the current "me" and the separated soul, but also implies a minimal conception of the activity of the [End Page 60] separated soul, reduced to a comatose state of prolonged vigil. The separated soul would have … an existence similar to that … which the Ancients would concede to the shadows which haunt Sheol.13 As an example of this, Bonino cites B. Carlos Bazán, who declares, "a soul without its ontological correlate [i.e., matter] cannot operate, and consequently does not live."14 This statement will be shown to be false when we speak of the operations of the separated soul. First, however, I would like to review each of Toner's three points mentioned above. The Composite Human Person With regard to Toner's first point, it is certainly true that, according to St. Thomas Aquinas, the human person, "an individual substance of a rational nature,"15 is a composite of both body and soul, together with a human esse. Gilles Emery explains that "since the person is an individual substance, it is a reality that possesses its proper being in a complete manner, in itself and through itself, and which exercises on its own the act of existing. … [Therefore,] what accounts for my uniqueness is not only my concrete individual essence (my own humanity), but my proper act of existing in the human nature common to all human beings."16 In other words, other than in the case of Christ, the union of body and a rational soul necessarily implies the act of existence proper to a human person (since the act of being...