Ratio Of Total Cholesterol Research Articles

Effects of Lophira Lanceolata and of Three Species of Gardenia Leaves Aqueous Extracts on Blood Glucose and Lipids in Wistar Rat

This study has been performed to evaluate the hypoglycemic, anti-hyperglycemic and hypolipidemic properties of aqueous extracts of Lophira lanceolata, Gardenia aqualla, Gardenia nitida and Gardenia ternifolia, plants used in traditional medicine for diabetes treatment. Crude aqueous extracts of leaves of each plant have been prepared by decoction. Extracts were orally administered to Wistar rats to study effect on fasting blood glucose and blood lipid. Anti-hyperglycemic effects were investigated by an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). 14-days administration of Gardenia nitida and Gardenia aqualla extracts, at 500mg/kg of body weight, was without effect on rat fasting blood glucose whereas Gardenia ternifolia and Lophira Lanceolata extracts induced a significant decrease in fasting blood glucose. At 500mg/kg, Gardenia nitida and Gardenia aqualla extracts were also without effect on the OGTT whereas Gardenia ternifolia (1000mg/kg) and Lophira lanceolata (500mg/kg) induced a decrease in blood glucose at all times of the OGTT, effect which was similar to that of glibenclamide at 1mg/kg. 14-days administration of Lophira lanceolata extract induced an increased level of blood triglycerides and Gardenia ternifolia resulted in a reduced level of LDL-cholesterol and in an increase of HDL-cholesterol to total cholesterol ratio. These data support the traditional use of Gardenia ternifolia and Lophira lanceolata in the treatment of diabetes but not that of Gardenia Nitida and Gardenia aqualla.

Inflammation, adiposity, and atherogenic dyslipidemia in rheumatoid arthritis: is there a paradoxical relationship?

Dyslipidemia is highly prevalent in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and appears to be present very early in the RA disease process, in some studies even before a diagnosis of clinical RA has been made. The association between lipid measures and the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in RA appears to be paradoxical, whereby lower levels of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), and atherogenic ratios are associated with higher CVD risk. This may be due to the lipid-lowering effects of RA-related systemic inflammation. Therefore, standard CVD risk calculators have been shown to underperform in RA. Data also suggest that lipoprotein particle sizes and the apolipoprotein cargo of lipoproteins skew toward atherogenic dyslipidemia in RA and may contribute to the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Inflammatory burden in RA may also alter the anti-inflammatory and atheroprotective roles associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Adipose tissue is quantitatively increased in RA patients compared with matched non-RA controls and may be more inflamed and metabolically dysfunctional compared with an otherwise similar non-RA patient. In vitro, animal, and a handful of non-RA human, studies suggest that inflamed, metabolically dysfunctional adipose tissue contributes directly to lower HDL-C levels. In turn, lower HDL-C that has been altered functionally by inflammation may lead to expanded adipose mass and further adipose dysfunction and inflammation. In the last part of this review, we speculate how the RA disease state may recapitulate these processes.

Abstract 13659: Development of a TransAtlantic Cardiovascular risk Calculator for Rheumatoid Arthritis (ATACC-RA)

Introduction: Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is not accurately predicted by risk calculators designed for the general population. Hypothesis: To develop a RA specific CVD risk calculator. Methods: The study population included RA patient cohorts from 8 centres in 7 countries. In all cases, data had been collected prospectively on CV outcomes (MI, revascularization, angina, stroke, TIA, PAD and CV death). At baseline RA characteristics (duration, seropositivity, disease activity (DAS28) and CRP/ESR) were collected in addition to traditional CV risk factors. Cox models stratified by centre were used to develop a CVD risk calculator considering traditional CV risk factors and RA characteristics. Model performance was assessed using measures of discrimination and calibration. Results: In total 3176 RA patients who did not have prior CVD were included (mean age: 55 [SD: 14] years, 73% female). During a mean follow-up of 7.8 years (24733 person years), 314 had a CVD event. The multivariable risk score modelling revealed 2 models including either seropositivity or DAS28 along with age, sex, current smoking, presence of hypertension, and ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein (table). Both 10-fold cross validation and multiple imputation analyses confirmed these findings with little change to the estimated coefficients. Both models demonstrated good discrimination (c-statistic: 0.76 and 0.74) and calibration (observed/predicted ratio: 1.00; 95% confidence interval: 0.89, 1.12). The ATACC-RA (mean: 11.5%, SD 14.1%) showed significantly improved discrimination compared to either Framingham (c-statistic: 0.71, p<0.001) or SCORE (c-statistic: 0.72, p<0.001) risk algorithms. Conclusions: Development of an RA-specific CVD risk calculator is feasible by pooling resources from many centres. Further development including external validation is underway.

Study of Comparative Effect of Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis on Lipid Profile of Patients of Chronic Kidney Disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) like coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease and heart failure. Strong association is present between renal disease progression & dyslipidemia. The present study was undertaken to study the comparative effect of hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis on lipid profile in these patients. 100 diagnosed CKD patients i.e. cases (50 undergoing hemodialysis HD and 50 undergoing peritoneal dialysis PD) were enrolled for the study after institutional ethical committee’s clearance was obtained. In this study, we measured serum levels of lipid profile comprising of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) and atherogenic ratios (LDL-C/HDL-C, TC/HDL-C). In our study, we found that the mean values of TC, LDL-C and atherogenic ratios (LDL-C/HDL-C, TC/HDL-C) were significantly higher and HDL-C was significantly lower in cases of peritoneal dialysis group as compared to cases of hemodialysis group. Out of both dialysis modalities, peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients develop a somewhat different and probably more atherogenic lipoprotein profile than do hemodialysis (HD) patients. So, among patients with cardiovascular disease, the risk for death was higher in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients than in hemodialysis (HD) patients.

Ezetimibe Reduces Plant Sterol Accumulation and Favorably Increases Platelet Count in Sitosterolemia

To assess if ezetimibe (EZE), a sterol-absorption inhibitor, improves platelet (PLT) count and size relative to its effect on plasma plant sterol (PS) in patients with sitosterolemia (STSL). Patients with STSL (5 males, 3 females, 16-56 years of age) receiving EZE intervention as part of their routine care participated in this study. EZE was discontinued for 14 weeks (off) and then resumed for another 14 weeks (on). Hematology variables along with plasma and red blood cells (RBC) PS and total cholesterol (TC) levels were measured at the end of each phase. EZE increased PLT count (23% ± 9%) and decreased mean PLT volume (MPV; 10% ± 3%, all P < .05). In patients off EZE, PLT counts inversely correlated (r = -0.96 and r = -0.91, all P < .01) with plasma and RBC PS to TC ratio (PS/TC), and MPV positively correlated (r = 0.91, P = .03 and r = 0.93, P = .02) with plasma and RBC PS/TC. EZE reduced plasma and RBC sitosterol (-35% ± 4% and -28% ± 3%), total PS (-37% ± 4% and -28% ± 3%, all P < .0001) levels, and PS/TC (-27% ± 4% and -28% ± 4%, P < .01). EZE reduces plasma and RBC PS levels, while increasing PLT count and decreasing MPV, and thereby may reduce the risk for bleeding in STSL. Plasma PS levels and ABCG5/ABCG8 genes should be analyzed in patients with unexplained hematologic abnormalities.

Sex differences in serum leptin and its relation to markers of cardiometabolic risk in middle-aged adults: Evidence from a population-based study

ObjectiveAt elevated concentrations, circulating leptin has been associated with metabolic disturbances, namely insulin resistance, elevated blood pressure, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction. Because women have higher leptin concentrations than men, it is possible that the effects of leptin on the metabolic profile are different between the sexes. The aim of this study was to investigate whether leptin is one of the key hormones to sex affect differences in the pathophysiology of cardiometabolic risk. MethodsParticipants were 178 men and 284 women (average age: 53.9 y), evaluated in a cross-sectional, population-based study performed in Brazil. A structural equation model was used to test a theoretic pathway for the relationship between serum leptin, obesity indicators (body weight and waist circumference), and cardiometabolic risk factors (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; blood pressure; atherogenic dyslipidemia–total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio and triacylglycerol /HDL-C ratio; and fasting plasma glucose) stratified by sex. ResultsIn men, increasing 1 SD in serum leptin predicted an increase in 0.731 SD in body weight and in 0.123 SD in C-reactive protein. Serum leptin had positive and significant indirect effects on men's ratios of total cholesterol to HDL-C (β = 0.215) and triacylglycerol to HDL-C (β = 0.209), as well as fasting glucose (β = 0.173). In women, serum leptin predicted an increase of 0.675 SD in body weight and had positive indirect effects on all cardiometabolic risk factors evaluated. ConclusionsSerum leptin was indirectly related to cardiometabolic risk factors and its relation was modest and different between sexes. The effects of leptin through mediation of body weight and waist circumference highlight the importance of weight control to prevent cardiometabolic disorders in middle-aged adults.

Effects of Dietary Addition of a Low-Pectin Apple Fibre Preparation on Rats

1. The effects of dietary dried fruit pomaces on growth performance and gastrointestinal biochemistry of turkey poults J. Juskiewicz, J. Jankowski, M. Kosmala, Z. Zdunczyk, B. Slominski, P. Zdunczyk Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition CrossRef

Effects of hypoxic exercise training on microRNA expression and lipid metabolism in obese rat livers.

To investigate the effects of hypoxic exercise training on microRNA (miRNA) expression and the role of miRNA expression in regulating lipid metabolism, 20 dietary-induced obese SD rats were divided into a normoxic sedentary group (N, n=10) and a hypoxic exercise training group (H, n=10). After four weeks, measurements were taken of body weight, body length, fat mass, serum lipid concentration, miRNAs differentially expressed in rat liver, and gene and protein expression levels of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α (PPARα), fatty acid synthetase (FAS), and carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1A (CPT1A) in rat liver. Body weight, Lee's index, fat mass, fat/weight ratio, and serum levels of total cholesterol (TC) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were all significantly lower in the H group than in the N group (P<0.01). Six miRNAs expressed significantly differently in the liver (P<0.05). Specifically, expression levels of miR-378b were significantly lower in the H group than in the N group (P<0.05). Compared with the normoxic sedentary group, hypoxic exercise training resulted in a lower ratio of FAS mRNA to CPT1A mRNA (P<0.05), as well as lower CPT1A protein levels (P<0.01), while a higher ratio of FAS to CPT1A protein levels (P<0.01) was observed. In conclusion, hypoxic training may elevate the resistance of high fat diet induced obesity in rats by reducing the expression of miR-378b, and decrease the fatty acid mitochondrial oxidation in obese rat livers by decreasing the protein expression of CPT1A and increasing the protein expression ratio of FAS/CPT1A.

Consuming a Buttermilk Drink Containing Lutein-Enriched Egg Yolk Daily for 1 Year Increased Plasma Lutein but Did Not Affect Serum Lipid or Lipoprotein Concentrations in Adults with Early Signs of Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Dietary lutein intake is postulated to interfere with the development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Because egg yolk–derived lutein has a high bioavailability, long-term consumption of lutein-enriched eggs might be effective in preventing AMD development, but alternatively might increase cardiovascular disease risk. Here, we report the effect of 1-y daily consumption of a buttermilk drink containing 1.5 lutein-rich egg yolks on serum lipid and lipoprotein and plasma lutein concentrations. Additionally, subgroups that could potentially benefit the most from the intervention were identified. Men and women who had early signs of AMD in at least 1 eye, but were otherwise healthy, participated in a 1-y randomized, placebo-controlled parallel intervention trial. At the start of the study, 101 participants were included: 52 in the experimental (Egg) group and 49 in the control (Con) group. Final analyses were performed with 45 participants in the Egg group and 43 participants in the Con group. As expected, the increase in plasma lutein concentrations in the Egg group was 83% higher than that in the Con group (P < 0.001). Changes in serum total, HDL, and LDL cholesterol, as well as the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol, were not different between the 2 groups. Interestingly, participants classified as cholesterol absorbers had higher serum HDL cholesterol concentrations than participants classified as cholesterol synthesizers or participants with average campesterol-to-lathosterol ratios (P < 0.05) at baseline. In addition, cholesterol absorbers had a 229% higher increase in plasma lutein concentrations than participants who were classified as having an average campesterol-to-lathosterol ratio upon consumption of the lutein-enriched egg yolk drink (P < 0.05). Moreover, the change in serum HDL cholesterol upon consumption was significantly different between these 3 groups (P < 0.05). We suggest that cholesterol absorbers particularly might benefit from the lutein-enriched buttermilk drink. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00902408.

Ratio of Total Cholesterol to HDL-C is a More Relevant CV Risk Marker in T1DM

This article presents results from a large observational study in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) that assessed cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk predictors and showed that low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was not a good marker of CV risk [Hero C et al. ADA 2014 (oral session 381-OR)].

OP0164 A Transatlantic Cardiovascular Risk Calculator for Rheumatoid Arthritis (ATACC-RA)

BackgroundPatients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is not accurately predicted by risk calculators designed for the general population.ObjectivesTo develop a risk score...

Adiponectin and markers of metabolic syndrome in obese children and adolescents: impact of 8-mo regular physical exercise program.

Adiponectin circulates as low-, medium-, and high-molecular-weight multimers (LMW, MMW, and HMW) and influences lipid profile and insulin resistance (IR), HMW being considered as the most biologically active form. We aimed to study the relation between adiponectin and markers of metabolic syndrome (MS) in pediatric obesity, and the impact of physical exercise. The study consisted of a cross-sectional part and an 8-mo physical exercise program. Lipid profile, insulin, glucose, C-reactive protein (CRP), total adiponectin (TA), and homeostasis model assessment IR (HOMA-IR) were measured. Adiponectin multimers were studied in a prepubertal group. Obesity is associated with increased dyslipidemia, IR, and inflammation. TA is correlated inversely with adiposity, triglycerides, HOMA-IR, and CRP, and positively with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc)/total cholesterol (TC) ratio. HMW mimicked TA associations. The intervention program led to a reduction of TC, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc), insulin, HOMA-IR, and trunk percentage of fat, and an increase of HDLc/TC ratio, in the obese group. BMI improvements prevented adiponectin reduction and correlated with increments in HMW and MMW. Obesity-related increase in MS features might be linked to lower adiponectin. HMW and MMW were the multimers that most explained the MS features. The intervention program improved the lipid profile and IR, and prevented the reduction of adiponectin.

Abstract 584: ApoE3[K146N/R147W] Acts as a Dominant Negative ApoE Form that Prevents Remnant Clearance and Inhibits the Biogenesis of HDL

Introduction: The K146N/R147W substitutions in human apolipoproteinE3 (apoE3) have been associated with a dominant form of type III hyperlipoproteinemia which is expressed at an early age. Methods: The effects of the K146N,R147W substitutions on the lipid and lipoprotein profiles and the HDL phenotypes were studied by adenovirus mediated gene transfer of the full length and a truncated apoE3[K146N/R147W]-202 mutant using different mouse models. Results: A low dose of adenovirus expressing the apoE3[K146N/R147W] mutant in apoE deficient or in apoA-I x apoE double deficient mice exacerbated the hypercholesterolemia and increased greatly plasma apoE and triglycerides levels. In apoE deficient mice, the apoE3[K146N/R147W] mutant displaced apoA-I from the VLDL/LDL/HDL region and resulted in the accumulation of discoidal apoE containing HDL particles in plasma. Similar doses of WT apoE3 cleared the cholesterol of apoE deficient mice without induction of hypertriglyceridemia and promoted formation of spherical HDL particles. A unique feature of the truncated apoE3[K146N/R147W]-202 mutant is that it prevented the induction of hypertriglyceridemia but did not correct the hypercholesterolemia. Other apoE-202 truncated mutants tested did not induce hypertriglyceridemia but corrected hypercholesterolemia. Infection of apoE deficient mice with adenoviruses expressing the apoE3[K146N/R147W] and lipoprotein lipase corrected the hypertriglyceridemia but did not prevent the formation of discoidal HDL particles. Infection of apoE deficient mice with adenoviruses expressing the apoE3[K146N/R147W] and lecithin:cholesterol (LCAT) acyltransferase corrected hypertriglyceridemia, normalized the plasma cholesteryl ester to total cholesterol ratio and generated spherical HDL particles. The combined data indicate that the K146N/R147W substitutions in the full length and the truncated apoE3[K146N/R147W] mutant prevent receptor mediated remnant clearance. Conclusion: The lipid/lipoprotein and HDL abnormalities observed in the different mouse models suggest that the apoE3[K146N/R147W] mutant acts a dominant negative ligand that exacerbates the dyslipidemia and also affects the activity of LCAT and thus inhibits the maturation of HDL.

CHOLESTEROL AND RISK OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN RURAL INDIGENOUS POPULATION OF REPUBLIC OF SAKHA (YAKUTIA)

According to the results of the cross-sectional study of rural indigenous population of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), there has been studied the level of cholesterol and frequency of atherogenic changes of the lipid profile of the blood plasma. It has been found that in 35 % of the surveyed indigenous people, the level of cholesterol was 5.2 mmol/l or more, and in 10.8 % - 6.2 mmol/l or more. Among the persons with high cholesterol, atherogenic changes of the ratio of total cholesterol / HDL-C, LDL-C / HDL-C were observed in 19 % of the men and 8 % of the women (р = 0.014); logarithm (TRG / HDL-C ) - in 11 % of the men and women (p = 0.906). Thus, the high levels of the total cholesterol (5.2 mmol /l or more) in 80 % of the men and in 89% of the women was not accompanied by atherogenic changes in the lipid profile. This allows to consider the status of hypercholesterolemia in this population group in most of the cases as a manifestation of adaptive changes in lipid metabolism. The identified changes in atherogenic lipid profile were associated with presence of metabolic risk factors, what proves the need for determination of cholesterol in lipoprotein composition and a ratio of lipid fractions for choice of a right tactics for correction of the lipid risk factors.

Serum Lipid Profile in Ischemic Heart Disease: A Cross-Sectional Analytical Study

Risk of coronary heart disease and other forms of atherosclerotic vascular diseases, rises with plasma cholesterol concentration and in particular with the rise of ratio of total cholesterol to high density lipoprotein (HDL-C) cholesterol. A much weaker correlation also exists with plasma triglyceride concentration. Extensive large-scale randomized trials have shown that lowering total cholesterol and LDL-C concentrations reduces the risk of cardiovascular events including death, myocardial infarction and stroke and reduces the need for revascularisation.This cross-sectional analytical study was designed to observe association between lipid profile level with chronic ischaemic heart disease and the study was conducted in the Department of Biochemistry, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka from July 2010 to June 2011. A total of 50 cases were selected purposively according to the selection criteria from the patients admitted in the Department of Cardiology, Dhaka Medical College Hospital with chronic ischaemic heart disease (IHD). Diagnosed IHD patients were taken as cases and 50 age- &amp; sex- matched healthy subjects were taken as controls. Serum TC, TG, LDL-C &amp; HDL-C were measured in all study subjects.The mean±SD of serum TC, TG, HDL-C and LDL-C concentration in cases were 314.54±73.72 mg/dl, 288.04±60.45 mg/dl, 36.02±4.12 mg/dl, and 178.62±22.7 mg/dl respectively and in controls were 174.64±18.97 mg/dl, 119.42±12.47 mg/dl, 43.04±2.58 mg/dl &amp; 126.28±11.45 mg/dl respectively. Serum Total Cholesterol, TG &amp; LDL-C were found to be significantly higher in cases than that of controls. Serum HDL-C was found to be significantly lower in cases than that of controls. The present study reveals that the patients with chronic ischemic heart disease is accociated with significantly higher levels of serum TC, TG and LDL-C whereas HDL-C was found to be lower in IHD patients. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjmb.v7i1.18574 Bangladesh J Med Biochem 2014; 7(1): 14-16

Low Serum Concentrations of Carotenoids and Vitamin E Are Associated with High Adiposity in Mexican-American Children1,2

Mexican-American children have a high prevalence of overweight/obesity. Micronutrient deficiencies may be contributing to the development of greater adiposity in these children. This study investigated the relations between adiposity and serum concentrations of carotenoids, retinol, and vitamin E among Mexican-American children 8–15 y of age included in the 2001–2004 U.S. NHANES. Associations of the outcomes of children’s body mass index (BMI), truncal fat mass (TrFM), and total body fat mass (TBFM) with serum concentrations of α-carotene,cis-β-carotene,trans-β-carotene, retinol, and α-tocopherol were determined by using linear, quantile, and multinomial regression models. BMI was inversely associated with serum concentrations of α-carotene (β = –0.88,P < 0.05),trans-β-carotene (β = –2.21,P < 0.01),cis-β-carotene (β = –2.10,P < 0.01), and α-tocopherol adjusted for total cholesterol ratio (β = –3.66,P < 0.01), respectively. Similar inverse associations were found with TrFM and TBFM. Highercis-β-carotene and α-tocopherol serum concentrations were associated with reduced probability of overweight (OR: 0.57; 95% CI: 0.37, 0.89;P < 0.05; and OR: 0.56; 95% CI: 0.37, 0.86;P < 0.05; respectively) and obesity (OR: 0.39; 95% CI: 0.26, 0.58;P < 0.01; and OR: 0.38; 95% CI: 0.24, 0.60;P < 0.01; respectively). Higher retinol serum concentrations were associated with increased probability of overweight and obesity (OR: 2.01; 95% CI: 1.26, 3.22;P < 0.01; and OR: 2.90; 95% CI: 1.65, 5.09;P < 0.01; respectively). Significant inverse associations were found between serum concentrations of carotenoids and vitamin E and adiposity among Mexican-American children, but serum retinol concentrations were positively associated with adiposity. Future research is needed to understand the causes and consequences of micronutrient status on adiposity and comorbidities.

Abstract 39: Added Sugar Intake and Lipids Profile Among US Adolescents: NHANES 2005-2010

Background: Studies suggest that higher consumption of added sugar is associated with cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents. However, these studies were subject to measurement error due to the lack of adjustment for day-to-day variability. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that higher usual percent of calories from added sugar is associated with dyslipidemia. Methods: We analyzed data on 3322 adolescents aged 12-19 years who were not on low fat/low cholesterol diet or on sugar free/low sugar diet from the 2005-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. We estimated the usual percent of calories from added sugar from the diet accounting for measurement error. Multivariable linear regression was used to examine the associations between the percent of calories from added sugar with lipids profile. Results: The average usual percent of calories from added sugar was 17.5%. Ninety-one percent and 11% adolescents had usual percent ≥10% and ≥25%, respectively. After adjustment for potential confounders (age, sex, race/ethnicity, body mass index, parental educational attainment, smoking status, physical activity, 2010 Health Eating Index score except sugar component, and total calorie intake), usual percent of calories from added sugar was inversely associated with high-density lipoprotein and positively associated with triglycerides and the ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein. Among the lowest and the highest quintiles of intake, high-density lipoprotein were 52.4 mg/dL (95% CI: 50.9 to 53.9) and 49.0 (95% CI: 47.9 to 50.2) (P trend = 0.003), triglycerides were 80.2 mg/dL (95% CI: 70.5 to 90.0) and 100.4 mg/dL (95% CI: 86.7 to 114.2) (P trend = 0.028), and the ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein were 3.16 (95% CI: 2.8 to 3.6) and 3.49 (95% CI: 3.0 to 4.0) (P trend =0.006), respectively. The patterns of association were largely consistent across gender, race/ethnicity, and body mass index (normal vs. overweight/obese) subgroups, except in non-Hispanic black and Mexican American, in which the magnitude of the association tended to be smaller. Sensitivity analysis showed that, when intake data from the 1 st 24-hour dietary recall was used, the association remained significant but attenuated substantially. No association was found for total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein. Conclusions: Overwhelming majority of US adolescents consumed more added sugar than recommended for heart health. Increased intake of added sugar is associated with several measures of dyslipidemia, and reduction of added sugar consumption among adolescents might reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular disease in adults.

Influence of vanadium on serum lipid and lipoprotein profiles: a population-based study among vanadium exposed workers

BackgroundSome experimental animal studies reported that vanadium had beneficial effects on blood total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG). However, the relationship between vanadium exposure and lipid, lipoprotein profiles in human subjects remains uncertain. This study aimed to compare the serum lipid and lipoprotein profiles of occupational vanadium exposed and non-exposed workers, and to provide human evidence on serum lipid, lipoprotein profiles and atherogenic indexes changes in relation to vanadium exposure.MethodsThis cross-sectional study recruited 533 vanadium exposed workers and 241 non-exposed workers from a Steel and Iron Group in Sichuan, China. Demographic characteristics and occupational information were collected through questionnaires. Serum lipid and lipoprotein levels were measured for all participants. The ratios of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) to HDL-C and apoB to apoA-I were used as atherogenic indexes. A general linear model was applied to compare outcomes of the two groups while controlling possible confounders and multivariate logistic regression was performed to evaluate the relationship between low HDL-C level, abnormal atherogenic index and vanadium exposure.ResultsHigher levels of HDL-C and apoA-I could be observed in the vanadium exposed group compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, atherogenic indexes (TC/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C, and apoB/apoA-I ratios) were found statistically lower in the vanadium exposed workers (P < 0.05). Changes in HDL-C, TC/HDL-C, and LDL-C/HDL-C were more pronounced in male workers than that in female workers. In male workers, after adjusting for potential confounding variables as age, habits of smoking and drinking, occupational vanadium exposure was still associated with lower HDL-C (OR 0.41; 95% CI, 0.27-0.62) and abnormal atherogenic index (OR 0.38; 95% CI, 0.20-0.70).ConclusionOccupational vanadium exposure appears to be associated with increased HDL-C and apoA-I levels and decreased atherogenic indexes. Among male workers, a significantly negative association existed between low HDL-C level, abnormal atherogenic index and occupational vanadium exposure. This suggests vanadium has beneficial effects on blood levels of HDL-C and apoA-I.

Age impacts on the independent relationships of leptin with cardiometabolic risk and surrogate markers of enhanced early atherogenesis in black and white patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a cross-sectional study

We examined the potential impact of demographic characteristics on the independent leptin-metabolic cardiovascular risk factor and leptin-endothelial activation relationships in black and white patients with RA. Leptin concentrations and those of endothelial activation molecules including soluble E-selectin, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 were measured in 217 RA patients (51.6% black). We determined associations in potential confounder and mediator-adjusted mixed regression models. No independent associations between leptin concentrations and cardiovascular risk were present in all patients and either women and men or black and white patients. However, age impacted on several leptin-cardiovascular risk relations (interaction P < 0.05). In patients aged <50 years (lower quartile), after but not before adjustment for waist circumference and body mass index in addition to other confounders, leptin concentrations associated with overall endothelial activation as estimated by an SD (z) score of endothelial activation molecule concentrations (partial R = 0.341, P = 0.04). In patients aged 50-58 years (second quartile), leptin concentrations related to those of HDL cholesterol (partial R = -0.365, P = 0.01) and total cholesterol-HDL cholesterol ratio (partial R = 0.299, P = 0.04), and in those aged 59-63 years (third quartile), paradoxically related to low systolic and mean blood pressure (partial R = -0.438, P = 0.005 and partial R = -0.370, P = 0.02, respectively). Patients with RA aged <50 years experience an independent adiposity-driven leptin-endothelial activation relationship in the absence of leptin-metabolic risk factor associations. Young but not older patients with RA may sustain obesity-induced endothelial activation that is directly mediated by leptin.

Benefit of Pitavastatin plus Sitagliptin Combination Treatment on Hyperinsulinemia and Fatty Liver Damage in Obese Mice

Obesity contributes to the development of insulin resistance and the subsequent incidence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). The effects of co-administration of sitagliptin (dipeptidylpeptidase-4 inhibitor) and pitavastatin (lipid-lowering drug) on hyperinsulinemia and fatty liver damage accompanied by obesity in the preclinical stages of T2DM have not yet been investigated. We aimed to evaluate the additive effects of co-administration of sitagliptin and pitavastatin on hyperinsulinemia and fatty liver damage in obese ob/ob mice. Normal male C57BL/6J mice and obese ob/ob mice were divided into four groups, each receiving different drugs: standard mice chow, n = 8 (Normal); ob/ob mice with vehicle, n = 8 (Control); sitagliptin, n=8 (SG); pitavastatin+ sitagliptin, n = 8 (SG + PS). At the end of the study period (8 weeks), blood samples were drawn from all mice to determine Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c), serum glucose, insulin, triglyceride, total cholesterol, High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, Aspartate-Aminotransferase (AST), Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) and leptin levels. The SG+PS group had significantly (P < 0.05) lower levels of HbA1c, serum insulin, total cholesterol, AST, and ALT, and liver weight ratio, than did the Control group. And also, the SG+PS group had significantly (P < 0.05) higher levels of leptin than did the Control group. Body weight and serum glucose levels in the SG+PS group did not significantly decrease compared to those in the Control group. Serum triglyceride and HDL-cholesterol levels were unchanged among the four groups. These results suggest that combination treatment with sitagliptin plus pitavastatin may be a promising therapeutic approach in the management of T2DM because it has a beneficial effect on the pathophysiological processes of obesity.